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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is recognized for inducing severe respiratory symptoms like cough, and shortness of breathing. Although symptom severity varies, some individuals remain asymptomatic. This virus has sparked a global pandemic, imposing a substantial rate of mortality or morbidity, with extended periods of illness reported. People with underlying medical issues and the elderly are more likely to experience adverse results. The virus's frequent mutations pose challenges for medical professionals, necessitating adaptable therapeutic and preventive strategies. Vitamin D, a versatile regulatory molecule, not only influences physiological processes such as serum calcium regulation but also exhibits immunomodulatory functions. Calcium ions play a crucial role as secondary signal transduction molecules, impacting diverse cellular functions and maintaining homeostasis through ion channel regulation. Parathormone, another key regulator of serum calcium, often acts antagonistically to vitamin D. This review delves into the interplay of vitamin D, calcium, and parathormone, exploring their possible influence on the progression of COVID-19. The intricate signaling involving these elements contributes to adverse prognosis, emphasizing the need for comprehensive understanding. Monitoring and controlling these physiological factors and associated pathways have shown the potential to alter disease outcomes, underscoring the importance of a holistic approach., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare no conflict of interests, (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Aim: This randomized controlled trial aimed to evaluate the impact of different incision types (oblique, vertical, and horizontal) for hamstring graft harvest on sensory disturbances and functional outcomes after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction., Methods: A total of 118 patients were randomized into three groups: oblique incision (n = 40), vertical incision (n = 40), and horizontal incision (n = 38). Sensory deficits were assessed using Von Frey Filaments at three weeks, three months, and six months postoperatively. Functional outcomes were measured using the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) 2000 Subjective Knee Evaluation score at the 6-month mark. Statistical analyses included ANOVA and post-hoc tests to compare sensory disturbances across groups., Results: At 6 months, the oblique incision group demonstrated significantly less sensory disturbance (34.7 mm 2  ± 38.6) than the vertical (43.8 mm 2  ± 39.1) and horizontal (63.4 mm 2  ± 42.4) incision groups (p = 0.031). No significant differences were found between the oblique and vertical incisions. The functional outcomes were comparable across all groups (P > 0.05)., Conclusion: Compared with vertical and horizontal incisions, oblique incisions for hamstring graft harvesting significantly reduced sensory disturbances without compromising functional outcomes. These findings suggest that careful selection of incision type can improve postoperative sensory outcomes in ACL reconstruction., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 Delhi Orthopedic Association. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.)

Monitored anesthesia care (MAC) is being increasingly employed in non-operative environments, particularly in the realms of endoscopy and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) procedures. This in-depth analysis delves into the essential components of MAC within these specific contexts, with a primary focus on ensuring patient safety, evaluating efficacy, and assessing procedural outcomes. It is a common practice in endoscopic procedures to necessitate sedation for the purpose of alleviating discomfort and anxiety, ultimately ensuring patient cooperation and the successful completion of the procedure. MAC, which entails the administration of sedatives and analgesics under the close supervision of an anesthesia professional, offers a personalized approach that carefully balances the depth of sedation with maintaining optimal patient safety standards. Within the domain of MRI procedures, where challenges such as claustrophobia and motion artifacts can significantly impact the process, MAC plays a crucial role in providing a controlled setting that not only enhances image quality but also improves patient compliance throughout the procedure. The review extensively investigates the various pharmacological agents commonly utilized in these scenarios, including but not limited to midazolam and fentanyl, shedding light on their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties specific to these contexts. Furthermore, the critical role of the anesthesia provider in effectively managing potential complications, such as respiratory depression, hemodynamic instability, and allergic reactions, is thoroughly examined and discussed. The analysis extends to the implementation of MAC protocols, encompassing pre-procedural assessments, continuous intra-procedural monitoring, and comprehensive post-procedural care, all aimed at ensuring the best possible outcomes for patients. Additionally, the review delves into the economic considerations associated with MAC, taking into account its impact on procedural efficiency, healthcare costs, and patient throughput within these settings. By exploring current guidelines and recommendations established by professional societies such as the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA), this review aims to provide a holistic understanding of the best practices in MAC for both endoscopy and MRI procedures. Through the synthesis of available evidence, the primary objective of this review is to contribute to informing clinical practices, enhancing patient safety measures, improving procedural success rates, and ultimately advocating for the broader adoption of monitored anesthesia care in diverse non-operative medical settings., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Shah et al.)

