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Preconception and prenatal monitoring evaluate the condition of the mother's underlying disease and possible complications during pregnancy. Before conception, patients with diabetes should be informed that suboptimal glycoregulation is associated with reduced fertility and pregnancy losses. The task of the perinatologist in pregnancies affected by diabetes mellitus is to prevent complications of the underlying disease, such as hypoglycemic crises. Another important component of prenatal care in diabetic pregnancies is the recognition and prevention of pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia, polyhydramnios, congenital malformations, fetal macrosomia, and infections.

The nutritional needs of diabetic pregnancies are different from normal pregnancies. Differences in nutritional recommendations can also be seen between pregnant women who are using and who are not using insulin therapy. In this literature review, recommendations for different meal proportions of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in the diets of pregnant women with diabetes mellitus are listed. Different meal plans were also addressed in this group of patients. The role of exercise in the management of diabetes in pregnancy is undeniable and different approaches found in the literature are presented.

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that can occur before pregnancy, be detected during pregnancy, or develop during pregnancy. Therapeutic modalities available today significantly facilitate glycoregulation during pregnancy and childbirth. This review presents different insulin regimens, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of oral antidiabetic agents use with a special focus on hypoglycemia. The importance of maintaining optimal glycemic levels and educating patients in blood glucose self-measurement is explained.

Although Staphylococcus aureus colonises the skin and mucous membranes in approximately 30% of healthy individuals, it is also an important pathogen, primarily due to its arsenal of virulence factors that contribute significantly to its ability to cause a variety of infections. These factors include surface proteins that promote adhesion to host tissues, as well as enzymes and toxins that damage host cells and tissue. Important virulence factors such as protein A, which binds to antibodies and evades recognition by the immune system, and various exotoxins such as Alpha-toxin and Panton-Valentine leukocidin, which cause cell lysis and tissue destruction, play a crucial role in pathogenesis. The ability of S. aureus to form biofilms on medical devices further increases its persistence and resistance to therapy. Biofilms are structured communities of bacterial cells that are enclosed in a self-produced polymeric matrix and that adhere to biotic or abiotic surfaces. Biofilm-related infections caused by S. aureus, such as infections of medical devices (catheters, prosthetic joints, heart valves, intravascular catheters) and human tissue (chronic rhinosinusitis, chronic wounds, endocarditis and osteomyelitis), are a significant concern in medical settings. Understanding these virulence mechanisms is crucial for the development of targeted therapies and preventive measures to effectively combat S. aureus infections.

Persistent seed banks are equally important in agriculture and invasion biology. While seed vitality persistence exemplifies an eternal uphill battle for weed control in agriculture, it signals a potential invasiveness of species in invasion biology. Considering yield losses caused by Amaranthus retroflexus, Abutilon theophrasti, Chenopodium album and Datura stramonium in agriculture, and the importance of Ambrosia trifida as an emerging invader in Europe, the objective of this study was to test the viability and longevity of the aged seeds of these economically important weeds. Three seed viability/longevity tests were conducted: the crush test, germination test in Petri dishes, and 3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) test. The results revealed a significant variation in germination potential among the tested species. The highest vitality was observed in 7-year-old seeds of A. retroflexus (41.67 %), followed by 16-year-old A. theophrasti seeds (17.78 %), 13-year-old C. album seeds (15.00 %) and 17-year-old D. stramonium seeds (7.5 %). Furthermore, a remarkable seed longevity was documented in the tested species (with the exception of A. trifida), preserving their germination potential for over half a century. Seed germination was recorded in 49-year-old seeds of D. stramonium, 53-year-old seeds of A. retroflexus, 58-year-old seeds of A. theophrasti and 59-year-old seeds of C. album, in strong evidence of the persistence of these weed species' seeds in the environment.

The normal human microbiota, formerly called the "microbial flora," consists of bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites that colonise the skin and mucous membranes of the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary tracts. The number and diversity of microorganisms varies between different body niches and is greatest in the intestinal tract. The microbiota contributes to the homeostasis of the human organism by preventing colonisation by pathogenic microorganisms, participating in digestive processes and metabolism, and regulating immune functions. Various environmental and genetic factors can lead to an imbalance in the human microbiota, called dysbiosis, which can affect human health. Dysbiosis is usually the result of decreased microbial diversity and a lower number of saprophytic microorganisms, followed by an overgrowth of opportunistic species. The most common diseases directly related to intestinal dysbiosis are antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and pseudomembranous colitis, both of which are associated with the excessive growth of harmful bacteria and Clostridioides difficile following broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy. Dysbiosis is associated with various health conditions or diseases such as acne, psoriasis, eczema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, autoimmune diseases and allergies, neurological diseases such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy and stroke, depression, anxiety, infertility, preterm birth, and malignancies.

Metal foam is a cellular structure composed of solid metal with a high proportion of gas-filled pores. The main division of metal foams is into foams with the open and closed cells, on which the area of their application mostly depends. The open-cell foams are suitable for the wastewater treatment process, as they allow the water flow through the pores trapping the toxic substances in the pores. This study provides a summary of literature data on morphology and application the copper metal foams in the wastewater treatment.

Mt. Stara Planina is located in the eastern part of the Republic of Serbia and represents the westernmost part of the large mountain massif of the Balkans. Both endogenous and exogenous forces created interesting geomorphological and hydrological features for geotourism development in this area. This article proposes a preliminary list of geomorphological and hydrological sites and analyses them to reveal which geosite possesses geotourism potential. This research was carried out by applying the modified geosite assessment model. In this article, ten geosites were singled out based on the degree of their attractiveness for geotourism development. The results reveal information about the key fields of improvement for each evaluated geosite, and identify which areas require more attention and better management in the upcoming period for Mt. Stara Planina to become a well-known geotourism destination that would attract a large number of tourists in the future.