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The composites PVA/CuO, which is made of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONP) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) are created by the solution casting production process. The surface properties of the PVA/CuO composite were then altered using a cold cathode ion source for using these samples in optical devices. The PVA/CuO samples were exposed to argon fluencies of 3 × 1017, 6 × 1017, and 9 × 1017 ions.cm−2. By raising the fluence from 3 × 1017 to 9 × 1017 ions.cm−2, the contact angle is reduced from to 48.43° to 32.52°, while the work of adhesion increased from 119.93 mJ/m to a 132.86 mJ/m. Using the Wemple and Di-Domenico approach, the optical characteristics were computed. The absorption edge is reduced from 2.71 eV for PVA/CuO to 2.56, 1.99, and 1.82 eV, for the samples as exposed to 3 × 1017, 6 × 1017, and 9 × 1017 ions.cm−2 respectively. And the Urbach tail changed from 1.3 eV for the pure film to 1.6, 1.66, and 4.23 eV, and the bandgaps decrease from 3.67 eV to 3.56 eV, 3.48 eV, and 3.32 eV. The obtained results shows the irradiated PVA/CuO films are more applicable for use in optical devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The films of P(4ClAni)/CuO, which formed of mixing poly 4-chloroaniline P(4ClAni) by CuO, were fabricated by the casting solution method. The XRD confirmed the successful prepration of the P(4ClAni)/CuO films. Additionally, the effect of CuO on the optical characteristics was determined. The CuO increased the refractive index from 1.09 for P(4ClAni) to 1.11 for P(4ClAni)/CuO-1, and 1.19 for P(4ClAni)/CuO-3, respectively, while the oscillation energy E0 dropped from 4.29 eV for P(4ClAni) to 3.57 eV for P(4ClAni)/CuO-1, 3.12 eV for P(4ClAni)/CuO-2, and 3.06 eV for P(4ClAni)/CuO-3. The charge transfer between P(4ClAni) and CuO increased optical conductivity as the CuO ratios increased. This suggests that modifications in the electronic structure of the composite due to the interactions between P(4ClAni) and CuO. Also, the plasma frequency increased from 0.87 x 1012 s−1 to 2.32 x 1012 s−1. These changes in optical parameters occurred when the polarization of the P(4ClAni)/CuO was altered. The study elucidated the advantages of incorporating CuO nanoparticles as fillers in improving the properties of P(4ClAni) structures. The obtained results indicate the P(4ClAni)/CuO composites were sucessfuly fabricated with novel characteristics that can be applied in flexible optical devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the impact of the ion beam on the properties of composite PEO/NiO, which was fabricated using the solution casting method and applied in advanced dielectric applications. The samples were exposed to ion beam at different fluencies (5 × 1016, 10 × 1016, and 15 × 1016 ions/cm2) using cold cathode ion source. The structure of the pure and treated PEO/NiO films was studied using the XRD technique, which demonstrated the successful fabrication of the composite PEO/NiO. Moreover, the morphological changes were analyzed by SEM, which indicates the homogeneous distribution of NiO in PEO. Furthermore, the dielectric characteristics of PEO/NiO films were tested at a frequency range of 40–106 Hz. The dielectric constant enhanced from 22.8 for PEO/NiO to 128.5 for the irradiated 15 × 1016 ions/cm2, and the energy density enhanced from 1.1x10−4 to 5.6x10−4 J/m3. The results demonstrate that the irradiated PEO/NiO composite exhibits novel dielectric properties, allowing the use of the irradiated PEO/NiO composite in different devices as super-capacitors and batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A cold cathode plasma source is constructed for modifying PTFE surface characteristics. The source was easily built, had a consistent plasma discharge medium and acceleration system. A cylindrical Langmuir probe is also used to evaluate plasma parameters like density, temperature or even plasma potential. This probe is designed to be moveable so that it may approach any desired position in the plasma volume. The influences of nitrogen pressure and probe-cathode gap on plasma parameters were investigated. The electron temperature T e fluctuated from 7. 7 3 × 1 0 4 to 6. 8 × 1 0 4 eV as the pressure rises from 0.2 to 0.4 mbar. Further, by increasing the cathode-probe gap from 0.4 to 2 cm, the electron densities increased from 0. 4 6 × 1 0 1 0 cm − 3 to 0. 8 9 × 1 0 1 0 cm − 3 . Furthermore, the contact angles, work of adhesion and surface free-energy of pristine as well as irradiated PTFE films, were estimated. The results demonstrated that by extending the plasma exposure duration from 0 to 12 min, the water contact angle is lowered from 82.2∘ to 30.5∘. At these conditions, the work of adhesion is raised from 81.9 to 134.1 mJ/m2, as the surface free energy is increased from 29.8 to 71.8 mJ/m2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was mixed with concentration of 5%, 7.5%, and 10% of manganese dioxide (MnO2) to form PVA/MnO2 films using solution cast approach method. