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This study examines the dynamics of language use, particularly the Dayak Maanyan language in Kalimantan, using the framework of language games in Wittgenstein's philosophy of language. This study focuses on analyzing the orientation of thought in the use of the Dayak Maanyan language, outlining the rules of games in its expressions, and evaluating the compatibility of Wittgenstein's concept of language games with the Dayak Maanyan language. Utilizing a qualitative approach through literature studies, data were collected from various relevant scientific publications on the Dayak language and culture, as well as Wittgenstein's theory of language games. The findings reveal that the Dayak Maanyan language, through its diverse dialects and communicative practices, serves not only as a tool for communication, but also as a medium for strengthening social identity and preserving cultural traditions. This language reflects the cultural values and social structures of the Dayak community, in which the meaning of language emerges from its contextual use in daily life and specific social practices. These results align with Wittgenstein's philosophical concept, which emphasizes that meaning arises from use. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the relationship between language, meaning, and social practices in multicultural societies, particularly in the Dayak community.

Sunlight control tools, such as shading devices, are used to improve buildings' thermal and visual conditions. One of the concerns about using shading devices is their potential to harm the visual appearance of buildings. This study aims to study the aesthetic perception of different shading devices while concurrently evaluating their energy performance. Augmented reality was used to place virtual shading devices onto a building's façade at Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST). One hundred two students from JUST evaluated eight shading devices on a seven-step semantic differential scale. Participants comprised 49 students from Architecture and Design College and 53 students from other colleges. The energy efficiency of shading devices was tested using DesignBuilder. The results revealed that certain types of shading devices were perceived as more aesthetically pleasing than others. Architecture students and non-architecture students showed significant differences in their affective responses. Regarding shading devices, shape-morphing and horizontal-louvres devices are the most preferred by participants, while egg-crate devices are the least recommended. Regarding energy efficiency, results showed that the tested shading devices improved buildings' energy efficiency by 7% (vertical fins) to 17% (egg crate) compared to the base case and did not negatively impact their visual appearance.

Designing zero or near zero-energy residential buildings will considerably help in reducing the general energy consumption. Geographically, Jordan retains three different altitude zones with unique climatic conditions for each which imperatively entails deploying different approaches to attain near zero-energy houses. This study aims to investigate the best economic feasible design strategies that possibly lead to near zero-energy residential buildings. Based on the most common detached house design-layout and materials on each zone, three case study houses were designed. The research methodology was based on three levels of efficiency. By using Design Builder, each efficiency level was examined by three design strategies: passive, active, and renewable energy design strategies in order to improve the energy performance of the buildings. The results showed that implementing the three levels concurrently would result in achieving the nearly zero-energy houses with efficient cost and less than 10 years payback period. In the high-land altitude zone, the annual consumption of power was reduced from 79.1 kwh/m2 to -13.6 kwh/m2. For the medium altitude zone, the annual consumption dropped down from 78.8 kwh/m2 to -16.5 kwh/m2. Finally, the annual consumption of electricity in the low-latitude zone decreased from 75.7 kwh/m2 to -21.1 kwh/m2.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a long-term metabolic disorder caused by inadequate production and resistance to insulin. The prevalence of DM is rapidly increasing, with type 2 diabetes (T2D) accounting for more than 90% of cases. Despite new treatments, many patients with T2D do not meet their glycemic targets due to clinical inertia. This review provides an overview of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) in the management of T2D. The review synthesizes data from clinical trials and meta-analyses on the efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness of GLP-1 RAs. It also discusses the mechanisms of action, classification, and barriers to adherence and persistence in therapy. GLP-1 RAs improve glycemic control by lowering A1C levels and promoting weight loss. They have cardioprotective effects and may reduce endothelial inflammation, oxidative stress, and blood pressure. Adherence to GLP-1 RAs is better with once-weekly injections, though gastrointestinal side effects and cost can affect persistence. Semaglutide and liraglutide have shown significant weight reduction, with semaglutide being particularly effective. GLP-1 RAs are cost-effective due to reduced healthcare costs associated with fewer hospitalizations and lower mortality rates. Safety concerns include gastrointestinal issues, pancreatitis, and rare cases of diabetic retinopathy and thyroid C-cell tumors. For clinical practice, GLP-1 RAs represent a valuable option not only for glycemic control but also for weight management and cardiovascular protection. Incorporating GLP-1 RAs into treatment plans can improve patient outcomes, and optimizing dosing regimens and addressing barriers such as cost and side effects are crucial to enhancing patient adherence and long-term treatment success., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.Sponsorships or competing interests that may be relevant to content are disclosed at the end of this article., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

Competing Interests: The author declares no conflicts of interest.Sponsorships or competing interests that may be relevant to content are disclosed at the end of this article.

High tibial osteotomy is a reliable procedure for the correction of knee varus deformity. An opening-wedge high tibial osteotomy (OW-HTO) is the most popular technique. The results of the bone defect after opening the wedge needed special treatment to ensure bone healing. This study aims to evaluate the use of bovine-derived hydroxyapatite graft for defect filling after OW-HTO., Methods: A retrospective study was performed on all patients who received OW-HTO at Prof. Dr R. Soeharso Orthopaedic Hospital from November 2019 to December 2022. A total of 21 patients (24 knees) were included in this study. Clinical dan radiological evaluation was performed on all patients preoperative and postoperatively. The mean of the follow-up period was 12.6 months with a minimum of 4 months follow-up., Results: Primary medial uni-compartment knee osteoarthritis was the most common diagnosis, with 17 of 24 cases (70.8%). Mechanical axis deviation was changed from 31 mm medial deviation (range: 8-52 mm) to 0.45 mm medial deviation (range: 13 - (-8) mm). The anatomic tibiofemoral angle was corrected from a preoperative mean of 4.7 ° of varus to a mean of 5.8 ° of valgus postoperatively. Bone defect height was mean 15.9 mm with a range of 10-23 mm. Bone defect width was mean 46.7 mm (range: 34-60 mm). Hydroxyapatite graft integration with the host bone was found in all patients during the final follow-up period., Conclusions: Bovine-derived hydroxyapatite graft is a safe and effective material for bone defect filling in OW-HTO procedures with a high bone union rate., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no financial conflict of interest with regard to the content of this report., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

Background: Secondary hip osteoarthritis with acetabular bone defect is still a challenging case in hip arthroplasty surgery. The incidence of revision total hip arthroplasty is estimated to be between 10% and 15% in 10 years. Simple revision cementless acetabular cup after a prior complex cemented-THA rarely performed., Case Presentation: A case of aseptic loosening with prosthesis dislocation after THA was reported in a 54 year-old female patient. The patient had prior surgery of THA 10 years ago due to secondary post-traumatic hip osteoarthritis with acetabular bone defect. At the first surgery, cemented acetabular cup with acetabular bone grafting was performed to fill the defect. A complete new acetabulum bone formation was encountered at 10 years after the surgery which lead to simple revision THA with primary cementless acetabular cup. Excellent functional outcome was also reported at the final follow-up after revision THA., Conclusion: This case showed that the potential of bone healing of the acetabulum cannot be underestimated. Therefore, it is suggested to always put an adequate bone graft to manage acetabular bone defect in THA surgery and a new acetabulum bone formation can be expected., (Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)