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An emerging body of research has evidenced the negative influence of using and being exposed to social networking sites (SNSs) on body image. Furthermore, it has been postulated that SNS use might be related with onset and persistence of eating disorders (EDs) psychopathology. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the complex interplay between problematic Instagram use (PIU) (conceptualized as a potential behavioral addiction comprising withdrawal, conflict, tolerance, salience, mood modification and relapse) and ED psychopathology, by means of an explanatory structural equation model. We hypothesized that PIU would be associated with ED symptoms through the mediating role of appearance comparison, individual psychological investment in physical appearance, and body uneasiness. A sample of 386 young female participants (M age  = 26.04 ± 6.73) was recruited, of which 152 had received a diagnosis of ED. ED patients used Instagram more than the control group and showed higher levels of PIU. Results from structural equation modeling (fit indices: χ 2  = 44.54, df = 19, p < 0.001; RMSEA = 0.059; CFI = 0.98; SRMR = 0.02) showed that PIU predicted appearance comparison and psychological investment in physical appearance, which in turn predicted body uneasiness. In turn, body uneasiness predicted ED psychopathology and interpersonal difficulties. Our model provides a useful account of how eating disorder symptoms could be triggered and maintained by an addictive use of Instagram., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Anxiety is a pervasive emotional state where, phenomenologically, subjects often report changes in their experience of time and space. However, a systematic and quantified examination of time and space experience in terms of a self-report scale is still missing which eventually could also be used for clinical differential diagnosis. Based on historical phenomenological literature and patients' subjective reports, we here introduce, in a first step, the Scale for Time and Space Experience of Anxiety (STEA) in a smaller sample of 19 subjects with anxiety disorders and, in a second step, validate its shorter clinical version (cSTEA) in a larger sample of 48 anxiety subjects. The main findings are (i) high convergent and divergent validity of STEA with both Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) (r = 0.7325; p < 0.001) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) (r = 0.7749; p < 0.0001), as well as with spontaneous mind wandering (MWS) (r = 0.7343; p < 0.001) and deliberate mind wandering (MWD) (r = 0.1152; p > 0.05), (ii) statistical feature selection shows 8 key items for future clinical usage (cSTEA) focusing on the experience of temporal and spatial constriction, (iii) the effects of time and space experience (i.e., for both STEA and cSTEA scores) on the level of anxiety (BAI) are mediated by the degree of spontaneous mind wandering (MWS), (iv) cSTEA allows for differentiating high levels of anxiety from the severity of comorbid depressive symptoms, and (v) significant reduction in the cSTEA scores after a therapeutic intervention (breathing therapy). Together, our study introduces a novel fully quantified and highly valid self-report instrument, the STEA, for measuring time-space experiences in anxiety. Further we develop a shorter clinical version (cSTEA) which allows assessing time space experience in a valid, quick, and simple way for diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and therapeutic monitoring of anxiety., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest All authors declared no competing interests for this study. There are no other disclosures., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Intuitive eating (IE) is a non-dieting approach that promotes listening to internal cues of hunger and satiety, rather than adhering to external dietary restrictions aimed at weight loss. However, the role of IE in dieting behaviors related to weight-loss approaches is still unclear. To address this issue, the aim of this study was to compare IE levels between dieting and non-dieting individuals, exploring the relationship between IE and dieting-related psychological and physical factors. A sample of 2059 females was recruited via social media and self-reported questionnaires were administered to measure IE, eating psychopathology, self-efficacy, and quality of life. Individuals with a history of dieting exhibited lower IE levels, a higher BMI, and a greater eating psychopathology, as well as a reduced self-efficacy and quality of life, compared to non-dieters. IE showed a protective effect against dieting behaviors, with higher IE levels being associated with a lower likelihood of dieting. Additionally, higher BMI and eating psychopathology were predictors of dieting. Promoting IE could represent a relevant clinical target strategy to address disordered eating and enhance overall well-being, underscoring the need for interventions that foster a healthier relationship with food and bodily internal sensations.

Purpose: Individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) frequently exhibit Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI), yet their co-occurrence is still unclear. To address this issue, the aim of this study was to elucidate the role of impairments in interoception in explaining the NSSI phenomenon in AN and BN, providing an explanatory model that considers distal (insecure attachment/IA and traumatic childhood experiences/TCEs) and proximal (dissociation and emotional dysregulation) risk factors for NSSI., Method: 130 patients with AN and BN were enrolled and administered self-report questionnaires to assess the intensity of NSSI behaviors, interoceptive deficits, IA, TCEs, emotional dysregulation and dissociative symptoms., Results: Results from structural equation modeling revealed that impairments in interoception acted as crucial mediators between early negative relational experiences and factors that contribute to NSSI in AN and BN, particularly emotional dysregulation and dissociation. Precisely, both aspects of IA (anxiety and avoidance) and various forms of TCEs significantly exacerbated interoceptive deficits, which in turn are associated to the emergence of NSSI behaviors through the increase in levels of dissociation and emotional dysregulation., Conclusions: The proposed model provided a novel explanation of the occurrence of NSSIs in patients with AN and BN by accounting for the significance of interoception., Level of Evidence: Level V-Cross-sectional observational study., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Purpose: Anorexia nervosa (AN) is characterized by a diminished capacity in perceiving the physiological correlates of interoceptive sensations, namely bodily self-consciousness. Given the neural division of self-processing into interoceptive-, exteroceptive- and mental-self, we hypothesize neural deficits in the interoceptive-processing regions in AN., Methods: To prove this, we reviewed resting state (rs), task and rest-task studies in AN literature., Results: Neuronal data demonstrate the following in AN: (i) decreased rs-functional connectivity (rsFC) of subcortical-cortical midline structures (SCMS); (ii) reduced rsFC between medial (default-mode network/DMN and salience network/SN) and lateral (executive-control network/ECN) cortical regions; (iii) decreased rsFC in mainly the regions of the interoceptive-self; (iv) altered activity with overall increased activity in response to sensory/body image stimuli, especially in the regions of the interoceptive-self; (v) lack of a clear task-related distinction between own's and others' body image., Conclusion: These data may indicate that rs-hypoconnectivity between SCMS, as neural correlate of a reduced intero-exteroceptive integration resulting in self-objectification, might be linked to overall increased activity in interoceptive regions during sensory/body image stimuli in AN, engendering an "anxious bodily self.", Level of Evidence: I: Systematic review., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Purpose: Disordered eating and body image concerns are increasingly common among adolescents, possibly representing the underpinning of eating disorders (EDs). This cross-sectional observational study aimed at investigating the relationship between various patterns of sports involvement or inactivity, and the abovementioned psychopathological dimensions., Methods: All adolescents attending their 3rd-5th Italian grade in a single high school reported their sociodemographic and anthropometric data, their weekly sports involvement, and filled the Eating Disorders Examination Questionnaire 6.0 (EDE-Q), the Body