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) verified that the nanomaterials films were successfully fabricated. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) illustrates the uniform MnO2 dispersion within the PVA host matrix. Additionally, the influence of MnO2 on the optical properties is recorded. The refractive index (n0) is improved by adding MnO2, from 1.29 for PVA to 1.87 for PVA/5%MnO2 and 2.86 for PVA/10%MnO2. The PVA had a dispersion energy of 2.53 eV, while PVA with 5% MnO2 had 4.86 eV, PVA with 7.5% MnO2 had 5.74 eV, and PVA with 10%MnO2 had 7.12 eV. In addition, the oscillation energy E0 decreased from 3.79 for PVA to 1.94, 1.72, and 0.99 eV, respectively for PVA/5%MnO2, PVA/7.5%MnO2, and PVA/10%MnO2. It is evident from the data that the incorporation of MnO2 to the PVA polymer alters its optical properties. This proved the existence of strong interactions of PVA and MnO2 due to the modification of the PVA/MnO2 electronic structure. Moreover, the plasma frequency W p value increased from 0.79 × 1013 s−1 for PVA to 2.06 × 1013 s−1 for PVA/10%MnO2. These shifts in W p provided the polarization is modified for the PVA/MnO2. The results obtained in this study provide evidence of the advantages associated with the utilization of MnO2 nanoparticles as a filler of improved polymeric structures. These findings also propose the potential suitability of MnO2 nanoparticles for application in the field of optics and electronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work highlights testing the polymer nanocomposite for hydrogen gas production from wastewater (sewage water). The in‐situ polymerization technique is used to prepare polypyrrole (PPy) and PPy/NiOx nanocomposite films on a glass substrate. The film's ability to generate hydrogen from sewage water is then evaluated. The XRD and XPS confirmed the formation of two types of NiOX: NiO and Ni2O3. The optical property of the composite is greater than the polymer under the insertion of NiOx as a core for the polymer coating shell, in which the band gap values are 2.25 and 1.81 eV, respectively. The TEM confirmed the PPy/NiOx core‐shell formation, in which the polymer shell (20 nm) coated the NiOX core (170 nm). The electrochemical testing for H2 gas production is carried out through a three‐electrode cell. The effect of light on/off, wavelengths, and temperature on the H2 production is applied. Under off/on light, the produced current density (Jph) value is enhanced from 5 to 16 μA, respectively. The effect of monochromatic light: 440, 540, and 730 nm are tested, and the produced Jph values are −1.28, −1.16, and −1.14 μA cm−2, respectively. In which, the decreasing Jph value with increasing of the monochromatic light confirmed the behavior of the photoelectrode under different optical regions. The Jph values increase from −1.6 to −5.8 μA cm−2 with a rise in temperature from 30 to 55°C. Moreover, enthalpy (ΔH*), activation energy (Ea), and entropy (ΔS*) of thermodynamic processes are determined using the photoelectrode response at different temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, different percentages of semiconducting zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) are mixed with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to create flexible ZnO/PVA polymer nanocomposite films. The characteristics of the prepared films are investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The XRD pattern shows that the ZnO/PVA composite films were successfully synthesized; while the SEM images show that the ZnONPs are homogeneously dispersed in the PVA polymer chain. Moreover, the DSC indicates an improvement in the thermal stability behavior with increased of ZnONPs concentration. The electrical conductivity, dielectric properties, electric modulus behavior, and the energy density efficiency of the pristine PVA and ZnO/PVA composite films are determined using an LCR meter in the frequency range 102–106 Hz. The dielectric constant of the composite film increased from 0.185 for pristine PVA to 1.389 for 9%ZnO/PVA, and the conductivity is improved from 1. 9 3 × 1 0 − 5 S/cm to 7. 