Ciprofol (HSK3486) is a novel intravenous anaesthetic developed as an alternative to propofol, offering a safer and more effective option in anaesthesia. It works primarily by modulating the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors in the central nervous system, leading to sedation and hypnosis. Ciprofol's unique pharmacological properties include a rapid onset of action, shorter duration, and reduced cardiovascular and respiratory depression compared to propofol, making it particularly suitable for outpatient and day surgery procedures. Molecular changes in ciprofol appear to be superior to those of other cibenzolines; it is more potent and has a stable hemodynamic effect. It has been used in primary surgery, inpatients and outpatients, and even for sedation of intensive care patients. The reported clinical data indicate that ciprofol is a powerful sedative that is characterised by a high-enough speed of emergence from the state of anaesthesia, which is necessary for outpatient conditions and intensive operating modes. It can be considered a new and important perspective in the technology of intravenous anaesthetics with its improved pharmacological characteristics and clinical effects. With the further accumulation of clinical data, ciprofol will undeniably become an essential agent in today's anaesthetic practice and contribute to an enhancement of healthcare efficiency by providing a more secure approach to numerous kinds of surgical interventions. The purpose of the current study is to provide a review of the pharmacology and clinical use of ciprofol, a new intravenous anaesthetic agent. Various studies demonstrate the functionality and safety profile of ciprofol, which solidifies it as a potential contender for propofol. Regarding respiratory depression, hypoxemia, and injection pain during hysteroscopy, ciprofol was shown to be a relatively safer option than propofol. Ciprofol can, therefore, be recommended for intravenous anaesthesia because of its effectiveness and safety, which has been clearly demonstrated. Randomised trials uniformly report the ability to achieve quicker onset of sedation and lower risk with the agent compared to propofol. These findings imply that ciprofol has many benefits concerning a variety of applications in patients due to a lower rate of adverse reactions and increased patient comfort., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Petkar et al.)

This review focuses on ropivacaine, a long-acting amide local anaesthetic, detailing its pharmacology and clinical applications. The article highlights its applications in providing analgesia, prolonging pain relief, and improving recovery outcomes in surgical settings. Ropivacaine is particularly effective for epidural labor analgesia in obstetrics, promoting stable hemodynamics and rapid onset when used with adjuvants. Its prolonged anesthetic effects reduce the need for postoperative opioids in peripheral nerve blocks. Intrathecal administration may enhance functional recovery and postoperative analgesia in various surgical procedures. While effective in treating acute pain, its role in chronic pain management remains unclear, indicating a need for further research. The review underscores the versatility and efficacy of ropivacaine in acute pain management and the importance of exploring its potential in chronic pain treatment., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Maqusood et al.)

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in youth is invading the communities because, if not controlled on time, the long-term complications include cardiovascular diseases, nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy that cause immense mortality and morbidity. Lifestyle changes and antidiabetic drugs are considered the foundation of T2DM therapy. However, these adjustments usually do not effectively produce long-term glycemic regulation, especially in patients with obesity of the third and fourth degrees. Bariatric surgery has also been identified as an efficacious intervention for obesity and obesity-related complications such as T2DM. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) has proven to be one of the most effective procedures in causing considerable weight loss and enhancing glycemic changes. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of RYGB in patients with young-onset T2DM regarding the improvement of glycemic control, weight loss, and diabetes comorbidities. RYGB has been established as a practice in the treatment of T2DM and severe obesity. This narrative review underscores the various effects of RYGB, such as enhanced glycemic control, considerable and long-term weight loss, and reduced cardiovascular disease risks. However, the review also points toward the directions and the adverse effects of RYGB regarding metabolic and skeletal health. There are risks of nutritional deficiencies, increased fracture rates, and even relapse to diabetes, which make patient selection, proper pre and postoperative investigation, and critical monitoring., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Bhatnagar et al.)

The use of neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBA) has grown due to the development of laparoscopic and minimally invasive procedures. Respiratory insufficiency, an elevated risk of aspiration, postoperative pulmonary complications, and subsequent reintubation are among the risks linked to the residual block. The normal clinical practice calls for the pharmacologic "reversal" of these agents with either sugammadex or neostigmine prior to extubation. The administration of neostigmine is linked to a number of potential complications. In response, anaesthesiologists have begun to prescribe sugammadex more frequently for treating residual block and reversing blockade with NMBA. This review article compares and assesses neostigmine and sugammadex thoroughly in order to determine the extent to which they work as agents to reverse neuromuscular blockade. The review's findings highlight sugammadex's considerable advantages - Sugammadex's ability to quickly and reliably achieve desired train-of-four (TOF) ratios - over neostigmine in reversing neuromuscular blockade in a variety of surgical settings. In contrast, neostigmine's limitations regarding efficacy and rate of reversal were consistently noted in all of the reviewed studies, despite the fact that it is still widely used due to its lower cost and extensive clinical experience. Sugammadex is a superior option for reversing neuromuscular blockade, but incorporating it into standard clinical practice necessitates carefully weighing its potential benefits and drawbacks. Sugammadex provides notable benefits over neostigmine in terms of speed, predictability, and safety., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Maqusood et al.)

