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Marwa Elbashir,1,2 Maguy Saffouh ElHajj,1 Daniel Rainkie,1,3 Nadir Kheir,4 Fatima Hamou,5 Sara Abdulrhim,6 Ahmed Mahfouz,5 Sumaya Alyafei,5 Ahmed Awaisu1 1Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Practice, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; 2Pharmacy Department, Airport Health Center, Primary Health Care Corporation, Doha, Qatar; 3Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; 4College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; 5Pharmacy Department, Heart Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; 6Pharmacy Department, Aspetar Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, QatarCorrespondence: Ahmed Awaisu, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Practice, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar, Tel +974 4403 5596, Fax +974 4403 5551, Email aawaisu@qu.edu.qaPurpose: To determine the prevalence of inadequate health literacy and its associated risk factors among patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and/or heart failure (HF) in Qatar.Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted among patients with ACS and/or HF attending the national Heart Hospital in Qatar. Health literacy was assessed using the abbreviated version of the Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (S-TOFHLA) and the Three-item Brief Health Literacy Screen (3-item BHLS).Results: Three hundred patients with ACS and/or HF, majority male (88%) and non-Qatari (94%), participated in the study. The median (IQR) age of the participants was 55 (11) years. The prevalence of inadequate to marginal health literacy ranged between 36% and 54%. There were statistically significant differences in health literacy level between patients based on their marital status (p=0.010), education (p≤ 0.001), ability to speak any of Arabic, English, Hindi, Urdu, Malayalam, or other languages (p-values ≤ 0.001 to 0.035), country of origin (p≤ 0.001), occupation (p≤ 0.001), and receiving information from a pharmacist (p=0.008), a physiotherapist (p≤ 0.001), or a nurse (p=0.004).Conclusion: Inadequate health literacy is common among patients with ACS and/or HF. This study suggests a need for developing strategies to assist healthcare professionals in improving health literacy skills among patients with ACS and HF. A combination of interventions may be needed to improve patients’ understanding of their disease and medications, and ultimately overall health outcomes.Keywords: health literacy, cardiovascular diseases, acute coronary syndrome, heart failure

Objective: The use of an intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) has been suggested to unload the left ventricle while on venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) for cardiogenic shock (CS), leading to possibly improved in-hospital mortality. However, the predictors of mortality on dual mechanical circulatory support have not yet been evaluated, especially in real-world clinical settings. Therefore, a case-control study was conducted to determine the rate of all-cause mortality associated with VA-ECMO use regardless of left ventricular (LV) unloading, and with early LV unloading in the setting of CS, and to identify the predictors of mortality associated with VA-ECMO, with concurrent early LV unloading., Design: Retrospective observational case-control study., Setting: National tertiary cardiology center., Participants: All patients with CS requiring VA-ECMO cannulation during the index admission between January 06, 2016, and January 0, 2022., Intervention: VA-ECMO with or without IABP MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Patient- and disease-related characteristics associated with in-hospital 30-day mortality following VA-ECMO with and without IABP support were assessed using multivariate logistic regression. Results are presented as odds ratio (OR), and a p-value < 0.05 indicates statistical significance. A total of 110 patients were included. Most were male (90%) with a mean age of 53 ± 11 years. Around 67% were Asian. The majority of patients were admitted with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (87%), with 26% presenting with left main disease. In-hospital 30-day mortality occurred in 42.7% of those who received VA-ECMO support regardless of IABP use, while it was 46.9% among those receiving early LV unloading with IABP. Significant positive predictors of mortality with VA-ECMO regardless of IABP in CS were cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) >20 minutes (adjusted OR 14.74, 95% confidence interval 2.02-107.41, p-value = 0.008), older age (ie, >55 years) and left main disease of more than 50% stenosis were associated with a fourfold increase in the odds of mortality while on VA-ECMO. Conversely, CPR >20 minutes (adjusted OR 12.45, 95% confidence interval 1.79-86.36, p-value = 0.011) was the only significant positive predictor of mortality with VA-ECMO and IABP., Conclusion: The mortality rate in CS requiring VA-ECMO, regardless of IABP use, remains high. However, only one predictor (ie, prolonged CPR) was found to increase the likelihood of 30-day mortality with early LV unloading, suggesting that concomitant IABP use might minimize the effect of mortality predictors., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Exome- or genome-based panels-also known as slices or virtual panels-are now a popular approach that involves comprehensive genomic sequencing