9 8 × 1 0 − 5 S/cm. This work would open the road for utilizing ZnO/PVA flexible nanocomposite films for wide range of applications such as batteries, super-capacitor and energy storage devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexible polymeric nanocomposites MC/TiO2 films, which consisting of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and methyl cellulose (MC) were fabricated in this research for applied in coating devices. The successful manufacturing of MC/TiO2 sheets were verified by FTIR, SEM and XRD methods, which demonstrated a uniform distribution of TiO2 in MC. Additionally, the chemical bonds of MC and TiO2 contribute for the broadening and decreasing of MC in the peaks intensity of XRD and FTIR with increasing TiO2, indicating the successful incorporation of TiO2 in MC. The impacts of argon beam bombardment on MC/TiO2 composites using cold cathode source with fluencies (2.5×1015, 5×1015 and 7.5×1015 ions/cm²). The contact angle, work of adhesion and surface free energy of MC/TiO2 were determined as a function of ion irradiation. The water contact angle is decreased from 70.32o to 43.34o by increasing ion fluence from 2.5×1015 ions/cm2 to 7.5×1015 ions/cm², while the surface free energy is enhanced from 38.83 mJ/m² to 64.17 mJ/m². The collected data confirmed that the surface wettability of the irradiated MC/TiO2 films were improved to be can usage in coating and printing applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexible polymer nanocomposite composed of organic methylcellulose (MC) and semiconducting titanium dioxide (TiO2) films were successfully prepared. The energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) recorded the structure characteristics of the films, proving that MC/TiO2 nanocomposite were successfully synthesized. The EDX showed that this composite was composed of (28.55% C, 50.90% O, and 20.55% Ti), which displayed the chemical composition of MC/TiO2. Moreover, the scanning electron microscope (SEM) shows the TiO2 nanoparticles are loaded homogenously in the nanocomposite films. With increasing the TiO2, the FTIR intensity of most peaks gradually decreased which may be attributed to that titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) were formed on the methylcellulose (MC). The UV spectrophotometer records the data of absorption (A) for the MC and MC/TiO2 films between 200nm and 1100nm at the ambient temperature. Using Tauc’s relation, the linear/nonlinear optical characteristics of MC and MC/TiO2 films were computed. By mixing MC with 2%, 4%, and 6% TiO2, the Urbach energy of the MC is enhanced from 1.77eV to 1.85, 2.02, and 2.34eV, correspondingly, while the TiO2 reduced the energy gap of MC from 5.17eV to 3.59, 3.52, or 3.43eV. Moreover, the carbon cluster increased from 44 for MC to 92, 95, and 101 for MC mixed by 2%, 4%, and 6% TiO2. This study found the MC/TiO2 hybrid films can potentially be used as optical materials for flexible electronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the composite P(4ClAni)/CuO, which consists of Poly(4-Chloroaniline) P(4ClAni) and copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles, was successfully synthesized utilizing a chemically oxidative polymerization approach to be applied in optoelectronics. Both FTIR and EDX analyses showed that CuO has been successfully integrated into the P(4ClAni) matrix. The SEM micrographs reveal uniform loading and distribution of CuO throughout the P(4ClAni) polymeric chains. The UV–Vis absorbance, the Urbach energy, the band edge and a number of carbon clusters were determined. The Tauc relationship was used to determine the band gaps, which revealed a decrease as the CuO concentration increased. The band gap drops from 3.84eV for P(4ClAni) to 3.09, 2.85, and 2.64eV, correspondingly for P(4ClAni)/CuO-1, P(4ClAni)/CuO-2, and P(4ClAni)/CuO-3. While, the Urbach tail is increased from 1.66eV for P(4ClAni) correspondingly to 1.81, 1.85, and 1.93eV. The results show composites made of P(4ClAni)/CuO have better optical characteristics than pure polymer P(4ClAni), suggesting that they can use these composites in optoelectronics devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study addressed the preparation of nanocomposites consisting of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and titanium oxide (TiO2) for utilization in optoelectronics technologies. PVA/10%TiO2 nanocomposite samples with a mean thickness of 0.1mm were created using the solution casting method. The PVA/TiO2 films are irradiated with oxygen fluences of 0.4×1017, 0.8×1017 and 1.2×1017 ions/cm2. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and FTIR methodologies were employed to investigate the impact of ion bombardment on the structural characteristics and functional groups of PVA/TiO2 substrates. Diffraction peaks are 20.1° for PVA and 25.4° for TiO2, indicating the successful PVA/TiO2 nanocomposite construction. The absorbance (A) of unirradiated and irradiated samples was measured using UV–Vis spectroscopy within a wavelength range of 200–1100nm. Band gaps (Eg) were calculated using Tauc’s formula for PVA/TiO2 films, exhibiting a decrease from 4.56eV for unirradiated PVA/TiO2 film to 4.16, 3.95 and 3.88eV at ion fluences of 0.4×1017, 0.8×1017 and 1.2×1017 ions/cm2, respectively. Furthermore, the Ubrach tail has a rise of 1.23eV for unirradiated PVA/TiO2 to 1.28eV, 1.4eV and 1.77eV for irradiated films with ion fluences of 0.4×1017, 0.8×1017 and 1.2×1017 ions/cm2, respectively. Additionally, following ion irradiation, the PVA/TiO2 absorption edge Ee, which was 3.56eV, decreased to 3.48, 3.37 and 3.23eV, with increasing ion beam fluences. This study demonstrated that the optical behaviors of the PVA/TiO2 films were altered under bombardment, suggesting their potential applicability in optical devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present research, cellulose acetate (CA) and polyaniline (PANI) were combined to form CA/PANI films using the solution-casting method. This research aims to provide novel optical behavior for irradiated flexible CA/PANI sheets to be utilized in high-performing optical devices. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were employed to effectively produce the CA/PANI samples. The argon fluence of 2×1017, 4×1017, and 6×1017ions/cm2 have been added to these films. The FTIR and XRD measurements showed that the ion treatment of CA/PANI films altered their functions and crystalline compositions. This indicates that the CA/PANI films were successfully prepared. The optical properties were measured using the UV–Vis technique in a wavelength of 200–1150nm. The Tauc relationship was used to estimate the band gap and Urbach energies of both bombarded and untreated films. In response to 2×1017, 4×1017, and 6×1017ions/cm2, CA/PANI exhibits a drop in band gap from 4.92eV to 4.45, 4.31, and 4.20eV, respectively. According to these results, the optical performance of the irradiated CA/PANI composite films was modified to be used in optoelectronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, flexible MC/TiO2 polymer composites were successfully manufactured using the solution casting method to enhance their implementations in optical applications. The composite consisting of methylcellulose (MC) with different concentrations of titanium dioxide (TiO2) of 3%, 6%, and 9%. The successful fabrication of MC/TiO2 films were confirmed through XRD characterization. The addition of TiO2 enhances the refractive indices (n0), it increased from 1.014 for MC respectively to 1.025,1.032 and 1.045 for MC/3%TiO2, MC/6%TiO2 and MC/9%TiO2. The MC exhibited an oscillation energy of 6.86 eV, changed respectively to 5.25 eV, 4.96 eV, and 4.59 eV. Furthermore, the dispersion energy values were observed to be 0.18 eV for MC, respectively changed to 0.23 eV, 0.26 eV, and 0.35 eV, for MC/3%TiO2, MC/6%TiO2 and MC/9%TiO2. The data clearly indicates the introduction of TiO2 into the MC polymer results in a modification of its optical characteristics, to be applicable in different fields of optoelectronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The successful preparation of flexible PPy/CuO nanocomposite consisting of polypyrrole (PPy) with copper oxide (CuO) was achieved. The structural analysis of PPy and PPy/CuO was conducted by EDX, SEM, TEM, and FTIR techniques, which providing the successful fabrications of PPy/CuO nanocomposite films. The EDX analysis of thePPy/CuO nanocomposite reveals the presence of characteristic peaks corresponding to the elements of C, Cu, N, and O, with weight percentages of 47.46%, 9.05%, 19.08%, and 24.41%, respectively. The obtained results provide confirmation that the PPy/CuO nanocomposite film does not exhibit the presence of any impurity components. The FTIR noticed that all peaks of PPy spectrum also showed in the spectra of PPy/CuO nanocomposite films with a little shifts in peaks, in which these shifts increase with increasing contents of CuO nanoparticles. The findings of this study indicate that there are interactions occurring between PPy/CuO. Furthermore, SEM was employed to elucidate the morphological of the (PPy) and PPy/CuO. The SEM demonstrate that the copper oxide (CuO) are evenly distributed within the nanocomposite films. Using Tauc's relation, the band gap and Urbach energy of PPy and PPy/CuO films. were determined. The addition of varying concentrations (2.5%, 5%, and 10%) of CuO to PPy increase the Urbach tail of PPy, resulting in energy values of 1.08 eV, 1.11 eV, and 1.13 eV, correspondingly. Simultaneously, the presence of CuO causes reduction in the band gap of PPy from 3.42 eV to 3.35 eV, 3.32 eV, and 3.30 eV. Consequently, the incorporation of CuO into PPy/CuO composite films induces both structural and optical modifications, rendering these films suitable for utilization in optoelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]