Uneasiness Test, and the Muscle Dysmorphia Disorder Inventory (for boys). Comparisons were performed considering sex, weekly hours of activity, and different sports type (none, individual, or team sports)., Results: Of 744 enrolled students, 522 (70.2%) completed the survey. Girls showed higher underweight rates, preference for inactivity or individual sports, and higher psychometric scores compared to boys. Among girls, no differences were found based on time spent exercising or sports type. Inactive boys displayed worse weight- and shape-based psychopathology, higher body uneasiness, and higher appearance intolerance compared to those who devoted more time to exercise. Among boys, individual and team sports were associated with lower EDE-Q scores compared to inactivity, whereas body uneasiness and appearance intolerance were lower only in team sports., Conclusions: The study confirms the presence of remarkable sex differences in eating and body concerns of adolescents. Among boys, sports involvement is tied to lower ED psychopathology, and preference for team sports may be associated with reduced concerns. Wider longitudinal studies on will clarify the direction and specificity of these findings., Level of Evidence: Level V-Cross-sectional observational study., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is characterized by social anxiety/fear, self-attention, and interoception. Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies demonstrate increased activity during symptom-sensitive tasks in regions of the default-mode network (DMN), amygdala (AMG), and salience network (SN). What is the source of this task-unspecific symptom-sensitive hyperactivity in DMN? We address this question by probing SAD resting state (rs) changes in DMN including their relation to other regions as possible source of task-unspecific hyperactivity in the same regions. Our findings show the following: (1) rs-hypoconnectivity within-DMN regions; (2) rs-hyperconnectivity between DMN and AMG/SN; (3) task-evoked hyperactivity in the abnormal rs-regions of DMN and AMG/SN during different symptom-sensitive tasks; (4) negative relationship of rest and task changes in especially anterior DMN regions as their rs-hypoconnectivity is accompanied by task-unspecific hyperactivity; (5) abnormal top-down/bottom-up modulation between anterior DMN regions and AMG during rest and task. Findings demonstrate that rs-hypoconnectivity among DMN regions is negatively related to task-unspecific hyperactivity in DMN and AMG/SN. We propose a model of "Topography of the Anxious Self" in SAD (TAS-SAD). Abnormal DMN-AMG/SN topography during rest, as trait feature of an "unstable social self", is abnormally aggravated during SAD-sensitive situations resulting in task-related hyperactivity in the same regions with an "anxious self" as state feature.

Multibeam echosounders provide ideal data for the semi-automated seabed feature extraction and accurate morphometric measurements. In this study, bathymetric and raw backscatter data were initially used to manually delimit the reef morphologies found in an insular semi-enclosed gulf in the northern Aegean Sea (Gera Gulf, Lesvos Island, Greece). The complexity of this environment makes it an ideal area to "crash test" (test to the limit) and compare the results of the delineation methods. A large number of (more than 7000) small but prominent reefs were detected, which made manual mapping extremely time-consuming. Three semi-automated tools were also employed to map the reefs: the Benthic Terrain Modeler (BTM), Confined Morphologies Mapping (CoMMa), and eCognition Multiresolution Segmentation. BTM did not function properly with irregular reef footprints, but by modifying both the bathymetry and slope, the outcome was improved, producing accurate results that appeared to exceed the accuracy of manual mapping. CoMMa, a new GIS morphometric toolbox, was a "one-stop shop" that, besides generating satisfactory reef delineation results (i.e., detecting the same total reef area as the manual method), was also used to extract the morphometric characteristics of the polygons resulting from all the methods. Lastly, the Multiresolution Segmentation also gave satisfactory results with the highest precision. To compare the final maps with the distribution of the reefs, mapcurves were created to estimate the goodness-of-fit (GOF) with the Precision, Recall, and F1 Scores producing values higher than 0.78, suggesting a good detection accuracy for the semi-automated methods. The analysis reveals that the semi-automated methods provided more efficient results in comparison with the time-consuming manual mapping. Overall, for this case study, the modification of the bathymetry and slope enabled the results' accuracy to be further enhanced. This study asserts that the use of semi-automated mapping is an effective method for delineating the geomorphometry of intricate relief and serves as a powerful tool for habitat mapping and decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incidence of eating disorders in children, mainly of anorexia nervosa, is dramatically increased in the last years. A timely identification of the disease is associated with higher rates of recovery. Aim of the work is to underline signs and symptoms that can be used to an early detection of anorexia nervosa in the pediatric age. A scoping review has been conducted by The Italian Pediatric Society Adolescent Study Group according to the PRISMA Extension guidelines for Scoping Reviews, using the search term "anorexia nervosa" and the following filters "review", "systematic review", "age 0–18", "last 4 years". The strategy search produced 657 studies, of which 52 were included in this revision. Screening and red flags were discussed in 23 reports, genetics in 12, neurological pathways in 11, environmental factors in 10, and gut microbiota in 7. An accurate physiological and pathological anamnesis, physical and psychological examination, including the body perception, should be taken in account as well as the presence of co-morbidities, including chronic functional abdominal pain and autoimmune/autoinflammatory diseases. Evidence suggests the role of familiar predisposition as well as of neurological morphology and pathway in anorexia nervosa development. Gut microbiota has also been included among possible risk factor for developing anorexia nervosa due to a complex direct and indirect interactions between gut and brain. The Italian Pediatric Society Adolescent Study Group suggests performing an accurate familial and personal anamnesis, including psychological evaluation as well as a physical exam including auxological parameters as a screening tool during pediatric checks to better explore the risk of developing anorexia nervosa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Body uneasiness is a central facet of body image disturbances observed in individuals with eating disorders (EDs). This study aimed to address gaps in understanding body uneasiness in severe and enduring eating disorders (SE-EDs) and explore variations in psychopathology between individuals with different durations of the disorder. We hypothesized that patients with SE-ED might develop habitual behaviors that contribute to ambivalence toward treatment and the persistence of symptoms. Methods: A sample of 360 ED patients was evaluated at the beginning and end of a specialized intensive rehabilitation program. All patients completed the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) and the Body Uneasiness Test (BUT). They were divided into two groups: SE-ED (> 7 years) and acute (aED, < 3 years) duration. Results: Compulsive self-monitoring showed a significant change between the start and end of treatment, differing between groups, with a larger change observed in SE-ED (p < 0.048). In SE-ED, it was associated with lower chances of dropout (p = 0.044), opposite to aED (p = 0.009). Treatment responses were primarily related to eating psychopathology, further highlighting differences between the two groups. Conclusions: This study underscores the possible presence of a habit in SE-ED and the importance of tailoring interventions to address unique needs based on the duration of the disorder. Furthermore, it highlights the need for further research to improve treatment outcomes in SE-EDs. Plain English Summary: This study looked at how people with severe and enduring eating disorders (SE-EDs) feel about their bodies and how it affects their treatment. We studied 360 people in a special treatment program. We found that people with SE-EDs were more likely to monitor their bodies a lot, and this made them less likely to stop treatment. This was different for people with short-term disorders. The way people felt about eating