while restricting analysis to subsets of genes based on patients' phenotypes. This flexible strategy enables frequent gene updates based on novel disease associations as well as reflexing to analyzing other genes up to the whole exome or genome. With recent improvements addressing limitations associated with virtual panels, the advantages of this approach, relative to static custom-based panels, remain to be systematically characterized., Methods: Here we perform slice testing on 1014 patients (50.5% females; average age 17 years) referred from multiple pediatric clinics within a single center in the Middle East (83% Arab population)., Results: Initial analysis uncovered molecular diagnoses for 235 patients for a diagnostic yield of 23% (235/1014). "On the fly" focused analysis in most negative cases (N = 779) identified clinically significant variants correlating with patients' presentations in genes outside the originally ordered panel for another 35 patients (3.5% or 35/1024) increasing the overall diagnostic yield to 27%. The pathogenic variants underlying the additional cases (13% of all positive cases) were excluded from the original "panel" gene list, mainly as result of issues related to panel selection, novel gene-disease associations, phenotype spectrum broadening, or gene lists variability. The additional findings led to changes in clinical management in most patients (94%)., Conclusions: Our findings support slice testing as an efficient and flexible platform that facilitates updates to gene lists to achieve high clinical sensitivity and utility., (© Association for Diagnostics & Laboratory Medicine 2024. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Background: Sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) are a novel class of oral antidiabetic drugs (ADDs). Studies evaluating the appropriateness of SGLT2is prescribing, and the factors associated with their initiation in the Middle East region are lacking., Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the appropriateness of prescribing SGLT2is based on indication, dosing, and contraindication and determine the factors associated with their initial prescribing., Method: In this cross-sectional study, a cohort of 650 patients newly prescribed SGLT2is (n = 400) and/or any other oral ADDs (n = 250) during 2020 were included. Data were extracted from an electronic medical record system. Multivariate logistic regression was conducted to investigate factors associated with prescribing SGLT2is., Results: SGLT2is were prescribed for appropriate indication in 400 patients (100%), while inappropriately prescribed in relation to contraindication and dosing in 14 patients (3.5%). Male patients were more likely to be prescribed SGLT2is (odds ratio [OR], 1.69; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-2.82). Patients with a baseline glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) above 7% and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) were more likely to be prescribed SGLT2is (OR, 3.22; 95% CI, 1.84-5.64) and (OR, 2.18; 95% CI, 1.05-4.52), respectively. Patients receiving metformin (OR, 7.56; 95% CI, 4.46-12.80), sulfonylureas (OR, 2.30; 95% CI, 1.16-4.56), and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors (OR, 3.43; 95% CI, 2.00-5.87) were more likely to be prescribed SGLT2is., Conclusion: SGLT2is were found to be typically prescribed for the appropriate indication. Among the most important factors associated with prescribing SGLT2is are having uncontrolled HbA1c, history of ASCVD, and using other ADDs., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest: The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) remains a risk factor for heart failure (HF). Therefore, we aimed to assess the cardioprotective role of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors post-ACS in patients with acute HF (AHF) and diabetes., Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational cohort study employing propensity score matching. This study involved patients with diabetes admitted with ACS complicated by AHF, defined as either new clinical HF requiring diuretics during the index admission or having an ejection fraction (EF) of <40%. The study population was divided into two groups; (1) SGLT2 inhibitor users and (2) SGLT2 inhibitor non-users. The Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was used to evaluate the outcomes., Results: A total of 465 patients (93% male; mean age, 55 ± 10 years) were included in this study. Using a 1 : 1 propensity score matching, 78 patients were included per arm with an absolute standardized difference of <0.1 for all baseline characteristics. The use of SGLT2 inhibitors resulted in lower composite outcomes of ACS, HF hospitalization, and all-cause mortality at 1 month and 12 months [1 month: 2.6% vs. 11.5%, HR = 0.20 (0.04-0.94), p  = 0.041; 12 months: 14.1% vs. 23.1%, HR = 0.46 (0.22-0.99), p  = 0.046]., Conclusion: The findings suggest that SGLT2 inhibitors may confer cardioprotective effects in ACS-induced AHF, thereby widening the spectrum for indications of SGLT2 inhibitors., Competing Interests: AR, TH, AC, KJZ, MH, HF, WK, AY, HT, WM, MKH, NA-T, MHB, AM, SA, ARA, AP, and MA-H are employed by Hamad Medical Corporation. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (© 2024 Rahhal, Hamamyh, Chapra, Zaza, Najim, Hemadneh, Faraj, Kanjo, Yasin, Toba, Mohammed, Hamad, Al-Tikrety, Baraa Habib, Awaisu, Mahfouz, Alyafei, Arabi, Patel and Al-Hijji.)

