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Understanding the evolution of bat homeostasis and the formation of an adaptive strategy of animals to climatic fluctuations and pathogens determine the need for further laboratory and modelling studies devoted to the ecology and physiology of bats. This study was aimed to assess the hematological and biochemical parameters of homeostasis of Myotis dasycneme, a protected endemic bat species of the Urals. Animals (n = 65) were caught in the zone of mass habitation of bats in the Southern Urals (Chelyabinsk Region) and the Middle Urals (Sverdlovsk Region). We used samples from M. dasycneme populations in the Ilmensky State Nature Reserve (Russia). Multivariate non-parametric analysis of variance has shown no significant sex differences in red blood parameters in bats (p > 0.05). The blood of bats was characterised by high levels of hemoglobin (167.9–187.2 g/L), hematocrit (47.2–51.5%), erythrocytes (9.6–11.5 × 1012/L), platelets (136.8–271.3 × 109/L). In the autumn-winter period of hibernation, under hypoxic load on the body and prolonged exposure to low positive and near-zero temperatures, an increased content of agranulocytes (50.6–53.6%) was noted in the blood of females and males. The spring process of awakening and exit from deep hypothermia is accompanied by the reactivity of the innate immune system in males and females (granulocytes: 53.2–54.2%). During the winter period of hypobiosis in bats, the basal metabolism increases and the concentration of glucose in the blood increases to 4.7 ± 0.5 mmol/L (p < 0.05). The absence of statistically significant sex differences in the content of glucose and triglycerides (p > 0.05) in the blood plasma of animals has been noted. This ensures metabolic processes (carbohydrate and lipid metabolism) in all seasonal periods of their annual life cycle. The amino acid fund of blood plasma of bats is represented by 22 amino acids. In the blood plasma of males and females, the fund of free amino acids decreases during the year in the following direction: summer ≥ autumn ≥ winter > spring (p < 0.05). There were no sex differences (p > 0.05) in the content of amino acid metabolic groups, namely glycogenic (GGAA), non-essential (NEAA), branched carbon chain (BCCA). A significant accumulation of metabolically active glucoplastic alanine in autumn (3.1 times) and winter (2.3 times) in the blood of females, and in autumn and winter (2.0 and 1.9 times) in males indicates its role as a low-temperature adaptogen. Under conditions of low positive temperatures, in the blood plasma of M. dasycneme, the disappearance of the essential amino acid tryptophan was observed (p < 0.05). This suggests a high demand for serotonin synthesis as one of triggers actively involved in maintaining hypothermia and hypometabolism in bats. Thus, the biochemical and immunohematological parameters, obtained in the course of the study, make it possible to expand and systematise the available information on the mechanisms of participation of the blood system in the regulatory processes in bats. They can be used for long-term monitoring in solving problems of conservation and abundance of healthy populations of bats that adapt both to seasonal modulations and biotic factors, and to stressors of zoonotic significance.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women and one of the leading causes of death from cancer in Russia and most countries of the world. In countries with mammographic screening, there is a decrease in mortality from breast cancer. Introduction of mammographic image evaluation platforms into radiologist practice based on the work of artificial intelligence it allows not only to increase the coverage of the female population, but also to reduce the cost of screening, but it also increases the sensitivity and specificity of mammography as a method of breast cancer screening.The article presents the results of a study on the evaluation of mammographic images in women who have passed a preventive study using an artificial intelligence program.Within the framework of this project, mammographic images were analyzed using the service for viewing medical images “Celsus” in 8030 patients. The study assessed the age groups of 40-49 years, 50-59 years, 60 years and older. The average age of patients with suspected breast cancer was 54.8 years. Breast cancer was detected in 13 women (1.2 %), while the highest percentage of breast cancer was detected in the group with mammographic density D.

We report a case of mucinous breast cancer with metastases in the skull in a patient with endometr ial cancer in anamnesis. We decided to demonstrate this clinical case because of the complexity of the differential diagnosis between mucinous breast cancer and benign breast tumor.

