Search

BackgroundMethodsResultsDiscussionNeurodegenerative diseases (NDs) have caused serious health issues worldwide. A growing body of evidence suggests a correlation between neuroinflammation and abnormal microglial activity with ND symptoms. Microglia survey play crucial roles in CNS during health and the injury. It is proposed that sex affects microglial roles during inflammation, resulting in mouse behavioural changes and expression alterations in key markers related to microglia functions.Male and female C57BL/6 mice were injected with a single dose of LPS (5 mg/kg, i.p.) or saline. After 48 h, an open field test was conducted, followed by brain tissues collection for measuring the expression of IGF-1, IL-1β and TREM2 and Immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis for NLRP3 level.Males displayed greater depressive-like behaviour in the OFT, with lower levels of IGF-1, IL-1β, and NLRP3 and high TREM2 expression. Female mice did not exhibit this behaviour, in contrast to male mice, they exhibited increased IL-1β and NLRP3 expressionThis study revealed that LPS-induced sex-specific changes in genes involved in neuronal cell survival caused behavioural alterations in male mice. Moreover, females had observed inflammatory responses that had no impact on behavioural alterations. Overall, both sexes exhibited sex-specific microglial activation states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amidst increasing concerns regarding the incorporation of non-traditional protein sources in poultry diets as replacements for protein sources vital for human consumption, such as soybean meal, the utilization of Azolla leaf meal has garnered significant attention and popularity. The experiment commenced with 192 Japanese quail chicks (one day old), originated from a single hatch. Each chick was individually weighed and then randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups, namely control, supplementation of Azolla at the rate of 20 g/kg (Azolla 20), 40 g/kg (Azolla 40), and 60 g/kg (Azolla 60). Weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and dressing percentage were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in Azolla 40 and Azolla 60 compared to the control. No significant (P > 0.05) difference was found in antibody titre against New Castle disease virus, maleanodialdehyde (MDA) and faecal E. coli excretion. Further, villus height, crypt depth and ratio between them improved significantly (P < 0.05) in Azolla 60 compared to the control. In conclusion, our findings demonstrated a favourable impact of incorporating Azolla meal into the Japanese quail diet, leading to improved growth rates attributed to its positive influence on intestinal morphology. However, no significant effects were observed on immune response, lipid peroxidation, or faecal E. coli levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to their surface active properties, surfactants have numerous applications in different fields of life. In the present research work, the solubilization of reactive red 2 (RR2) has been studied in single and mixed micellar systems (MMS) using UV-visible spectroscopy and electrical conductivity measurements. The interaction of RR2 with ionic micelles of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) was investigated. In order to probe the interaction of RR2 in MMS, mixtures of CPC and TX-114 (Triton X-114, a nonionic surfactant) were used. UV-visible spectroscopy has been used to obtain the degree of solubilization of RR2 in terms of the partition coefficient (Kc) and Gibbs free energy of partitioning (ΔG°p). Electrical conductivity data have been employed to detect the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the surfactant systems in the presence of RR2 and, accordingly, to calculate the thermodynamic parameters of the micellization. From the obtained data, it is concluded that the micellization is spontaneous at all studied temperatures. Moreover, the micellization was observed to be driven by both enthalpy and entropy. The results also indicated that MMS have better solubilizing power than single micellar solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]