Introduction: Left ventricular thrombus (LVT) increases the risk of ischemic stroke. However, it remains uncertain if the percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in the confirmed LVT setting further augments the stroke risk. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the risk of stroke among patients with LVT undergoing CAG +/- PCI., Methods: This retrospective observational cohort study included all the patients encountered with LVT from 1st of April 2015, to 31st of March 2020. The study population was divided into two groups: Longobardo et al. (2018) [1] patients with LVT who underwent CAG +/- PCI; Solheim et al. (2010) [2] patients with LVT who did not undergo CAG +/- PCI. The primary outcome evaluated was stroke during the index admission, and the secondary outcomes included in-hospital mortality, all-cause mortality, and stroke at 12 months post-discharge. Logistic regression was used to determine the risk of stroke associated with PCI among patients with LVT, and a p-value<0.05 indicated statistical significance., Results: Of the 210 patients included, 119 underwent CAG +/- PCI, while 91 patients did not undergo CAG +/- PCI. Most of the patients were Asian (67%), male (96%), with a mean age of 56 years. Ischemic cardiomyopathy was the primary etiology of LVT in both groups (96% in the CAG +/- PCI group and 80% in non CAG +/- PCI group). During the index admission, stroke among patients with LVT did not differ between the CAG +/- PCI and non CAG +/- PCI groups (5% versus 3.3%; odds ratio (OR) 1.6, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.34-6.4, p = 0.539; adjusted OR 0.9, 95% CI 0.09-10.6, p = 0.968). Similarly, in-hospital mortality, all-cause mortality, and stroke at 12 months did not differ between the study groups., Conclusion: Performing CAG +/- PCI among patients with LVT was not associated with an increased risk of stroke during admission or within 12 months in comparison to patients who did not undergo CAG +/- PCI, which may reassure cardiologists to perform CAG +/- PCI among patients with LVT safely., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare having no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in Qatar and globally., Aim: The primary objective of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a structured clinical pharmacist-delivered intervention on all-cause hospitalizations and cardiac-related readmissions in patients with ACS., Method: A prospective quasi-experimental study was conducted at Heart Hospital in Qatar. Discharged ACS patients were allocated to one of three study arms: (1) an intervention group (received a structured clinical pharmacist-delivered medication reconciliation and counselling at discharge, and two follow-up sessions at 4 weeks and 8 weeks post-discharge), (2) a usual care group (received the general usual care at discharge by clinical pharmacists) or, (3) a control group (discharged during weekends or after clinical pharmacists' working hours). Follow-up sessions for the intervention group were designed to re-educate and counsel patients about their medications, remind them about the importance of medication adherence, and answer any questions they may have. At the hospital, patients were allocated into one of the three groups based on intrinsic and natural allocation procedures. Recruitment of patients took place between March 2016 and December 2017. Data were analyzed based on intention-to-treat principles., Results: Three hundred seventy-three patients were enrolled in the study (intervention = 111, usual care = 120, control = 142). Unadjusted results showed that the odds of 6-month all-cause hospitalizations were significantly higher among the usual care (OR 2.034; 95% CI: 1.103-3.748, p = 0.023) and the control arms (OR 2.704; 95% CI: 1.456-5.022, p = 0.002) when compared to the intervention arm. Similarly, patients in the usual care arm (OR 2.304; 95% CI: 1.122-4.730, p = 0.023) and the control arm (OR 3.678; 95% CI: 1.802-7.506, p ≤ 0.001) had greater likelihood of cardiac-related readmissions at 6 months. After adjustment, these reductions were only significant for cardiac-related readmissions between control and intervention groups (OR 2.428; 95% CI: 1.116-5.282, p = 0.025)., Conclusion: This study demonstrated the impact of a structured intervention by clinical pharmacists on cardiac-related readmissions at 6 months post-discharge in patients post-ACS. The impact of the intervention on all-cause hospitalization was not significant after adjustment for potential confounders. Large cost-effective studies are required to determine the sustained impact of structured clinical pharmacist-provided interventions in ACS setting., Trial Registration: Clinical Trials: NCT02648243 Registration date: January 7, 2016., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Background: Population size and structure have a huge impact on health indicators. In countries with a high proportion of expatriates, there are some limitations in estimating, aggregating and reporting of the health indicators, and corrections may be required in the established estimation methodologies. We review the case of Qatar to see how its specific population characteristics affect its health indicators., Methods: We used