also affected how well they responded to treatment. This study shows that people with long-lasting eating disorders might have habits that affect their treatment, and we need to think about this when helping them. There is still a lot to learn about how to treat SE-EDs better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coralligenous bioconstructions are biogenic calcareous formations developing at low irradiance on littoral rocky cliffs or on the deeper sub-horizontal bottom in the Mediterranean Sea. Unusually shallow coralligenous banks on the sandy coast of Sinuessa (Mondragone City, Gulf of Gaeta, SW Italy) were investigated. Their communities and the surrounding biogenic detritus were characterized. Geophysical and acoustic data revealed the presence of coralligenous banks between 7.5 and 15 m depth, showing constant thickness and sub-horizontal geometry, incised by sub-perpendicular channels. Sediment deposits ranging from silty sands to bioclastic gravel occur in the area. The biogenic detritus of the soft bottom sampled around the coralligenous banks is highly heterogeneous. Through the thanatocoenosis analysis of macrozoobenthos, different biocenoses were detected, among which the coralligenous and photophilic habitats are mainly represented, followed by the well-calibrated fine sands and the relit sands. A total of 16 different species and 10 epimegabenthic morphological groups (MGs) were detected on the coralligenous banks, of which 4 are included in European regulation for threatened species. The density of epimegabenthic organisms has an average of 10.34 ± 5.46 individuals or colonies/100 m2. Cladocora caespitosa is the dominant species, with a height of 17 ± 5 cm. This and other structuring species (SS) were larger in size in the sampled sites than in the literature data. Overall, coralligenous had a "medium" health status, with 52% of the individuals or colonies in healthy conditions, compared to 47% with epibiosis phenomena and 1% with entanglement. Longlines were the most common anthropogenic litter, with a density of 2/100 m2. Ad hoc monitoring programs and conservation measures would be desirable to protect and guarantee the well-being of these sensitive and rare shallow bioconstructions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: The discrepancy between the current perceived body image (BI) and beauty ideals leads to dissatisfaction, which is believed to be common among adolescents. This study aimed to investigate the stability in BI perceptions and dissatisfaction during early adolescence. Another aim was to highlight differences in dissatisfaction according to Body Mass Index (BMI) and inconsistencies in weight status perception. Methods: Two hundred and nine participants (mean age at first survey: 11.33 ± 0.38 years) were enrolled in this longitudinal study with three years of follow-up. Data on size and BI perceptions were collected through individual interviews. Stature and weight were directly measured. Results: Findings indicated significant changes over three years in anthropometric traits but not in weight status prevalence or BI perception and dissatisfaction, except for the ideal figure in males and weight control in females. The results also indicated a significant difference in BI perception and dissatisfaction by BMI categories. Self-reported body measurements were found to be unreliable with a weak-to-moderate agreement between self-perceived and actual weight status. Conclusions: BI perception appears quite stable across the three years considered. Dissatisfaction is similar in both genders, although a tendency toward different gender aesthetic ideals is already appreciable in early adolescence. We suggest that the lower frequency of normal-weight adolescents compared with peers in previous studies is attributable to the effects of the recent pandemic. Given the growing dissatisfaction with increasing BMI and misinterpretations of weight status, school actions to promote a healthy lifestyle and positive BI should be undertaken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The island of Sicily is considered to be among the first occupied by humans in the European Upper Paleolithic. Studies to understand early occupation of the island are mostly concentrated on the northern shores. Our project, Early Occupation of Sicily (EOS), focuses on southeastern Sicily so to address questions regarding dispersal to Mediterranean islands and Late Pleistocene landscapes and environments. Here, we present the initial results of our terrestrial and underwater surveys in combination with archival work and analyses of museum collections. In SE Sicily very few Upper Paleolithic sites have been excavated and analyzed using scientific methods. We have relocated and assessed ~20 caves and rock shelters identified between the 1870s and 1990s, studied museum collections, and collected raw material to reconstruct procurement patterns. To identify new sites, we conducted land and underwater surveys to reconstruct paleo-shorelines and past environments. We have identified three sites, two on land and one partially submerged, that still contain unexplored archaeological sediments, demonstrated in one instance through seismic tomography. This work shows the potential of re-examining minimally studied sites and materials to reconstruct mobility patterns and environmental impact of the first inhabitants of the island. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eating disorders (EDs), including anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), binge-eating disorder (BED), and pica, are psychobehavioral conditions characterized by abnormal eating behaviors and an excessive preoccupation with weight and body shape. This review examines changes in brain regions and functional connectivity in ED patients over the past decade (2013–2023) using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). Key findings highlight alterations in brain networks such as the default mode network (DMN), central executive network (CEN), and emotion regulation network (ERN). In individuals with AN, there is reduced functional connectivity in areas associated with facial information processing and social cognition, alongside increased connectivity in regions linked to sensory stimulation, aesthetic judgment, and social anxiety. Conversely, BED patients show diminished connectivity in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex within the salience network and increased connectivity in the posterior cingulate cortex and medial prefrontal cortex within the DMN. These findings suggest that rs-fMRI could serve as a valuable biomarker for assessing brain function and predicting treatment outcomes in EDs, paving the way for personalized therapeutic strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pervasive presence of marine litter represents a significant threat to Mediterranean biogenic reefs, leading to habitat degradation and a negative impact on associated structuring organisms, such as sponges and gorgonians. This communication highlights one of the detrimental effects caused by abandoned or lost fishing gear on colonies of Paramuricea clavata (Risso, 1827) from MPA Asinara Island (Mediterranean Sea). The study is part of the Strong Sea Life project (Survey and Treatment ON Ghost Nets SEA LIFE), aimed at mitigating the effects of abandoned fishing gear and enhance the conservation status of priority habitats of Posidonia oceanica (Linnaeus) Delile, 1813 and coralligenous reefs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Eating disorders are associated with substantial burden for the affected individuals including negative health outcomes and increased mortality. So far, prevention programs for eating disorders have yielded mixed results concerning their efficacy. Therefore, more targeted prevention programs need to be developed. Health literacy has been identified as a potential influencing factor of eating disorders. This study aimed at exploring the relationship between likely cases of eating disorders and health literacy, alongside additional sociodemographic factors. Materials and methods: Two large samples of adults (N = 3,011) and adolescents (N = 1,021) representative of the German-speaking population in Germany were recruited. Likely cases of eating disorders were identified using the SCOFF questionnaire. Health literacy was assessed with the HLS-EU-Q16 questionnaire. Sociodemographic information, including age, gender, social status and level of education, and subjective body image were obtained. χ²-tests of independence were calculated to determine the association between the investigated constructs. Results: Suspected eating disorders were more likely in female than male adolescents but were not related to