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Islamic economics (IE) assumes an altruistic economic agent who spends his income not only on himself but also on others through charity. Since this behavioral norm is attributed only to Muslims, this implies that the giving behavior of Muslims is different from others. This study aims to test the validity of this assumption by analyzing a cross-national survey measuring the attitudes, beliefs and behavior patterns of diverse populations in 19 European countries. The empirical results based on a logistic regression and Propensity Score Matching approach indicate no difference between Muslims and members of other religions in terms of the likelihood of involvement in giving activities. The impact of other explanatory variables on both donations and volunteer efforts were generally the same, with the exception of age and marital status. The increasing number of studies supporting the findings of this study or raising questions about the validity of Islamic economic assumptions may cause IE to reformulate its theory.

Finansal Gelişme ve Ekonomik Sonuçlar Arasindaki Bağlant: Afrika ÖrneğiBu tezin temel amacı, hem mikro hem de makro değişkenleri kullanarak Afrika ülkelerinde finansal gelişme ve ekonomik sonuçlar arasındaki ilişkiyi araştırmaktır. Bu amaçla, Dünya Bankası, IMF ve ICRG dahil olmak üzere birden fazla kaynaktan alınan bir panel veri seti kullandık ve çeşitli tahmin yöntemleri kullanarak analiz ettik. Sonuç olarak, bu ampirik çalışmalardan önemli sonuçlar çıkarılmıştır. Birincisi, finansal gelişme kurumsal kalite göstergesi ile etkileşime girdiğinde, sonuç değişkeni olan ekonomik büyüme üzerinde pozitif ve anlamlı bir etkiye sahiptir. İkincisi, finansmana erişimin firma verimliliği üzerinde önemli ve olumlu bir etkisi vardır. Üçüncüsü, kayıt dışı krediye erişim, bir firmanın yöneticisinin deneyimi ve şeffaflığından olumsuz etkilenirken, ihracat, teminat, faiz oranı, yabancı mülkiyet ve yenilikçi faaliyetlerde bulunma, kayıt dışı krediye erişimi önemli ölçüde ve olumlu yönde etkilemektedir. The Nexus between Financial Development and Economic Outcomes: The Case of AfricaThe primary goal of this dissertation is to examine the relationship between financial development and economic outcomes in African countries by employing both micro and macro variables. We used a panel dataset retrieved from multiple sources, including the World Bank, the IMF, and the ICRG, and analyzed it using various estimation methods. As a result of these empirical studies, important conclusions have been drawn. First, when financial development interacts with the institutional quality indicator, it positively and significantly affects the outcome variable, economic growth. Second, access to finance has a significant and positive impact on firm productivity. Third, access to informal credit is negatively influenced by a firm's manager's experience and transparency, whereas exporting, collateral, interest rate, foreign ownership, and engaging in innovative activities significantly positively affect access to informal credit.