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Os jogadores de MMORPGs jogam por diversos fatores, sendo estes por socialização, conquistas, imersão, liderança e independência. Desta forma, a presente pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar a relação dos traços de comportamento com os fatores para jogar o MMORPG World of Warcraft, no Brasil. A contribuição desta pesquisa científica reside na identificação da relação entre a personalidade do indivíduo e os fatores dentro do jogo, e da indentificação de implicações para a gestão desse tipo de negócio. Sendo assim, um formulário foi aplicado em uma amostra (n322) de jogadores brasileiros do game. O instrumento foi construído em duas partes, sendo uma sobre os traços de personalidades do Big Five e, a segunda, sobre as motivações para jogar um MMORPG, totalizando 83 questões. Regressões lineares para cada motivação e os traços de personalidades foram feitas para identificar as relações entre os traços de personalidade e as motivações. Com os resultados da análise, recomenda-se empresas de jogos, dessa modalidade, analisem os aspectos de interrelação entre os traços de personalidade e motivações de jogo na criação das publicidades, assim como em análise das experiências do consumidor com base em cada fator para se jogar, no desenvolvimento dos games.

A powerful but poorly understood analysis in ecology and evolutionary biology is the comparative study of lineage-pair traits. "Lineage-pair traits" are characters like 'diet niche overlap' and 'strength of reproductive isolation' that are defined for pairs of lineages instead of individual taxa. Comparative tests for causal relationships among such variables have led to groundbreaking insights in several classic studies, but the statistical validity of these analyses has been unclear due to the complex dependency structure of the data. Specifically, lineage-pair datasets contain non-independent observations, but studies to-date have relied on untested workarounds for data dependency rather than direct models of linear-pair covariance, and the statistical consequences of non-independence have not been thoroughly explored. Here we consider how evolutionary relatedness among taxa translates into non-independence among taxonomic pairs. We develop models by which phylogenetic signal in an underlying character generates covariance among pairs in a lineage-pair trait. We incorporate the resulting lineage-pair covariance matrix into a modified version of phylogenetic generalized least squares and a new beta regression model suitable for bounded response variables. Both models outperform previous approaches in simulation tests. We re-analyze two empirical datasets and find dramatic improvements in model fit and, in the case of avian hybridization data, an even stronger relationship between pair age and RI than revealed by standard linear regression. We present a new tool, the R package phylopairs , to allow empiricists from a variety of biological fields to test relationships among pairwise-defined variables in a manner that is statistical robust and more straightforward to implement.

Evidence suggests that associations between antisocial behaviour, callous-unemotional (CU) traits and cognitive empathy (e.g. perspective taking) vary depending on more fine-grained dimensions of these constructs. This study examined associations between adolescent antisocial behaviour and individual differences in cognitive and affective perspective taking ability. Based on current theory regarding distinct variants of CU traits, we further tested whether the correlates of CU traits differed amongst youth with high versus low levels of anxiety. Participants were 130 male adolescents (81 youth offenders; 49 non-offenders) aged 13-20 years, of predominantly Caucasian and Aboriginal Australian ethnicity. Perspective taking skills were indexed using performance-based testing, and self-report data was collected on CU traits and anxiety in a cross-sectional design. Offender status was associated with poorer cognitive and affective perspective taking. In addition, associations between CU traits and perspective taking skills were moderated by anxiety. Specifically, CU traits were associated with poorer skills for second-order cognitive perspective taking amongst high-anxiety youth, whereas CU traits were associated with better cognitive and affective perspective taking skills amongst low-anxiety youth. More fine-grained assessment of such factors stands to enhance understanding of, and effective intervention for, antisocial youth., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Extensive research has associated adolescent delinquent behavior with verbal deficits, yet for some subgroups of youth offenders better verbal ability has been associated with increased risk. This study examined associations between specific oral language skills and established markers of high-risk youth offending comprising callous and unemotional (CU) traits, early age of the first offence, and violent offending. Measures of language, CU traits, anxiety, as well as official youth justice data, were collected for adolescent male offenders and non-offenders (n = 130; aged 13-19 years; 62% youth offenders). Pragmatic language was found to be differentially associated with distinct variants of CU traits based on high/low levels of anxiety. Furthermore, among youth offenders with primary variant (low anxiety) CU traits, more violent offending was associated with better structural language skills, while earlier age of first offence was associated with better pragmatic language skills., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

AbstractResearch over the past three decades has shown that ecology-based extrinsic reproductive barriers can rapidly arise to generate incipient species-but such barriers can also rapidly dissolve when environments change, resulting in incipient species collapse. Understanding the evolution of unconditional, "intrinsic" reproductive barriers is therefore important for understanding the longer-term buildup of biodiversity. In this article, we consider ecology's role in the evolution of intrinsic reproductive isolation. We suggest that this topic has fallen into a gap between disciplines: while evolutionary ecologists have traditionally focused on the rapid evolution of extrinsic isolation between co-occurring ecotypes, speciation geneticists studying intrinsic isolation in other taxa have devoted little attention to the ecological context in which it evolves. We argue that for evolutionary ecology to close this gap, the field will have to expand its focus beyond rapid adaptation and its traditional model systems. Synthesizing data from several subfields, we present circumstantial evidence for and against different forms of ecological adaptation as promoters of intrinsic isolation and discuss alternative forces that may be significant. We conclude by outlining complementary approaches that can better address the role of ecology in the evolution of nonephemeral reproductive barriers and, by extension, less ephemeral species.

What factors determine the stability of intrinsic reproductive barriers in the face of hybridization? In a set of theoretical analyses, Xiong and Mallet (2022) show that intrinsic incompatibilities are more prone to collapse when the incompatible genotypes encode biological functions with redundant genetic bases. These findings suggest that stable reproductive barriers often will be based on non-redundant genetic complexes that evolve among diverging lineages., (© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Society for the Study of Evolution (SSE). All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

After decades of debate, biologists today largely agree that most speciation events require an allopatric phase (that is, geographic separation), but the role of adaptive ecological divergence during this critical period is still unknown. Here, we show that relatively few allopatric pairs of birds, mammals, or amphibians exhibit trait differences consistent with models of divergent adaptation in each of many ecologically relevant traits. By fitting new evolutionary models to numerous sets of sister-pair trait differences, we find that speciating and recently speciated allopatric taxa seem to overwhelmingly evolve under similar rather than divergent macro-selective pressures. This contradicts the classical view of divergent adaptation as a prominent driver of the early stages of speciation and helps synthesize two historical controversies regarding the ecology and geography of species formation.