gender in adults. Rates of suspected eating disorders increased with increasing age in adolescents and decreased with increasing age in adults. While levels of education were unrelated to suspected eating disorders, low social status was associated with higher rates of suspected eating disorders in adults but not adolescents. Inadequate or problematic health literacy and negative body image were associated with higher rates of suspected eating disorders compared to adequate health literacy and more positive body image. Discussion: Likely cases of eating disorders are related to health literacy and body image as well as sociodemographic factors. These constructs should therefore be addressed in future research to improve prevention programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The NEREA (Naples Ecological REsearch for Augmented observatories) initiative aims to establish an augmented observatory in the Gulf of Naples (GoN), designed to advance the understanding of marine ecosystems through a holistic approach. Inspired by the Tara Oceans expedition and building on the scientific legacy of the MareChiara Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER-MC) site, NEREA integrates traditional physical, chemical, and biological measurements with state-of-the-art methodologies such as metabarcoding and metagenomics. Here we present the first 10 months of NEREA data, collected from April 2019 to January 2020, encompassing physico-chemical parameters, plankton biodiversity (e.g., microscopy and flow cytometry), prokaryotic and eukaryotic metabarcoding, a prokaryotic gene catalogue, and a collection of 3818 prokaryotic Metagenome-Assembled Genomes (MAGs). NEREA's efforts produce a significant volume of multifaceted data, which enhances our understanding of marine ecosystems and promotes the development of scientific hypotheses and ideas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research into the risk of anorexia nervosa (AN) has examined twin pairs to further the understanding of the contributions of genetics, trait inheritance, and environmental factors to eating disorder (ED) development. Investigations of twin experiences of EDs have been biologically-based and have not considered the qualitative, phenomenological aspects of twin experiences. A gap in the literature exists regarding understanding of discordant twins with EDs. This research was developed in response, with the aim to deepen understanding of AN in discordant twins and to create novel ideas for further research and testing. The case studies presented in this article provide lived experience insights of two identical discordant twin pairs: one twin pair discordant for longstanding AN and one twin pair discordant for 'atypical' AN (the twin with AN has recovered). The perspectives and experiences of each co-twin (one with AN and one without) explore a number of factors that may have contributed to twin discordance in these cases, and how each twin has responded to the impact of AN in their lives. Through use of first-person accounts in case study presentation, this article centres social justice values of lived experience leadership and involvement in research. This article aims to extend current knowledge and understanding of EDs in discordant twins, particularly regarding risk for ED development, ED duration, diagnosis and treatment, and recovery processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Maltese archipelago is renowned for its spectacular coasts, characterized by vertical cliffs and scree slopes. In the western sector of Malta and the eastern region of Gozo, a marly clay formation with ductile properties underlying a stiff limestone unit has led to relevant lateral spreading. Utilizing drone aerial photogrammetry, digital elevation models, and satellite imagery, we analyzed the ongoing geomorphological processes across five promontories, selected as case studies. Our analysis reveals a complex interaction between geological structures, Quaternary sea level fluctuations, and lateral spreading processes. Photogrammetric models show that once detached, blocks from the plateaus tend to topple and fall or experience subsidence and backtilting. At Rdum il-Qammieħ, fractures up to 250 m long and openings of up to 2 m were observed, while at Sopu, detached blocks exhibit subsidence of up to 50% and rotations nearing 60°. In all the studied promontories, rotational slides predominantly occur at the frontal sectors, while toppling mechanisms are more common along scarp-edged plateaus. The thickness ratio between the stiff and the ductile formation, ranging from 0.13 to 1.12, along with slope gradients between 10° and 41°, further influence the stability of these coastal features. We discuss the structural and sea level influences on Maltese coastal cliff development over the last 125 ky. We propose a conceptual model outlining the evolution of the Malta Graben promontories through a three-stage evolutionary model: proto-promontories, cliff demolition, and isolation. This model emphasizes the significant role of predisposing, preparatory, and triggering factors in the geomorphological evolution of the Maltese coastline. Our findings provide essential insights into the landscape changes in the Maltese archipelago and represent a useful tool for coastal management and hazard mitigation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The southeastern Australian margin hosts a series of submarine canyons. Although the origin and evolution of canyons within the northwestern segment of the margin is relatively well studied, their quantitative morphology, interaction with longshore drift currents and slope failure remain poorly understood in the southeastern region. In this study, high-resolution bathymetry and 3D seismic reflection datasets revealed five main submarine canyons present in the central offshore Otway Basin. The canyons have V-shaped, evolving to U-shaped morphology downslope with sedimentary infill characterized by medium–high amplitudes, recognizable stratal pattern and localized chaotic seismic reflections. Analysis reveals these canyons were initiated by retrogressive slope failure on the continental slope, that once the shelf edge was reached and subsequently incised, development of the canyon heads was influenced by the shelf parallel Zeehan Current, active on the continental shelf of the region. The heads of the shelf-incised canyons preferentially migrate northwestward and were infilled by laterally accreting sedimentary packages characterized by southeast dipping seismic reflections. These indicate an early erosive phase followed by a period of deposition, a result of the prevalent eastward flowing Zeehan Current. These results have important implications for understanding of the mechanisms that control initiation and development of submarine canyons, and their morphology, both offshore southeastern Australia, and similar settings on continental margins worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Azooxanthellate scleractinian corals, a group of species that lack a symbiotic relationship with dinoflagellates, are influenced by environmental variables at various scales. As the global commitment to sustainably manage ocean ecosystems and resources rises, there is a growing need to describe biodiversity trends in previously unsampled areas. Benthic invertebrate research in South Africa is a developing field, and many taxa in deep water environments remain inadequately characterized. Recently, the South African azooxanthellate scleractinian fauna was taxonomically reviewed, but their distributional correlations with physical parameters have not been studied. Here we aim to understand the biodiversity gradients of the South African azooxanthellate coral fauna by analysing the environmental correlates of museum samples. The associated coordinate data were georeferenced and depth obtained from a national bathymetric dataset, prior to undertaking a multivariate analysis. This analysis encompassed several steps, including the grouping of the longitude and depth data (environmental data), identifying families characteristic of the group variability, and examining the correlation of the associated data with the biological data. Additionally, the analysis involved quantifying diversity patterns along the environmental gradients. Overall, our results confirmed two longitudinal groups (eastern margin [Group A] vs southern and western margin [Group B]) and 11 depth categories represented within two bathymetric zones (shallow [50–200 m] and deep [300–1000 m]). Caryophylliids, flabellids, and dendrophylliids contributed the most towards distinguishing longitudinal and depth gradients. Both abiotic variable (longitudinal and depth) partially explained coral