In the case of PIH, the history is the story of gradually developing awareness and the gradual formation of requisite knowledge. The development of the sphygmomanometer, or blood pressure cuff, in the late 1700s, provided the basis for modern systematic blood pressure reporting for Gravid patients. In the following years and over a few decades, the relationship between high blood pressure and these complications, such as preeclampsia and eclampsia, became clearer. The hypertensive disease was categorized by the American Committee on Maternal Welfare in 1952, which included PIH, chronic hypertension, and preeclampsia. Today, attention is being paid to the identification of such factors, the search for ways to enhance the treatment of diseases, methods for their diagnosis, and the enhancement of pregnancy outcomes. Pregnancy can cause high blood pressure in two of the following ways: preeclampsia and gestational hypertension. These conditions are both part of something called pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH). In the world, most problems for moms and babies during pregnancy come from PIH. To help both mom and baby, we need to know a lot about what causes it, how to manage it, and how to watch the baby carefully. Aspects like immune responses, the environment, and genes all mix to cause PIH. They make the placenta not work right. When the cells that help the placenta grow don't do their job well, when blood vessels are stiff, when there's too much stress on the body, or when there's not a good balance of chemicals that help build blood vessels, things can get bad. Blood vessels all over the body squeeze tight, blood flow goes down, and blood pressure goes up. That can make a lot of organs stop working right and stop the baby from healthy growth. Various studies concluded that PIH severely limits the blood flow to the placenta and thus contributes to reduced fetal growth. It showed that compared to other hospitals, women who experience PIH are more likely to give birth early before the baby is ready, that is, before 37 weeks, and may cause further health complications to the baby. This normally makes the offspring have low birth weight and exposes them to many complications in infancy and the future in case they are born to mothers with PIH. In severe cases, PIH may lead to the death of the infant either by stillbirth or immediately after birth. The researchers have noted several predisposing factors to PIH, which include histories of elevated blood pressure, diabetes, being overweight or obese, and having a family history of PIH. Educating women about the presence of PIH and its causes can help them consult health facilities early, thus helping leaders in achieving better pregnancy results., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Agarwal et al.)

Appendectomy ranks among the most common surgical procedures. Laparoscopic appendectomy has become increasingly popular among certain surgeons. Even laparoscopic appendectomy is considered the gold standard; many surgical subspecialties have adopted robotic surgery in the past 10 years. The robotic system is recognized for enhancing stability, visualization, precision, and spatial flexibility. Surgeons can operate with enhanced dexterity, reduced tremors, three-dimensional visualization, up to 10 times magnification, and control over four arms thanks to improved ergonomics that allow them to sit at a customizable console. The purpose of this study is to evaluate and compare the overall effects, such as intraoperative time, postoperative recovery, feasibility for surgeons, and cost-effectiveness, of robotic-assisted appendectomy and laparoscopic appendectomy through the available literature. It was found that both robotic and laparoscopic surgeries work well for appendectomy, but in some studies, it was found that robotic surgery comes with the perks of shorter hospital stays and quicker recovery, even though it is more expensive, and in some studies, no differences were observed in patient recovery postoperatively. Laparoscopic surgery is still a highly effective and commonly used method, with proven advantages over open appendectomy, despite taking longer for the procedure. We need more studies to fully understand the advantages and disadvantages of robotic surgery, especially when it comes to cost-effectiveness and wider health outcomes., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Reddy et al.)

In the field of general anesthesia, magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) has become a valuable adjunct because it provides a range of benefits that enhance and optimize conventional aesthetic procedures. This review highlights the various intra-anesthetic benefits of MgSO4 while examining its complex function in the treatment using anesthesia. Magnesium inhibits the release of acetylcholine at the motor endplate and blocks calcium channels at presynaptic nerve terminals. This reduces the amplitude of endplate potential and the excitability of muscle fibers, which increases the potency of a neuromuscular blockade by nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers. This activity may lessen the need for primary muscle relaxants. Moreover, its capacity to potentially reduce the total amount of main aesthetic agents needed emphasizes its function in maximizing anesthesia dosage, ensuring sufficient depth while perhaps potentially reducing adverse effects linked with increased dosages. MgSO4's adaptable qualities present a viable path for improving anesthetic outcomes, possibly improving patient safety and improving surgical results., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2024, Dahake et al.)

The development of nanocosmetics nanotechnology has ushered in a new age in cosmetic research, completely changing the skincare scene. This abstract investigates the relationship between skincare and nanotechnology, particularly emphasizing the effects of nanocosmetics on skin health. Cosmetics, known as "nanocosmetics," use materials at the nanoscale, typically between 1 and 100 nanometers, to improve the effectiveness and delivery of active chemicals. Nanotechnology in cosmetics allows for the development of sophisticated delivery methods that provide enhanced stability and tailored distribution, including nanoemulsions and nanocapsules. This breakthrough overcomes the constraints of conventional formulations by enabling the entry of active ingredients into the skin's deeper layers. Studies investigating nanocosmetics and skin health were included. This encompassed in vitro studies, animal models, and clinical studies of various designs. Exclusion criteria included studies focusing solely on nanotechnology unrelated to skin health or nanocosmetics and review articles editorials, commentaries, and conference abstracts. Nanocosmetics is a groundbreaking development in skincare that provides creative answers to a range of skin issues. As the area develops, realizing the full potential of nanotechnology in fostering ideal skin health will need sustained research and adherence to safety regulations., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2024, Pandey et al.)

