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The purpose of the present study was to compare the bullying and social exclusion between boy and girl primary and secondary high school students of Isfahan city in the academic year of 2022 – 2023. The research method was causal – comparative study. The population of this study consisted of all boy and girl primary and secondary high school students of Isfahan city that including 130068 students. The sample size using G Power Software included 316 boy and girl primary and secondary high school students that consisting of 158 boy and 158 girl students which were selected through convenience sampling method. To collect the data Illinois Bullying (2001) and Social Exclusion Questionnaires (Modaresi Yazdi, Farahmand, and Afshani, 2016) were used. The reliability of questioners were .83 for bulling and .79 for social exclusion, respectively. To analyze the data one way MANOVA was used and results revealed that there was a significant difference between boy and girl students on the mean scores of battling sub – scale of bullying and inability sub – scale of social exclusion. Boy students obtained significantly higher mean scores in comparison to girl students (p<.05). But there was not observed any significant differences on the mean scores of the other sub – scales of bullying and social exclusion. Therefore, according to the results of this research, it can be concluded that one of the reasons why boy students engage in physical aggression compared to girl students is their defensive behavior in front of selfprotection. It can also be concluded that during adolescence, boy students lack important skills that can reduce loneliness and social isolation, and girl students have effective communication skills, and this issue can reduce social isolation, especially the level of disability in them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Covid-19 has had short-term and long-term negative psychological consequences on human societies. The results of numerous studies indicate significant effects on people's health, such as anxiety, stress, depression, insomnia, and PTSD. Aim: The purpose of the present study was the effectiveness of mindfulness therapy on stress and anxiety in patients with covid-19. Method: The research design was a quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test type with a control group, the statistical population of the study included all the people infected with the disease of Covid-19 in Isfahan city, and through convenience sampling, 30 people who recovered from Covid-19 were selected and through simple random method they were assigned in two experimental and control groups (15 people in each group). Corona Stress Scale (CSS-18) of Salimi, Abedini Chamgordani, Ghasemi Nafchi, Tabashir (2021) and Corona Disease Anxiety Scale (CDAS) of Alipour, Ghadami, Alipour, Abdollahzadeh (2020) were completed by the participants in the two stages of pre-test and post-test in the experimental and control groups.. Univariate covariance analysis was used to analyze the data. Results: The results of univariate covariance analysis showed that there was a significant difference in the mean post-test scores of the control and experimental groups. The mean stress and anxiety scores of the experimental group were significantly reduced compared to the control group, and mindfulness therapy intervention was effective in reducing the stress and anxiety of patients with covid-19 in the post-test phase (P<0.01). Conclusion: The results showed that mindfulness therapy has a positive and significant effect on improving the stress and anxiety of covid-19 patients, and according to the research findings, mindfulness therapy can be proposed to reduce the effects and consequences of covid-19 disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: At the end of December 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei Province, the corona virus disease spread rapidly throughout China. The beginning of 2020 brought a new challenge to mankind, which was the corona virus or the Covid-19 virus, and it became a global health threat. Corona virus disease is caused by severe acute respiratory disease. The acute syndrome of the corona virus is an epidemic that affects all people and Covid-19 has had a serious impact on thoughts, feelings and behaviors. Research demonstrated that mindfulness-based training can effectively relieve the negative psychological consequences of the outbreak of Covid-19 and help restore well-being, especially for the most vulnerable people. Mindfulness has made people better cope with quarantine conditions and the Covid-19 pandemic. Mindfulness training can direct attention to breathing and keep people away from negative emotions such as anxiety, depression and fear during the corona epidemic. Mindfulness is caused that individual recognize gradually their mind and thinking styles which are come regularly and habitually and also other benefits of mindfulness is to increase their patience, appreciating and awareness of their body. The purpose of the present research was to investigate the effectiveness if mindfulness therapy on dysfunctional attitudes, of Covid-19. Methods: For the present quasi-experimental study, which was performed with a pre-test-post-test design, among Covid – 19 patients with an age range of 18 to 60 years who were living in Isfahan city in the year 2020. The statistical sample of the current research consisted of 30 people who recovered from corona disease living in Isfahan city in 2020 and among them 30 people who got corona virus were selected through convenience sampling on the purpose based on the entry criteria and were randomly placed in to two experimental and control groups. In each group, there were 15 people, 9 men and 6 women in the experimental group and 5 men and 10 women in the control group. To collect the data Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (Wiseman and Beck, 1987) was used and the Mindfulness Therapy Program Intervention was applied and the treatment protocol used in the present study consisted of eight 120- minute sessions, which have been studied in various studies according to Kabat-Zinn et al.'s (1990) protocol, and the results indicated the effectiveness of mindfulness therapy on ineffective attitudes. Finally, in the current research, in addition to using descriptive indices including frequency, mean and standard deviation, inferential statistics were used to examine hypotheses from univariate covariance analysis using SPSS version 20 software at a significance level of p<0.05 for statistical analysis of data. Results: The results of ANCOVA analysis showed that there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in ineffective attitudes (P=0.005), in the post-test stage. Therefore, it can be concluded that the mindfulness treatment program has reduced dysfunctional attitudes in the experimental group compared to the control group. The calculated effect size or eta squared value indicates that 26% of the changes in ineffective attitudes scores were due to the effect of the independent variable (implementation of the mindfulness treatment program). Conclusion: According to the results obtained from the research findings, it can be stated that the hypothesis of the research was confirmed that eight sessions of the treatment of mindfulness has been effective in reducing dysfunctional attitudes of Covid – 19 patients. The current research, like other researches, has limitations, including the method of data collection online and virtual. The limitation of the equal number of demographic information in each group of samples and treatment follow-up can be mentioned as limitations of the research. The age range of 18 to 60 was one of the criteria for entering the research, and the findings of the results cannot be generalized to those under 18 and over 60. In the current research, only the effectiveness of mindfulness has been investigated, so other treatment approaches have not been investigated. Since the present study was conducted using a quasi-experimental study design, it may also be one of the important beginnings for other studies in the future and critical situations. The present study has practical implications for counselors, psychotherapists, educational management and policy makers. In order to confirm or not confirm the long-term effectiveness of the training given in connection with the consequences of Corona, more research should be done by other researchers. It is also suggested that the effectiveness of this treatment approach should be followed up for several months. It is suggested that the effectiveness of mindfulness on other variables such as psychological well-being, quality of life, mental health, spontaneous thoughts, and styles of coping with stress and fear of corona should be done. The results of the research are useful and practical as a non-drug treatment for people in the corona and post-corona period. Therefore, mental health professionals are advised to pay special attention to dysfunctional attitudes and coping strategies and plan to prevent and reduce the complications and risks of dysfunctional attitudes. A variety of face-to-face and online training and treatment programs are recommended by mental health experts to reduce dysfunctional attitudes for healthy people, infected with Corona, and people who have experienced bereavement caused by Corona. Since there are parts of the country without access to the Internet and mobile phones, and also elderly people may lack the necessary skills to use smartphones, therefore, it is necessary to take appropriate measures along with the observance of health protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]