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Itch is an unpleasant sensation that evokes a desire to scratch. Pathologic conditions such as allergy or atopic dermatitis produce severe itching sensation. Mas-related G protein receptors (Mrgprs) are receptors for many endogenous pruritogens. However, signaling pathways downstream to these receptors in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons are not yet understood. We found that anoctamin 1 (ANO1), a Ca 2+ -activated chloride channel, is a transduction channel mediating Mrgpr-dependent itch signals. Genetic ablation of Ano1 in DRG neurons displayed a significant reduction in scratching behaviors in response to acute and chronic Mrgpr-dependent itch models and the epidermal hyperplasia induced by dry skin. In vivo Ca 2+ imaging and electrophysiological recording revealed that chloroquine and other agonists of Mrgprs excited DRG neurons via ANO1. More importantly, the overexpression of Ano1 in DRG neurons of Ano1 -deficient mice rescued the impaired itching observed in Ano1 -deficient mice. These results demonstrate that ANO1 mediates the Mrgpr-dependent itch signaling in pruriceptors and provides clues to treating pathologic itch syndromes.

This paper focuses on numerical computation and experimental examination of Bernoulli picker, which is the essential module for the 3D stacking process for heterogeneous integration devices, to reveal the fundamental physics of non-contact die handling and to seek optimized design. We estimated the pick-up performance of the Bernoulli picker and the deformation of the die using pseudo-coupling of flow and structural analysis. We simulated the flow field around the target die and picker using the RANS equation with the k-w SST turbulence model to predict the levitation height between the picker surface and target die. Then we estimated the deformation of the die using the inertial relief approach of ABAQUS with computed pressure field information. Based on the numerical investigations, we made a prototype of a Bernoulli picker and conducted experimental measures to verify the feasibility of our design. The measured results indicate that the present numerical approach can be utilized for further optimization.

Correction for ‘Nanofibrous sunscreen’ by Byeongjun Lee et al., J. Mater. Chem. C, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1039/d2tc00933a.