The revised National Tuberculosis (TB) Control Program is an initiative undertaken by the government of India and was active from 1997 to 2020. Later it was renamed as National TB Elimination Program, which eyes the complete eradication of TB by 2025. The revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) is preceded by the National TB Control Program which was activated when the cases of TB were on the rise in the early 1960s and police intervention was needed. National Tobacco Control Cell (NTCP) guided the efforts until 1997 when various shortcomings, which were registered over the course of time, were addressed and the revised program was launched. It has been a mixed success as beneficiaries belonging to the reachable, urban areas were benefitted, and tribal, and backward areas were lagging behind. Although the RNTCP proved to be effective in containing TB and curing it to a certain extent, the successor of the program, which is NTEP, has set an ambitious goal of eradicating TB by 2025 which needs concerted efforts on behalf of all stakeholders., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023, Malwe et al.)

The treatment of postoperative pain is a crucial component of postoperative patient care. To reduce discomfort, encourage early mobilisation, reduce complications, and improve overall recovery, effective pain management is crucial. To maximise pain relief and reduce the need for opioids and their accompanying adverse effects, a multimodal analgesic strategy, combining several drugs and procedures, is frequently used. Opioids continue to be a crucial part of postoperative pain treatment for moderate to severe pain; however, due to potential side effects and dependency concerns, their usage should be carefully controlled. Non-opioid analgesics, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs) and paracetamol, are widely used as a component of a multimodal regimen and play an important role in pain management. Postoperative pain management ultimately aims to deliver efficient analgesia, enhance patient comfort, and foster a speedy recovery while minimising the dangers and adverse effects connected with pain medicines. To create a thorough and unique pain management strategy for each patient, close coordination between the surgical team, anesthesiologists, and pain management specialists is essential., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023, Jain et al.)

Medical termination of pregnancy, also known as medication abortion, is a safe and effective method of terminating pregnancies in the early stages. It involves using medications, such as mifepristone and prostaglandin, to induce a miscarriage. The success rates of medical abortion vary depending on factors such as gestational age and the specific medications used. For pregnancies that are 49 days or less, the success rates range from 92% to 98%. The choice between misoprostol and gemeprost, both prostaglandins, does not significantly impact the outcomes. It is important to note that various factors, including study design, definitions of success, and prior experience with medical abortion may influence success rates. Strict criteria for success and limited familiarity with the procedure may result in lower reported success rates. Medical termination of pregnancy should be carried out under the guidance and supervision of healthcare professionals. It is crucial to consult a healthcare provider to receive accurate information, personalized guidance, and appropriate support throughout the process. Each situation is unique, and decisions regarding medical termination of pregnancy should be made in collaboration with a trusted healthcare provider., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023, Leichombam et al.)

Study Design: This study was designed as a randomized controlled trial., Purpose: The present study aimed to determine the impact of neural mobilization by tensioner's technique (NMTT) on the centralization of symptoms and pain in patients with cervicobrachial pain syndrome (CBPS)., Overview of Literature: CBPS is a disabling condition of the neck that is characterized by pain and paresthesia in the upper quarter. Several techniques have successfully provided immediate and long-term relief in CBPS; however, few studies have evaluated the effect of these techniques on the centralization of symptoms., Methods: Thirty patients aged 18-45 years with a complaint of pain in the neck that had persisted for 2-12 weeks radiating to the arm and fulfilling Elvey's criteria were randomly selected and divided into two groups. Group A received NMTT plus conventional treatment (hot pack and postural advice with cervical lateral glide), and group B received only conventional treatment 3 times a week for 2 weeks. The outcome measures were Wernicke's scale score for the centralization of symptoms and Visual Analog Scale score for pain intensity. Within- and between-group comparisons were made before initiating treatment and at the end of the 3rd and 6th sessions. Within group analyses for the centralization values were performed using Friedmann test, and between-group analyses were performed using Mann-Whitney test. A 2×3 mixed model of the analysis of variance was used for analyzing the pain levels., Results: There was a significant difference (p<0.05) within and between the groups for both the measures at the end of the 3rd and 6th sessions. Thus, NMTT may be beneficial in decreasing the peripheralization of symptoms and pain intensity in patients with CBPS., Conclusions: NMTT can be used as an alternative and effective treatment option for patients with CBPS.