Background. Surgery is fundamental in complex and combined approach in the treatment of the early breast cancer. It is a common fact, that absence of tumor cells in the resection margin is the main indicator of oncological safety of the breast-conserving surgery (BCS). The presence of tumor cells in examined margin is the predictor of local recurrence after BCS for breast cancer. Currently the clinical need for precise and fast method of intraoperative assessment of the resection margin status is kept. Intraoperative evaluation of the resection margin with the usage of digital two-point sectorography (Faxitron PathVision) appeared as the alternative to intraoperative histological examination, providing the optimum size of the information about adequacy of the carried out surgical treatment.Aim. To evaluate diagnostic features of the digital two-point sectorography Faxitron PathVision in the intraoperative assessment of the resection margin status after the surgical treatment in comparison with planned histologic examination.Materials and methods. 368 conducted conservative surgeries were analyzed; patients were divided in two groups depending on neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The first group of patients included 236 patients, who didn't receive neoadjuvant chemotherapy before surgery; second group included 132 patients, who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Subset analysis of detection rate of the positive resection margin (R1) was carried out with the usage of the intraoperative assessment of the resection margin on the X-ray device Faxitron PathVision or without this method. After each BCS resection margin status was assessed on planned histologic examination for the presence of the tumor cells, with subsequent analysis of the frequency of reoperations when R1 was found.Results. In 368 tested surgical specimens after BCS R1 was found in 25 cases, which is 6.8 %. From 236 patients in the first group after BCS R1 was found in 20 cases, which is 8.5 %; from 132 conducted operations in the second group in 5 (3.8 %) cases the presence of R1 is found. Reoperations were performed in 13 cases and tumor cells were found in 3 cases in the sub-group which didn't receive intraoperative assessment with X-ray device Faxitron PathVision.Conclusions. Assessing the results of our study we can make a conclusion about the positive experience of performing BCS and intraoperative evaluation of the resection margin with the usage of the digital two-point sectorography (Faxitron PathVision) and low frequency of R1 (3.8 %) in comparison with absence of this method (8.5 %).

The paper has presented for the first time the results of a study of hematological and biochemical parameters of a threatened species of the fauna of the Middle Urals, Salamandrella keyserlingii (Caudata, Amphibia). Mature males of S. keyserlingii (n = 30; sampled in spring and summer) living in the Protected Area «Kalinovsky Forest Park» (Sverdlovsk Region, Russia), located in the urban agglomeration of Yekaterinburg city, were used as research objects. The leukocyte composition of S. keyserlingii blood is represented by granulocytes (neutrophils: early, bands, segments; basophils, eosinophils) and agranulocytes (monocytes and lymphocytes). The peripheral blood of individuals was characterised by the predominance of agranulocytes. They provide immune surveillance and selective reactivity of the organism (adaptive immunity) both in spring (55.7%) and summer (60.3%) seasons (p < 0.001). The content of granulocytes, providing non-specific urgent protection of the organism from infections and toxic effects, is ranged as 39.3–44.4% in males. In the spring and summer periods, the leukocyte formula of the peripheral blood of S. keyserlingii has a high lymphoid profile (52.4–56.7%). Seasonal variability of the integral leukocyte index (ISL) of S. keyserlingii was 0.80 in spring and 0.65 in summer. The content of free amino acids in the blood plasma of S. keyserlingii has been assessed for the first time from the standpoint of their participation in the processes of immunomodulation and the formation of adaptive reactions that ensures the survival and eurybiont of the species in a wide temperature range. The amino acid fund of S. keyserlingii blood plasma was represented by 17 amino acids: alanine, serine, threonine, lysine, leucine, valine, glycine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, arginine, histidine, methionine, proline, phenylalanine, cystine, tyrosine, and isoleucine. The analysis of the metabolic groups of amino acids in the blood plasma of S. keyserlingii shows a high percentage of glycogenic amino acid (GGAA: 82.1%) and essential amino acids (EAA: 53.4%). The high content of amino acids in the blood indicates their relevance in the processes of protein synthesis, active participation in both immune processes and in the processes of detoxification and the formation of adaptive reactions during the summer period of amphibian's growth and development. The obtained results of studies of hematological and biochemical parameters of S. keyserlingii's blood significantly expand the understanding of the adaptation mechanisms of amphibians to conditions of natural and anthropogenic habitat transformations. This is undoubtedly of theoretical interest and applies significance for development of environmental measures in the monitoring system of natural and artificial aquatic ecosystems.