routinely collected data and reviewed and calculated a selected list of health indicators for Qatari and non-Qatari populations residing in Qatar. Mortality and cancer incidence rates, stratified by nationality, were used for this purpose. Also, a direct method was used to estimate completeness of the death registry, compared to the mortuary data., Results: Age and sex distribution of Qatari and non-Qatari populations are completely different. Compared to the mortuary data, completeness of death registration for the total population was estimated at 98.9 and 94.3%, with and without considering overseas deaths, respectively. Both estimates were considerably higher than estimates from the indirect methods. Mortality patterns were different even after standardization of age and stratification of sex groups; male age-standardized mortality rates were 502.7 and 242.3 per 100,000 individuals, respectively for Qataris and non-Qataris. The rates were closer in female populations (315.6 and 291.5, respectively). The leading types of cancer incidents were different in Qataris and non-Qataris., Conclusions: Expatriates are a dynamic population with high-turnover, different from Qatari population in their age-sex structure and health status. They are more likely to be young or middle-aged and are less affected by age related diseases and cancers. Also, they might be at higher risks for specific diseases or injuries. Aggregating indicators of Qatari and non-Qatari populations might be mis-leading for policy making purposes, and common estimation correction approaches cannot alleviate the limitations. High-proportion of expatriate population also imposes significant errors to some of the key demographic estimates (such as completeness of death registry). We recommend a standardized approach to consider nationality in addition to age and sex distributions for analysis of health data in countries with a high proportion of expatriates., Competing Interests: MM-L was employed by Optimax Access LLC. AT, SK, SA, and MA-T work for the Ministry of Public Health in Qatar. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Moradi-Lakeh, Toumi, Khalifa, Doctor, Alyafei, Al Hamad, Al-Thani and Rashidian.)

We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess all-cause mortality and heart failure (HF) hospitalization with sacubitril/valsartan (S/V) compared to standard HF therapy in patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) using real-world data. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. We searched PubMed and Google Scholar for the observational studies published in English exploring the clinical outcomes of S/V use in HFrEF till March 14, 2022. Two independent reviewers assessed the quality and risk of bias of the included studies. A random-effect model was used to combine data. The outcomes assessed were all-cause mortality and HF hospitalization associated with S/V use in comparison to standard HF therapy. A total of 9 observational studies comparing S/V to Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-I)/Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB) in HFrEF were included in the systematic review, with more than 32000 patients included in the final analysis. Overall, S/V use was associated with a significant reduction in all-cause mortality (Risk Ratio [RR] = 0.70, 95% CI 0.53-0.93, I 2  = 83%) and HF hospitalization (RR = 0.62; 95% CI, 0.48-0.80, I 2 = 94%). Similar to the landmark controlled evidence, real-world data of S/V use in HFrEF demonstrated a significant reduction in all-cause mortality and HF hospitalization., (Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) are a novel class of oral antidiabetic drugs. To date, there are no pharmacoepidemiologic studies investigating the pattern of use of SGLT2is compared to other oral antidiabetic drugs in the Middle East, including Qatar., Aim: This study aimed to explore the trends in the use of SGLT2is compared to other oral antidiabetic drugs in Qatar from 2016 to 2020., Method: This is a descriptive, retrospective cross-sectional study where information on all oral antidiabetic drugs dispensed as in- or out-patient prescriptions from 2016 to 2020 in Hamad Medical Corporation hospitals, Qatar were collected. Outcomes included the number and relative frequency of quarterly prescriptions of different oral antidiabetic drug classes [biguanides, sulfonylureas, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors, thiazolidinediones, meglitinides, α-glucosidase inhibitors, and SGLT2is] prescribed from 2016 to 2020., Results: SGLT2is prescriptions increased from 1045 (2.13%) in 2017 to 8375 (12.39%) in 2020, while sulfonylureas prescriptions declined from 10,436 (21.25%) to 9158 (13.55%) during the same period. Metformin use decreased from 23,926 (48.71%) in 2017 to 30,886 (45.70%) in 2020. The proportions of thiazolidinediones, meglitinides, α-glucosidase inhibitors prescriptions remained stable over the years. Among SGLT2is, empagliflozin prescriptions showed an increase from 537 (10.65%) to 2881 (34.40%) compared to dapagliflozin, which decreased by the end of 2018 from 4505 (89.35%) to 5494 (65.6%)., Conclusion: SGLT2is have largely replaced sulfonylureas in Qatar. The increasing trend in their use over the years