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This article presents the procedure for determining numerical scales based on the graphic scales drawn to process the graphic material in Volume VII of the Valvasor collection. To calculate the numerical scales, the miles drawn on the maps and their lengths in relation to one degree of the meridian were studied. A total of 22 different miles were drawn on the maps studied, of which the German mile was the most common. After calculating the numerical scales, it was found that the largest scale of the maps examined was 1:220,000 and the smallest was 1:11,200,000. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To develop a scale to evaluate exercise knowledge in diabetes and to ensure validity and reliability of scale in Turkish. Methodology: The question pool prepared on exercise in diabetes. Content validity rates of the scale were between 0.54-1.00. Content validity index of the scale was determined as 0.79. The pilot application of the first scale with a total of 46 items was carried out with 279 people who had been diagnosed with diabetes. In estimating the aspects of the scale; descriptive analyzes of the scale, construct validity and Cronbach's alpha reliability analysis were performed. Results: In analysis, it was decided that a total of 21 items should be removed from the aforethought 46-item in the scale. It was observed that the factor loads of the remaining 25 items in the scale ranged from 0.481 to 0.949. It was determined that the structure was explained by 4 factors. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the scale was found to be 0.943. Conclusions: 'Exercise Knowledge Scale in Diabetes' with 25 items and a 4-factor structure established its Turkish validity and reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In real-world management systems, agents might represent constituencies of different sizes; agents might have different bargaining abilities. It is reasonable that weights are assigned to agents and any utility should be divided according to these weights. On the other hand, agents might take different activity levels to participate; agents might represent administrative areas of different scales. Therefore, we introduce two indexes to investigate the distribution mechanism by applying the maximal-utilities among activity level vectors and the weights simultaneously. In order to present the rationality for these weighted indexes, we adopt extended reductions to provide several characterisations. Based on these extended reductions, we also introduce two dynamic processes to illustrate that these weighted indexes could be reached by agents who start from an arbitrary efficient payoff vector and make successive adjustments. By focusing on a different viewpoint, we apply excess functions to propose alternative formulations and related dynamic results for these weighted indexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This study combines SFA approach with an ESR model to assess the impact of cooperative membership on rice TFP. • Cooperative membership has positive impacts on rice TFP, TFP growth and its components. • The impacts are highly heterogeneous across regions, farm scales and mechanization levels. • The main impact channels include mechanical cultivation, high-quality seeds and technical training. • Cooperatives should be tailored to meet specific needs of rice producers in a specific region. Productivity growth is essential for food security and sustainable development of agriculture. Since rice is a major staple food in China, understanding factors affecting the performance of rice total factor productivity (TFP) is of great importance for China's future food security. Despite the growing importance of agricultural TFP, rigorous evidence-based studies on the impacts of cooperative membership on agricultural TFP, especially rice TFP, are scant, hindering the understanding about the potential contribution of agricultural cooperatives to TFP growth. This study examines the impacts of cooperative membership on rice productivity in China by using country-representative survey data from 2014 to 2018. An endogenous switching regression model is employed to account for selection bias. The empirical results show that cooperative membership has a positive and significant impact not only on rice TFP but also on TFP change, technical change and technical efficiency change. The results are robust to alternative choice of instrument variables. The effects of cooperatives on rice productivity are highly heterogeneous with regard to regions, farm scales and mechanization levels. Rice TFP gains through cooperatives are larger for producers in the eastern and central regions, while the effect on TFP growth is the highest in the western region. Regarding farm scales, cooperative membership has a positive and significant impact on rice TFP for small and medium farms but not for large farms. Moreover, cooperatives help improve rice productivity for provinces with low mechanization level of producers. This study further explores the underlying channels through which cooperative membership impacts rice productivity, and identifies that mechanical cultivation, high-quality inputs and technical training appear to be the main channels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]