Background. Achieving a pathologic complete response (pCR) after neoadjuvant systemic therapy (NST) is a predictive factor for improving disease free and overall survival. In triple negative (TN) and HER2-positive breast cancer (BC), the pCR rate exceeds 60 %. Patients with TN and HER2-positive BC who demonstrate an excellent response to NST are like­ly ideal candidates for downsizing surgery. The condition for reducing the volume of surgical intervention is a reliable determination of pathologic complete response using instrumental imaging and biopsy methods.Aim. To further assess the accuracy of post-NST image-guided biopsy to predict pCR.Materials and methods. Sixty one patients with T1-3N0-3 triple negative or HER2-positive BC receiving NST in the Department of Breast Tumors of the NMRC of Oncology named after N.N. Petrov in the period from 2017 to 2019 were enrolled in this single-center retrospective trial. Patients underwent ultrasound-guided core-biopsy of the initial breast tumor region before surgery. Findings were compared with findings on pathologic evaluation of surgical specimens to determine the performance of biopsy in predicting pCR after NST.Results. After neoadjuvant systemic therapy, clinical partial response (cPR) was diagnosed in 47 (77 %) patients, clinical complete response (cCR) in 14 (23 %) patients. pCR in the core-biopsy tissue and surgical material was achieved in 46 (75.4 %) and 37 (60.7 %), respectively. Performance of image-guided core-biopsy: sensitivity 100 % (95 % confldence interval (CI) 90.51-100), specificity 62.5 % (95 % CI 40.59-81.20), false-negative rate (FNR) 0 %, positive-pre­dictive value (PPV) 75.00 % (95 % CI 59.46-85.99), negative predictive value (NPV) 100.00 %.Conclusion. This retrospective trial showed that ultrasound-guided core biopsies are accurate enough to identify breast pCR in patients with triple-negative or HER2-positive BC with good response after NST (FNR 0 %). Based on these results, a prospective clinical trial has commenced in which breast surgery is omitted in patients with a breast pCR after NST according to image-guided biopsy.

Background. The changes taking place in Russia have revived interest in the functioning of zemstvo self-government bodies in difficult socio-economic, political and military conditions. The difficult situation aggravated the contradictions at the local level, which had a huge impact on the work carried out by the zemstvos. Purpose. To consider the contradictions that influenced the activities of the zemstvos during the existence of the Vremennogo Priamurskogo government. Materials and methods. The material for the study was the periodical press presented by newspapers. As well as documents from the Russian State Historical Archive of the Far East and the State Archive of Primorsky Krai. In the analysis of the material, such methods as problem-chronological, historical-genetic were used. Results. The activities of the zemstvo self-government bodies under the Vremennogo Priamurskogo government were carried out in conditions of socio-economic and military-political crisis. The crisis state of the region has aggravated the already existing contradictions: the loss of confidence on the part of the population and the conflict with the state power, having a strong impact on the work carried out by the zemstvos. Firstly, the zemstvos sorely lacked finances for the implementation of socio-economic and cultural and educational activities, since taxes and zemstvo fees stopped coming from the population. Secondly, the inconsistent policy of the government of S.D. Merkulova in relation to the zemstvos led to the inhibition of their activities, the loss of a number of ancestral functions, and even to liquidation. In such a situation, the zemstvos carried out mainly social and economic work, trying to demonstrate their importance to the population. At that time, cultural and educational activities were practically not implemented. Practical implications. The results of the research can be used in the educational process as material for lectures and teaching aids. Also in historical science, as a basis for expanding research on this problem.

Introduction. The emerging resistance of bacteria to drugs is one of the serious problems of medicine, which stimulates the constant search for new antimicrobial drugs, also of natural origin. Researchers widely address representatives of various families and genus of the plant world, using various morphological groups of plant raw materials, studying the effect of both the sum of extracted substances and individual compounds.Aim. Investigation of antimicrobial activity of water-alcohol extracts of some representatives of the genus Potentilla in the search for new antimicrobial medicines of plant origin.Materials and methods. The objects of the study were extracts on 40 and 70 % ethyl alcohol from the aboveground part of Potentilla anserinа L., P. erecta (L.) Raeusch, P. argentea L., P. paradoxa Nutt. ex Torr. et Gray, P. goldbachii Rupr., P. approximate Bunge, P. chrysantha Trevir. Antimicrobial activity was determined by diffusion into agar using paper disks. Collection strains of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and 29 strains of MSSA isolated from biomaterial from patients were used as test cultures. The sensitivity of MSSA strains to antibiotics was characterized by an antibioticogram.Results and discussion. The strain of Escherichia coli turned out to be insensitive to all extracts of the paws. The strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is minimally sensitive to extracts of 40 % ethyl alcohol of P. anserinа and P. argentea, to 40 and 70 % extracts of P. approximata. All strains of Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) are sensitive to all extracts of the paws to varying degrees. Among 40 % of the extracts, the most active are P. anserinа, P. paradoxa and P. erecta extracts, among 70 % of the extracts are P. paradoxa and P. argentea extracts.Conclusion. The studied extracts of seven Potentilla species showed antimicrobial activity against both sensitive and insensitive to antibiotic strains of Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) to a close or comparable degree, while extracts on 40 % ethyl alcohol are slightly more active compared toextracts on 70 % ethyl alcohol. The results indicate that the studied Potentilla species are promising for further research.