is similar to that reported in other countries. The trend among SGLT2is suggests greater preference for empagliflozin over dapagliflozin., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Tachycardia in cardiogenic shock (CS) might reduce the cardiac output (CO) by decreasing the ventricular filling time. Nevertheless, heart rate (HR) control with agents that possess negative inotropy might decrease the CO. Therefore, controlling the tachycardia in the setting of CS remains controversial. We herein describe four cases of patients presenting with myocardial infarction complicated with CS that required rescue venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) initiation. Tachycardia was present with HR ∼130-140 beats per minute after VA-ECMO initiation, and hence esmolol was infused continuously at a starting dose of 10-20 mcg/kg/min and titrated according to HR. With the use of esmolol to control the HR in the setting of CS supported with VA-ECMO, lactate cleared, and echocardiographic parameters improved, allowing the four cases to be successfully decannulated from ECMO. Our report indicates that short-acting beta-blocker could be safely used in the complex scenario of severe tachycardia while supported with VA-ECMO., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Sodium glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and loop diuretics can cause volume depletion. However, the long-term safety of the concurrent use of both agents has not been widely evaluated. We conducted a retrospective observational cohort study to evaluate the safety of SGLT2 inhibitors with loop diuretics vs SGLT2 inhibitors alone among diabetic patients. The primary endpoint was a composite of volume-depletion adverse events at 1 month and 12 months. Of the 400 patients included, 98 received SGLT2 inhibitors with a loop diuretic and 302 received SGLT2 inhibitors alone. The concurrent use of SGLT2 inhibitors and loop diuretics was tolerated at 1 month; however, it resulted in a significant increase in volume-depletion events at 12 months (10.2% vs 1.7%; aHR = 7.03, 95% CI (1.80-27.37), P-value = 0.005). In conclusion, the long-term concurrent use of SGLT2 inhibitors and loop diuretics increases the risk of volume depletion, warranting frequent monitoring., (Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

A high-intensity statin is recommended for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). However, real-world evidence of the effectiveness of rosuvastatin following acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is scarce. This retrospective cohort study included patients diagnosed with ACS to compare between the 2 high-intensity statin therapies (rosuvastatin vs atorvastatin) in terms of a primary composite outcome of CVD-associated death, non-fatal ACS, and non-fatal stroke at 1 month and 12 months post discharge. The primary effectiveness outcome did not differ between the 2 groups at 1 month (1.3% vs 1%; aHR = 1.64, 95% CI 0.55-4.94, P= 0.379) and at 12 months (4.8% vs 3.5%; aHR = 1.48, 95% CI 0.82-2.67, P= 0.199). Similarly, the 2 groups had comparable safety outcomes. In conclusion, the use of high-intensity rosuvastatin compared to high-intensity atorvastatin therapy in patients with ACS had resulted in comparable cardiovascular effectiveness and safety outcomes., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: We aimed to characterize and forecast type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) disease burden between 2021 and 2050 in Qatar where 89% of the population comprises expatriates from over 150 countries., Research Design and Methods: An age-structured mathematical model was used to forecast T2DM burden and the impact of key risk factors (obesity, smoking, and physical inactivity). The model was parametrized using data from T2DM natural history studies, Qatar's 2012 STEPwise survey, the Global Health Observatory, and the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas, among other data sources., Results: Between 2021 and 2050, T2DM prevalence increased from 7.0% to 14.0%, the number of people living with T2DM increased from 170 057 to 596 862, and the annual number of new T2DM cases increased from 25 007 to 45 155 among those 20-79 years of age living in Qatar. Obesity prevalence increased from 8.2% to 12.5%, smoking declined from 28.3% to 26.9%, and physical inactivity increased from 23.1% to 26.8%. The proportion of incident T2DM cases attributed to obesity increased from 21.9% to 29.9%, while the contribution of smoking and physical inactivity decreased from 7.1% to 6.0% and from 7.3% to 7.2%, respectively. The results showed substantial variability across various nationality groups residing in Qatar-for example, in Qataris and Egyptians, the T2DM burden was mainly due to obesity, while in other nationality groups, it appeared to be multifactorial., Conclusions: T2DM prevalence and incidence in Qatar were forecasted to increase sharply by 2050, highlighting the rapidly growing need of healthcare resources to address the disease burden. T2DM epidemiology varied between nationality groups, stressing the need for prevention and treatment intervention strategies tailored to each nationality., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)