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This document presents the three reports by the research team that work on the German, Scottish and Spanish case studies. They present main information about the three national workshop held between April and May 2022 to divulgate the Toolkit for Practitioners and Decision-makers’ Self-assessment on their work for migrants’ integration.

This chapter discusses migrant labour market integration policies and services in the Czech Republic, Denmark, Greece, Finland, Italy, Switzerland and the United Kingdom, and thus we present a wide variety of different national contexts. In addition, it also details EU-specific policies and programmes. The empirical work underpinning this chapter emanates from two main research tasks: policy discourse analysis; and assessment of existing policies and their outcomes. A policy discourse analysis was conducted across the selected countries to identify and analyse how issues of labour market integration are discussed by policymakers and policy actors. By analysing the findings of the discourse analysis together with the assessment of policies, which forms the second part of chapter, the consistency between policy rhetoric and policy goals is evaluated. The second part of the chapter consists of a policy assessment in which the barriers to labour market integration and existing policies to remedy them are identified, categorised and evaluated. This was performed using a meta-analysis of the existing national literatures, and interviews with policy experts, implementers and beneficiaries of labour market integration policies. peerReviewed

Through an inter-subjective lens, this open access book investigates the initial labour market integration experiences of these migrants, refugees or asylum seekers, who are characterised by different biographies and migration/asylum trajectories. The book gives voice to the migrants and seeks to highlight their own experiences and understandings of the labour market integration process, in the first years of immigration. It adopts a critical, qualitative perspective but does not remain ethnographic. The book rather refers the migrants’ own voice and experience to their own expert knowledge of the policy and socio-economic context that is navigated. Each chapter brings into dialogue the migrant’s intersubjective experiences with the relevant policies and practices, as well as with the relevant stakeholders, whether local government, national services, civil society or migrant organisations. The book concludes with relevant critical insights as to how labour market integration is lived on the ground and on what migrants ‘do’ with labour market policies rather than on what labour market policies ‘do’ to or for migrants. 1. Labour Market Integration as an Interactive Process (Anna Triandafyllidou, Irina Isaakyan, and Simone Baglioni) -- 2. Female Migrants’ Experiences of Labour Market ‘Integration’ in Denmark (Anna Triandafyllidou, Irina Isaakyan, and Simone Baglioni) -- 3. Examining Non-EU Migrants and Refugees’ Agency When Navigating the British Labour Markets (Francesca Calo and Simone Baglioni) -- 4. Switzerland and the Two Faces of Integration (Maria M. Mexi) -- 5. Precarity, Opportunity, and Adaptation: Recently Arrived Immigrant and Refugee Experiences Navigating the Canadian Labour Market (Claire Ellis and Anna Triandafyllidou) -- 6. Italy: The Promised Land? Journeys of Migrants, Refugees and Asylum Seekers Towards Labour Market Integration (Mattia Collini) -- 7. Resistance Is Useless! (And So Are Resilience and Reworking): Migrants in the Finnish Labour Market (Quivine Ndomo and Nathan Lillie) -- 8. Migration to the Czech Republic: Personal Stories About Running from and Running Towards (Olga Gheorghiev and Dino Numerato ) -- 9. A Long Journey of Integration (Irina Isaakyan, Anna Triandafyllidou, and Simone Baglioni)

In Finland, integration is discussed in terms of labour market success. Finding work tends to occur in the ‘secondary’ labour market as migrants have difficulty accessing the more secure jobs of the ‘primary’ labour market. This chapter draws on 11 qualitative biographical narratives of migrants and refugees, looking for turning points and epiphanies about their job-seeking experiences. We classify these as agentic acts of resilience, reworking, and resistance, borrowing from Cindi Katz’s framework. Interviewees exhibited resilience in revising downward their expectations of what sort of job they would accept and how their career would develop. ‘Reworking’ was also often attempted, usually at a later stage and with limited success, through reskilling, or repackaging of existing skills to appear more desirable to employers. Resistance was rare and limited to exit from the Finnish labour market, rather than voice within it. We found that despite significant investment in their own human capital, macro structures such as segmented labour markets and unequal power relations limited the scope for their individual acts of resilience and reworking. Thus, while agency is useful for understanding migrant actions, overemphasising it obscures the role of labour market structures and employer recruitment practices – important bottlenecks to migrants moving from the secondary to primary labour market.