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BackgroundSchizophrenia is a common, severe and debilitating psychiatric disorder. Despite extensive research there is as yet no biological marker that can aid in its diagnosis and course prediction. This precludes early detection and intervention. Imaging studies suggest brain volume loss around the onset and over the first few years of schizophrenia, and apoptosis has been proposed as the underlying mechanism. Cell free DNA fragments (cfDNA) are released into the bloodstream following cell death. Tissue-specific methylation patterns allow the identification of the tissue origins of cfDNA.MethodsWe developed a cocktail of brain specific DNA methylation markers, and used it to assess the presence of brain-derived cfDNA in the plasma of patients with a first psychotic episode.ResultsWe detected significantly elevated neuron- (p=0.0013), astrocyte- (p=0.0016), oligodendrocyte- (p=0.0129) and whole brain-derived (p=0.0012) cfDNA in the plasma of patients during their first psychotic episode (n=29), compared with healthy controls (n=31). Increased cfDNA levels were not correlated with psychotropic medications use. Area Under the Curve (AUC) was 0.77, with 65% sensitivity at 90% specificity in patients with a psychotic episode.ConclusionsPotential interpretations of these findings include increased brain cell death, disruption of the blood brain barrier or a defect in clearance of material from dying brain cells. Brain-specific cfDNA methylation markers can potentially assist early detection and monitoring of schizophrenia and thus allow early intervention and adequate therapy.

Much remains unknown regarding the response of the immune system to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination.We employed circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) to assess the turnover of specific immune cell types following administration of the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine.The levels of B cell cfDNA after the primary dose correlated with development of neutralizing antibodies and memory B cells after the booster, revealing a link between early B cell turnover-potentially reflecting affinity maturation-and later development of effective humoral response. We also observed co-elevation of B cell, T cell, and monocyte cfDNA after the booster, underscoring the involvement of innate immune cell turnover in the development of humoral and cellular adaptive immunity. Actual cell counts remained largely stable following vaccination, other than a previously demonstrated temporary reduction in neutrophil and lymphocyte counts.Immune cfDNA dynamics reveal the crucial role of the primary SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in shaping responses of the immune system following the booster vaccine.This work was supported by a generous gift from Shlomo Kramer. Supported by grants from Human Islet Research Network (HIRN UC4DK116274 and UC4DK104216 to R.S. and Y.D.), Ernest and Bonnie Beutler Research Program of Excellence in Genomic Medicine, The Alex U Soyka Pancreatic Cancer Fund, The Israel Science Foundation, the Waldholtz/Pakula family, the Robert M. and Marilyn Sternberg Family Charitable Foundation, the Helmsley Charitable Trust, Grail, and the DON Foundation (to Y.D.). Y.D. holds the Walter and Greta Stiel Chair and Research Grant in Heart Studies. I.F.-F. received a fellowship from the Glassman Hebrew University Diabetes Center.