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Background: Carotid intima medial thickness (CIMT) is a reliable marker for assessing large and medium blood vessel atherosclerosis. This study aimed to investigate the carotid intima-media thickness in children with nephrotic syndrome admitted to Mofid Hospital during 2019-2021. Materials and Methods: This case-control study was conducted in Mofid Hospital for two years (2019-2021). The samples were selected in the case group from hospitalized children with nephrotic syndrome and the control group from hospitalized children without nephrotic syndrome. Results: The mean thickness of the right and left carotid intima-media thickness in the case group was 0.07 ± 0.43 and 0.43 ± 0.07 millimeters, respectively, and these two values were lower and equal to 0.42 ± 0.05 millimeters in the control group, respectively (P-value= 0.02, P-value = 0.016). There was a negative and significant relationship between the level of phosphate and CIMT on the left side, and with an increase of one unit in phosphate, the value of left CIMT decreased by 0.277 times. Also, there was a negative and significant relationship between right CIMT and the level of albumin at discharge time, so with an increase of one unit in albumin, the value of right CIMT decreased by 0.256 times. Conclusion: It is concluded that nephrotic syndrome causes an increase in CIMT and vascular damage in children. The increase of blood albumin and phosphate was associated with the decreased CIMT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pre-diabetes is a level before diabetes involvement. Pre-diabetes is prevalent, and if the blood glucose parameters of pre-diabetic patients do not reduce, patients will be involved with type 2 diabetes. In this study, we aimed to investigate the value of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level for predicting diabetes and retinopathy involvement in pre-diabetics. Materials and Methods: This prospective study was performed on pre-diabetics referred to the endocrinology clinic of Loghman Hakim Hospital (Tehran-Iran) from 2020-20211. The patients were assessed on age, sex, familial history of diabetes, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and laboratory studies, including fasting blood sugar (FBS), oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), HbA1c, lipid profile, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine transaminase (ALT). All participants underwent ocular examination by an expert ophthalmologist for retinopathy assessment. After one year, all participants were again assessed for all mentioned factors. Results: Pre-diabetics are five-fold more likely to be involved with diabetes after one year than patients with normal HbA1c. We found that patients with pre-diabetes HbA1c are 7.94 fold more at risk of retinopathy involvement than pre-diabetic patients with normal HbA1c (all p-values<0.05). Conclusion: A high level of HbA1c in pre-diabetics increases the risks of retinopathy and diabetes involvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fibrous obliteration or appendiceal neuroma is a rare type of appendiceal tumor that causes appendiceal obstruction and then presents as appendicitis. This neural tumor has no specific presentation and, after appendectomy, is diagnosed by the pathologist accidentally. Fibrous obliteration is described as a proliferative lesion. The pathogenesis of this lesion is unknown, but it is mentioned that the etiology of this problem is secondary to recurrent inflammation processes. These processes cause neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia in the submucosa and lamina propria of the wall of the appendix. The repetitive occurrence of these sub-clinical inflammatory processes causes fibrosis. Cases Report: We presented a 55-year-old woman who was referred to our clinic with persistent pain in the right lower quadrant for five days in this report. The pain mimicked appendicitis presentation, and it suddenly started from the periumbilical area and then shifted to the right lower quadrant of the abdomen. Her laboratory study showed a 9600/microliter white blood cell count with 70% neutrophils. An increase in the appendix loop with 9 millimeters diameter was reported in the ultrasound. There was also severe fat haziness around the tissues and visceral inflammation of the terminal ileum in the sonogram. She underwent an appendectomy after the diagnosis of appendicitis, and the pathologist diagnosed fibrous obliteration or appendiceal neuroma. Conclusion: It is concluded that fibrous obliteration or appendiceal neuroma mimics acute appendicitis, and in patients with this presentation, appendectomy is the best choice for treatment. The main diagnostic method is pathologic assessment, and it is important for the differentiation of this tumor from other malignant tumors of the appendix because fibrous obliteration is a benign tumor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hepatic spontaneous sub-capsular hematoma is uncommon. This is a life-threatening condition because the rupture of this hematoma is accompanied by uncontrolled intra-abdominal hemorrhage. Cases Report: We presented a 71-year-old man with a huge hepatic sub-capsular hematoma without any history of trauma or coagulopathy. The patient received heparin due to a neglected myocardial infarction. Blood pressure and hemoglobin levels decreased. The drug was discontinued, an abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan was done for him, and a huge hepatic sub-capsular hematoma was detected. Conclusion: Spontaneous liver subcapsular hematoma may be found in patients with a history of surgery on the liver site and those with a history of COVID-19. In these patients, hemodynamic instability should increase the doubt of physicians about a rupture of hepatic hematoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aim: This study was carried in order to investigate the degree of agreement and correlation between arterial and venous blood gas parameters and the possibility of replacing intravenous blood instead of arterial blood gas test according to scientific evidence. Methods: This narrative review was done by searching the databases of SID, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar search engine, using the keywords arterial blood gases, venous blood gases from 2005 to 2020. A total of 24 related articles were found and after screening, 16 articles were reviewed and analyzed. Results: Review of studies examining the correlation of the agreement between ABG and VBG parameters often found a good relationship, especially between the PH and HCO3 values of arterial and venous blood. The use of intravenous PCO2 instead of arterial blood, although some studies have introduced intravenous PCO2 as an acidemy screening tool, is still debated and needs further study. Conclusion: Venous blood gas test can be a safe, easy and low-cost option to assess patients' blood gas status. However, considering the clinical condition of patients when using VBG is recommended and ABG analysis will commend only if necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]