distribution patterns, with depth being highly correlated to the species variation observed. Data limitations within our data set resulted to unexplained variance, however, despite these limitations, the study demonstrates that historical museum samples provide a valuable data source that can fill research sampling gaps and help improve the understanding of biodiversity patterns of the coral fauna in under sampled marine ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Superconductivity at room temperature and near‐ambient pressures is a highly sought‐after phenomenon in physics and materials science. A recent study reported the presence of this phenomenon in N‐doped lutetium hydride [Nature 615, 244 (2023)], however, subsequent experimental and theoretical investigations have yielded inconsistent results. This study undertakes a systematic examination of synthesis methods involving high temperatures and pressures, leading to insights into the impact of the reaction path on the products and the construction of a phase diagram for lutetium hydrides. Notably, the high‐pressure phase of face‐centered cubic LuH3 (fcc‐LuH3) is maintained to ambient conditions through a high‐temperature and high‐pressure method. Based on temperature and anharmonic effects corrections, the lattice dynamic calculations demonstrate the stability of fcc‐LuH3 at ambient conditions. However, no superconductivity is observed above 2 K in resistance and magnetization measurements in fcc‐LuH3 at ambient pressure. This work establishes a comprehensive synthesis approach for lutetium hydrides, thereby enhancing the understanding of the high‐temperature and high‐pressure method employed in hydrides with superconductivity deeply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Montenegrin climate is characterised as very heterogeneous due to its complex topography. The viticultural heritage, dating back to before the Roman empire, is settled in a Mediterranean climate region, located south of the capital Podgorica, where climate conditions favour red wine production. However, an overall increase in warmer and drier periods affects traditional viticulture. The present study aims to discuss climate change impacts on Montenegrin viticulture. Bioclimatic indices, ensembled from five climate models, were analysed for both historical (1981–2010) and future (2041–2070) periods upon three socio-economic pathways: SSP1-2.6, SSP3-7.0 and SSP5-8.5. CHELSA (≈1 km) was the selected dataset for this analysis. Obtained results for all scenarios have shown the suppression of baseline conditions for viticulture. The average summer temperature might reach around 29.5 °C, and the growing season average temperature could become higher than 23.5 °C, advancing phenological events. The Winkler index is estimated to range from 2900 °C up to 3100 °C, which is too hot for viticulture. Montenegrin viticulture requires the application of adaptation measures focused on reducing temperature-increase impacts. The implementation of adaptation measures shall start in the coming years, to assure the lasting productivity and sustainability of viticulture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The digital representation of seafloor, a challenge in UNESCO's Ocean Decade initiative, is essential for sustainable development support and marine environment protection, aligning with the United Nations' 2030 program goals. Accuracy in seafloor representation can be achieved through remote sensing measurements, including acoustic and laser sources. Ground truth information integration facilitates comprehensive seafloor assessment. The current seafloor mapping paradigm benefits from the object-based image analysis (OBIA) approach, managing high-resolution remote sensing measurements effectively. A critical OBIA step is the segmentation process, with various algorithms available. Recent artificial intelligence advancements have led to AI-powered segmentation algorithms development, like the Segment Anything Model (SAM) by META AI. This paper presents the SAM approach's first evaluation for seafloor mapping. The benchmark remote sensing dataset refers to Puck Lagoon, Poland and includes measurements from various sources, primarily multibeam echosounders, bathymetric lidar, airborne photogrammetry, and satellite imagery. The SAM algorithm's performance was evaluated on an affordable workstation equipped with an NVIDIA GPU, enabling CUDA architecture utilization. The growing popularity and demand for AI-based services predict their widespread application in future underwater remote sensing studies, regardless of the measurement technology used (acoustic, laser, or imagery). Applying SAM in Puck Lagoon seafloor mapping may benefit other seafloor mapping studies intending to employ AI technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: The main goals of this study were to describe the physical activity (PA) and sleep habits of 8–12-year-old children according to their gender and to evaluate the relationship between PA and sleep habits (i.e., duration and timing). (2) Methods: A total of 236 children (114 boys and 122 girls) completed the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C) and an ad hoc sleep habits questionnaire. (3) Results: Boys were more physically active than girls (2.62 ± 0.51 vs. 2.46 ± 0.48, p = 0.026) and enacted higher PA levels in school recess (3.82 ± 1.36 vs. 3.56 ± 1.38, p = 0.003), during the afternoon (3.37 ± 1.20 vs. 2.89 ± 1.12, p = 0.003), and during weekends (3.54 ± 1.20 vs. 3.18 ± 0.48, p = 0.009). Per sleep habits, boys had a significantly later bedtime (21:53 ± 2:08 vs. 21:34 ± 2:14, p = 0.009) and a significantly smaller total sleep duration (9.64 ± 0.86 vs. 9.89 ± 0.87 h, p = 0.023) than girls. No significant correlations between PA and sleep habits were found. (4) Conclusions: We found differences in the PA and sleep habits between school-age boys and girls. Institutions and entities should consider designing specific interventions to improve PA and sleep habits according to gender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the impact of dissolved carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and agar on the dolomitization reaction of calcite at 200 °C. Previous studies have suggested that CMC and agar promote dolomite precipitation at room temperature. However, this study found that their decomposition products hinder the reaction at 200 °C, with uncertainty about their role at other temperatures. The inhibitory effect of the decomposition products could be attributed to their adsorption onto calcite surfaces, which hinders their dissolution. This results in a longer reaction induction period and replacement period. Regression analysis demonstrates that the 0.1 g/L agar and 0.2 g/L CMC series decrease the cation ordering rate of dolomite produced from synthetic calcite when compared with series without polysaccharides. In contrast, the 0.1 g/L CMC series shows a slight increase in the cation ordering rate compared with series without polysaccharides. The findings of this study suggest a notable potential impact of the decomposition products of polysaccharides on the ordering of dolomite, although it is uncertain whether they inhibit this ordering process. The inhibitory effect observed in the decomposition products of CMC and agar could also exist in the decomposition products of the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and bacteria cell walls found in sedimentary rocks during burial diagenesis. Therefore, further research is necessary to understand the role of EPS and bacteria cell walls in dolomitization, since their impact is not always predictable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Powdered biogenic calcium carbonate from butter clams shows variations in its tendency to convert from aragonite to calcite when suspended in water, depending on whether the suspension has additional calcite or not. Our investigations treat these biogenic samples as complex hierarchical materials, considering both their mineral and organic components. We assess the mineral composition from Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy peak shifts, as well as quantitative assessments of lattice constant refinements (powder X-ray diffraction). To isolate the mineral portions, we compare results from samples where the periostracum is removed mechanically and samples that are heated to temperatures that are sufficient to remove organic material but well below the temperature for thermal phase conversion from aragonite to calcite. The results show that the total organic content does not play a significant role in the aqueous mineral phase conversion. These results have potential implications for understanding carbonate mineral interactions in ocean sediments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The black coral Leiopathes glaberrima is a key component of deep-sea animal forests of the Western Mediterranean and North-Atlantic hard bottoms. Due to its ecological role, biological characteristics and sensitivity to fishing activities, it has been included in the Annex II of the Barcelona Convention, listed as an endangered species in IUCN Red Lists, and recognized as an indicator of Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems by the FAO. Methods: During a survey conducted in the Strait of Sicily, 140 ROV transects were carried out allowing the characterization of environmental preferences, associated fauna and population structure of L. glaberrima in the study area. Results and discussion: 1020 colonies were distributed between 165 and 672 meters and arranged in 17 patches and isolated colonies. The average height was determined to be 40.9 ± 1.0 cm, with the range spanning from a minimum of 5 cm up to nearby 200 cm. Pristine colonies accounted for 62.9%, mainly constituted by small-sized individuals densely aggregated (up to 14.5/m2 in a single frame) in the eastern part of the area. 24.5% of the specimens were dead and localized in the western margin where we reported a rare case of mass mortality in the deep-sea environment and the first ever described for black corals, opening new scenarios regarding the possibility that these events can occur in environments previously considered safe from danger. The triggering causes of these events in inaccessible environments are actually only hypothesized, but it is not to be excluded that, sooner or later, a similar effect could potentially result from anthropogenic climate changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mediterranean Sea is known to be a hot spot for marine biodiversity, especially if considering the highly specialized Heterobranchia mollusks. In recent years, there has been increasing effort to fill some knowledge gaps existing on Mediterranean heterobranch diversity, but, to date, several potentially interesting habitats remain unexplored. In fact, most studies have been focused on sea slugs inhabiting coastal areas and lakes, but those living in extremely variable areas like Mediterranean rocky tide pools remain almost completely ignored even if it is reported worldwide that they can host a high sea slug diversity. In this context, the rocky tide pool system near the 'Passetto' urban beach (Ancona, Italy) in the North Adriatic Sea (Mediterranean Sea) represents a biodiversity hot spot, highlighting the importance of the conservation of this peculiar habitat. A preliminary quantitative survey on the associated Heterobranchia unveiled a thriving community residing in this limited and fragile habitat, and it inspired a more detailed investigation as performed in the present study. In order to reveal the presence of species that have gone unnoticed, an in-depth study was carried out between 2018 and 2022, which aimed to amplify the knowledge on this vulnerable environment and the fauna associated with this as yet poorly known habitat. Tide pooling activities corroborated by photographic analyses allowed the recording of 45 taxa in total and the addition of 25 species to the previously known list. Within those, (i) two species were potentially new to science, (ii) one was recorded in the Mediterranean Sea for the first time, (iii) two species were added to the Italian fauna, and (iv) one species constituted a new record for Sector 9 of the Italian Seas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sea pen Pteroeides spinosum (Ellis, 1764), belonging to the superfamily Pennatuliodea McFadden, van Ofwegen & Quattrini, 2022, is a little-known anthozoan species well-adapted to inhabit soft bottoms. Similar to other sea pens, it can form aggregations in both infra- and circalittoral zones, significantly enhancing the complexity and biodiversity of these habitats. We present the first in vivo video observation of rolling behaviour of a P. spinosum individual, documented during a Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) survey, in the northern Tyrrhenian Sea, at a depth range of 50–58 m. The animal assumed a wheel-like shape, likely by inflating its body with seawater. This led to a rolling motion along the seabed, covering a linear distance of approximately 7 m in just 4 min. The observed mobility of this species adds new information about its behaviour, emphasizing the role of video technology in capturing real-time information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a critical review of the geoelectrical monitoring activities carried out in seismically active areas is presented and discussed. The electrical resistivity of rocks is one of the geophysical parameters of greatest interest in the study of possible seismic precursors, and it is strongly influenced by the presence of highly fractured zones with high permeability and fluid levels. The analysis in the present study was carried out on results obtained over the last 50 years in seismic zones in China, Japan, the USA and Russia. These past works made it possible to classify the different monitoring strategies, analyze the theoretical models for interpreting possible correlations between anomalies in resistivity signals and local seismicity, and identify the main scientific and technological gaps in the literature. In addition, great attention has been paid to some recent works on the study of the correlations between focal mechanisms and the shapes of anomalous patterns in resistivity time series. Finally, some future scenarios for the development of new activities in this field have been identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A coordinated multi-year ocean exploration campaign on the Blake Plateau offshore of the southeastern U.S. has mapped what appears to be the most expansive cold-water coral (CWC) mound province thus far discovered. Nearly continuous CWC mound features span an area up to 500 km long and 110 km wide, with a core area of high-density mounds up to 254 km long by 42 km wide. This study synthesized bathymetric data from 31 multibeam sonar mapping surveys and generated a standardized geomorphic classification of the region in order to delineate and quantify CWC mound habitats and compare mound morphologies among subregions of the coral province. Based on the multibeam bathymetry, a total of 83,908 individual peak features were delineated, providing the first estimate of the overall number of potential CWC mounds mapped in the region to date. Five geomorphic landform classes were mapped and quantified: peaks (411 km2), valleys (3598 km2), ridges (3642 km2), slopes (23,082 km2), and flats (102,848 km2). The complex geomorphology of eight subregions was described qualitatively with geomorphic "fingerprints" (spatial patterns) and quantitatively by measurements of mound density and vertical relief. This study demonstrated the value of applying an objective automated terrain segmentation and classification approach to geomorphic characterization of a highly complex CWC mound province. Manual delineation of these features in a consistent repeatable way with a comparable level of detail would not have been possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nitrogen (N) isotope composition (δ15 N) of cold-water corals is a promising proxy for reconstructing past ocean N cycling, as a strong correlation was found between the δ15 N of the organic nitrogen preserved in coral skeletons and the δ15 N of particulate organic matter exported from the surface ocean. However, a large offset of 8 ‰–9 ‰ between the δ15 N recorded by the coral and that of exported particulate organic matter remains unexplained. The 8 ‰–9 ‰ offset may signal a higher trophic level of coral dietary sources, an unusually large trophic isotope effect or a biosynthetic δ15 N offset between the coral's soft tissue and skeletal organic matter, or some combinations of these factors. To understand the origin of the offset and further validate the proxy, we investigated the trophic ecology of the asymbiotic scleractinian cold-water coral Balanophyllia elegans, both in a laboratory setting and in its natural habitat. A long-term incubation experiment of B. elegans fed on an isotopically controlled diet yielded a canonical trophic isotope effect of 3.0 ± 0.1 ‰ between coral soft tissue and the Artemia prey. The trophic isotope effect was not detectably influenced by sustained food limitation. A long N turnover of coral soft tissue, expressed as an e -folding time, of 291 ± 15 d in the well-fed incubations indicates that coral skeleton δ15 N is not likely to track subannual (e.g., seasonal) variability in diet δ15 N. Specimens of B. elegans from the subtidal zone near San Juan Channel (WA, USA) revealed a modest difference of 1.2 ± 0.6 ‰ between soft tissue and skeletal δ15 N. The δ15 N of the coral soft tissue was 12.0 ± 0.6 ‰, which was ∼6 ‰ higher than that of suspended organic material that was comprised dominantly of phytoplankton – suggesting that phytoplankton is not the primary component of B. elegans' diet. An analysis of size-fractionated net tow material suggests that B. elegans fed predominantly on a size class of zooplankton ≥500 µ m, implicating a two-level trophic transfer between phytoplankton material and coral tissue. These results point to a feeding strategy that may result in an influence of the regional food web structure on the cold-water coral δ15 N. This factor should be taken into consideration when applying the proxy to paleo-oceanographic studies of ocean N cycling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Predicting and measuring changes resulting from marine protected areas (MPAs) has posed a challenge for practitioners, partly because ecosystems are complex and can change in unanticipated ways, but also due to MPA characteristics such as design factors, conservation objectives (COs), and monitoring programs, that can leave little chance of meeting stated goals. We consider these design factors for the Laurentian Channel MPA, a large offshore Canadian protected area established to protect against fishing impacts. Specifically, in this study we evaluated (1) whether it is realistic to expect improvements in the MPA for four previously established taxa‐specific COs, and (2) whether existing scientific surveys are capable of detecting changes in these CO taxa even if they occurred. Three CO species were sampled in scientific multispecies research vessel trawl surveys (Black Dogfish, Smooth Skate, and Northern Wolffish) and a fourth CO, sea pen taxa, were enumerated using seafloor imagery. Simulations indicate that trawl surveys have very little chance of detecting change in the abundance of the three fish species examined, while seafloor imagery data had higher statistical power for sea pen taxa. Moreover, we show that expecting change related to the removal of fishing is unrealistic due to the fact that the MPA was established in an area of minimal fishing pressure. While positive change is unlikely to be induced by the MPA, or be detected if they occurred, this MPA could provide conservation benefits if COs and monitoring approaches were realigned to match the unique features of this area that represents largely unimpacted sensitive benthic habitats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The negative effects of Problematic Instagram Use (PIU) on selfevaluations of one's appearance (i.e., body-image satisfaction-dissatisfaction) are well-known, whereas less explored is its role on body-image investment dimensions. By adopting the Social Comparison and the Self-discrepancies theories as the framework, the present study hypothesized that PIU negatively affects body investment and appearance management behaviours through the serial mediating role of actual appearance comparison on Instagram (IG) and the need to conceal body flaws. Gender, age and trait appearance comparison were controlled for. Method: A convenience sample of 323 participants (F = 70.3%; Mage = 28.92 + 10.96) was recruited, and well-known self-report measures were administered online. Results: The structural model produced good fit indices [χ2/df = 2.36, RMSEA = 0.065 (0.053 - 0.077), CFI = 0.962, SRMR = 0.038], and the variables accounted for 79% and 32% of the variance in body investment and appearance management behaviours, respectively. PIU was associated with body investment both directly and indirectly, whereas it affected appearance management behaviours only via appearance comparison on Ig. The tested alternative model has a poorer fit than the hypothesized model, and the former fitted significantly worse than the proposed one. Conclusions: The present study represents a step toward a better understanding of the psychological mechanisms underlying the link between PIU and body image investment dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cold-water corals (CWCs) are bioengineering species that can increase habitat heterogeneity and improve the deep sea’s biological diversity and ecosystem functioning. Knowledge of their distribution provides a critical baseline for assessing the effect of natural and anthropogenic impacts on these important deep-sea habitats. The aims of this study are: i) provide new data on the spatial distribution of six CWCs species in the Strait of Sicily, ii) describe the principal environmental and anthropogenic variables that play a role in shaping their distribution, iii) identify hotspots in which individuals belonging to the various species co-occur. Presence-only data of six CWCs species, ten environmental variables (depth, slope, rugosity, aspect, flowdir, temperature, salinity, north bottom current, east bottom current, chlorophyll-a), and one variable relating to bottom trawling effort (Automatic Information System – AIS) were used to predict the suitable habitats. We used Maximum Entropy modelling (MaxEnt) approach and used the AUC (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve) and TSS (true skill statistics) to evaluate the model performance. The results showed excellent AUC, TSS and AUC’s standard deviation mean values for all six species. The validation show high predictive performance. MaxEnt identified slope, depth, and rugosity as the most important predictors, showing the highest percentage contribution for all six species considered. Throughout the study area, highlyinterspecific persistent density hotspot of CWCs co-occurrence were discovered, with a total extension of 4.05 km2 where all species co-occur. Although studies on the effect of environmental and anthropogenic factors that impact the distribution of these species of conservation interest remain scarce, the results of this study offer useful guidance for decision-makers to develop necessary conservation measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three bryozoan species are described from the continental shelf east of the Boso Peninsula, Japan. One is a new species of Tessaradoma Norman, 1869, resembling Arctic and Atlantic species. Its colony form is, however, composed of zooids facing one side. The other two are species described from Sagami Bay as Hippothoa connata Ortmann, 1890 and Diporula coronula Ortmann, 1890. The former is assigned to the genus Cribellopora Gautier, 1957, having cribellate pseudopores on the frontal wall and ooecium. The latter is provisionally placed in the genus Hippomenella Canu and Bassler, 1917. The biogeography of the genera and species groups including the three species in this study is discussed. The boreal origin of the Japanese Tessaradoma is inferred, and the two species established by Ortmann are related to the bryozoan fauna of Australia and New Zealand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhodolith beds are diverse and globally distributed habitats. Nonetheless, the role of rhodoliths in structuring the associated species community through a hierarchy of positive interactions is yet to be recognised. In this review, we provide evidence that rhodoliths can function as foundation species of multi-level facilitation cascades and, hence, are fundamental for the persistence of hierarchically structured communities within coastal oceans. Rhodoliths generate facilitation cascades by buffering physical stress, reducing consumer pressure and enhancing resource availability. Due to large variations in their shape, size and density, a single rhodolith bed can support multiple taxonomically distant and architecturally distinct habitat-forming species, such as primary producers, sponges or bivalves, thus encompassing a broad range of functional traits and providing a wealth of secondary microhabitat and food resources. In addition, rhodoliths are often mobile, and thus can redistribute associated species, potentially expanding the distribution of species with short-distance dispersal abilities. Key knowledge gaps we have identified include: the experimental assessment of the role of rhodoliths as basal facilitators; the length and temporal stability of facilitation cascades; variations in species interactions within cascades across environmental gradients; and the role of rhodolith beds as climate refugia. Addressing these research priorities will allow the development of evidence-based policy decisions and elevate rhodolith beds within marine conservation strategies., (© 2024 The Author(s). Biological Reviews published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Cambridge Philosophical Society.)

The use of underwater video techniques has expanded rapidly in ecological studies and is particularly desirable in protected areas since the method does not impact the habitat or remove fish. The Mediterranean Sea is a biodiversity hotspot under high anthropogenic pressure and consequently, non-destructive and non-extractive techniques for fish monitoring are advantageous. Here, we review 110 publications that used underwater video in fish-related studies in the Mediterranean basin. The most common technique used in the Mediterranean Sea was Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROV) (33%), followed by Remote Underwater Video (RUV) systems (20%), Diver Operated Video (DOV) systems (20%) and Baited Remote Underwater Video (BRUV) systems (19%). Approximately one third of the studies used an additional sampling method, such as fisheries-based or molecular methods with the aim to compare the surveying effectiveness or produce complementary data. The most frequent objectives of the reviewed studies were related to fish community structure, i.e., focusing on community wide metrics such as abundance and biodiversity, or behavioral analyses, while the most commonly studied environments were those of the western Mediterranean and shallow waters, usually involving sandy or rocky reef habitats. Sampling protocols differed widely among studies with transect lengths, soak times and baits all varying. Future research should focus on the least studied parts of the region, such as the eastern and southern Mediterranean Sea and deep-sea habitats. Finally, the development of standardized sampling protocols is recommended to ensure that data are comparable among studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study focuses on calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy of the last 23 Myr in the Mediterranean region and is intended as a review paper in which an updated zonation is presented. This includes the improvements in biostratigraphic classification achieved in the last decades. The proposed biozonal scheme incorporates the biochronologic data derived from the integration of biostratigraphically useful events with radiometric datings, magnetostratigraphy and astronomically tuned cyclostratigraphy. This biochronology directly derives by previous compilations and includes improved data and ages derived from recent studies based on high resolution quantitative analysis of nannofossil assemblages. The presented zonal scheme consists of 21 biozones and 35 subzones spanning the last 23 Myr, named according to the well-established code-system MNN (Mediterranean Nannofossil Neogene) for the Miocene and Pliocene time interval and MNQ (Mediterranean Nannofossil Quaternary) for the Pleistocene and Holocene. In addition, a revision of the nannofossil biostratigraphy at the Oligocene/Miocene transition is given, with the introduction of Zone MNP26 (Mediterranean Nannofossil Paleogene), as a result of the different age assigned to the Oligocene/Miocene chronostratigraphic boundary. This zonation provides a significant bio-chronostratigraphic resolution of about 0.5 Myr, corresponding to a degree of precision functional for dating sedimentary successions and, therefore, useful for geological studies (e.g. geological mapping, temporal scanning of geological phasis). The biostratigraphic resolution can be furtherly improved through integration with the analogous scheme recently established for planktonic foraminifers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Overweight/obese individuals show impairments in executive functions such as inhibitory control. However, the neural mechanisms underlying these disturbances—and specifically, whether or not they involve altered activation of the specific prefrontal cortex regions—are not yet fully understood. Methods: The motivational dimensional model of affect suggests that high approach-motivated positive affect (e.g., desire) may impair executive function. In the present study, we investigated individual differences in neural responses to videos of food stimuli, and examined brain activity during a cognitive task in an approach-motivated positive state using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). In Experiment 1, in 16 healthy young adults, we tested whether prefrontal cortex activation differed during a food video clip versus a neutral video clip. Then, after viewing each video clip, we tested for differences in executive function performance and prefrontal cortex activation during a Stroop task. Experiment 2 was the same, except that we compared 20 overweight/obese with 20 healthy young adults, and it incorporated only the food video clip. Results and conclusions: The results of both experiments indicated that food stimuli decrease activation in regions of the prefrontal cortex related to executive function. This study also suggests that overweight/obese might consciously suppress their responses to a desired stimulus, yet here it seems that effect was less pronounced than in healthy controls. Level of evidence: Level II, Cohort Studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Health Literacy (HL) consists in all the skills and knowledges used by people to understand and seek health-related information. Inadequate levels of HL substantially affect many different aspects of health. The primary aim of the present study was to assess levels of HL in female patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN), compared with matched control subjects. Methods: A consecutive series of 64 female patients with AN and BN (mean age 23.1 ± 7.0) was enrolled, matched with 64 female control subjects (mean age 23.7 ± 7.1). Both groups completed the Health Literacy Survey Questionnaire (HLS-EU-Q16) and the Newest Vital Sign (NVS), which evaluate subjective and objective HL level respectively. Results: Patients with AN and BN showed lower levels of subjective HL (10.0 ± 3.5 vs. 11.3 ± 3.0) and higher levels of objective HL (5.0 ± 1.3 vs. 3.6 ± 1.6) when compared with controls. No difference between AN and BN was found. No correlation between HLS-EU-Q16 Total Score and duration of illness was found. A negative correlation was found between EDE-Q Eating Concerns and subjective HL levels. HLS-EU-Q16 Total Score was predicted by educational level in control subjects only, while NVS Total Score was not predicted by educational level in control subjects nor in patients. Conclusion: Patients with AN and BN had lower levels of subjective HL. NVS scores could overestimate objective HL in female patients with AN and BN. The promotion of HL in areas differing from those that concern nutritional characteristics of food, could be a therapeutic target for these patients. Level of evidence: III: Evidence obtained from well-designed cohort or case–control analytic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the continual acceleration of urbanization, the amount of urban infrastructure and the quality of public services are increasing in many cities. A pressing concern in this context is the growing problem of incompatible fire protection construction, indicating a need for urban fire stations with well-planned layouts. However, research on optimizing the layout and placement of fire stations by considering the various factors affecting station layouts is lacking. The current study addressed this gap by establishing an optimal fire station layout by using a geographic information system (GIS) and elucidated the trends of GIS application in firefighting and rescue operations. The study's findings reveal the benefits of avoiding blind spots, enhancing the selection of fire station sites, and optimizing service coverage. Furthermore, this study optimized the layout of CZ city's downtown fire stations, which could enhance CZ city's firefighting capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After 50 years, the dumping of red mud at the head of Cassidaigne Canyon (Southern France) was stopped in 2015. The area was surveyed in 2021 with an ROV at depths of 440–630 m. Biological findings reported here (images, sampling) have been obtained during a single ROV transect in the heavily impacted zone. In spite of the industrial waste deposit, a diverse faunal assemblage has persisted at the canyon head. Bioconstruction comprising large deep-sea oyster shells, scleractinian corals and hexactinellid sponge skeletons provides elevate and complex substrates for other organisms. Among the more significant findings, three live specimens of Neopycnodonte zibrowii Gofas, C. Salas & Taviani, 2009, previously only known as dead shells in that canyon, were documented and the rarely observed stenopodid shrimp Odontozona edwardsi (Bouvier, 1908) has been sampled (first record in the Mediterranean) and DNA barcoded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conceptual model uncertainty and parameter uncertainty are dominant contributors to the total uncertainty of a radioecological model output. In the present study the focus is on conceptual model uncertainty, which is often not acknowledged. Conceptual model uncertainty is assessed by subtracting from the total uncertainty of the model output the propagated parameter uncertainty, obtained by means of Bayesian inference analysis. The conceptual model uncertainty is quantified for two process-based models, which describe the interception of wet deposited pollutants under equilibrium and kinetic conditions, respectively. The natural variability due the chemical valence of the elements considered is accounted for in both models. Quantitative evidence has been obtained that the conceptual model uncertainty can contribute to the total uncertainty budget of the models for interception of wet deposited pollutants at least as much as, if not more than, parameter uncertainty., (© 2021 The Authors. Risk Analysis published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society for Risk Analysis.)

Sponge assemblages play a significant role in the functioning of the Mediterranean benthic ecosystem. The main goal of this study was to investigate the diversity and distribution of poorly known sponge communities in the mesophotic and deep-sea substrates of the eastern Mediterranean Sea. More than 1500 sponge specimens belonging to 87 taxa were collected from 156 stations during experimental and commercial bottom trawling in the Aegean Sea and the eastern part of the Ionian ecoregion, at depths of between 10 and 800 m. A total of 79 sponge species were found in the Aegean and 40 species in the Ionian Sea. Eight of these species are included in lists of endangered and threatened species, two were newly recorded in the Aegean and six were first recorded in the east Ionian Sea. Both community structure and diversity differed between the two ecoregions. Species richness, biomass, abundance and diversity decreased with increasing depth, while different species dominated, in terms of biomass, abundance and frequency of appearance, in the two ecoregions and the separate depth zones. In contrast with previous investigations, which mostly examined shallow-water sponges, no clear resemblance patterns were observed among the north and south Aegean subareas, probably due to the homogeneity of the deep-sea habitats under investigation. This study, using sampling material from fish stock monitoring programs for the first time, contributed to our knowledge of the largely unknown eastern Mediterranean mesophotic and deep-sea sponge populations, which are subjected to intensive trawling activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]