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Introduction: We tested the hypothesis that a carbohydrate (CHO: 6.5%) or carbohydrate-electrolyte (CHO + E: 6.5% + 50 mmol/L NaCl) drink would better recover plasma volume (PV) and exercise performance compared to water (H2O) after immersion diuresis., Methods: Twelve men (24 ± 2 years; 82.4 ± 15.5 kg; and V̇O2max: 49.8 ± 5.1 mL · kg-1 · min-1) completed four experimental visits: a no-immersion control (CON) and three 4-h cold-water (18.0 °C) immersion trials (H2O, CHO, and CHO + E) followed by exercise in a warm environment (30 °C, 50% relative humidity). The exercise was a 60-minute loaded march (20.4 kg; 55% VO2max) followed by a 10-minute intermittent running protocol. After immersion, subjects were rehydrated with 100% of body mass loss from immersion diuresis during the ruck march. PV is reported as a percent change after immersion, after the ruck march, and after the intermittent running protocol. The intermittent running protocol distance provided an index of exercise performance. Data are reported as mean ± SD., Results: After immersion, body mass loss was 2.3 ± 0.7%, 2.3 ± 0.5%, and 2.3 ± 0.6% for H2O, CHO, and CHO + E. PV loss after immersion was 19.8 ± 8.5% in H2O, 18.2 ± 7.0% in CHO, and 13.9 ± 9.3% in CHO + E, which was reduced after the ruck march to 14.7 ± 4.7% (P = .13) in H2O, 8.8 ± 8.3% (P < .01) in CHO, and 4.4 ± 10.9% (P = .02) in CHO + E. The intermittent running protocol distance was 1.4 ± 0.1 km in CON, 1.4 ± 0.2 km in H2O, 1.4 ± 0.1 km in CHO, and 1.4 ± 0.2 km in CHO + E (P = .28)., Conclusions: Although CHO and CHO + E better restored PV after immersion, post-immersion exercise performance was not augmented compared to H2O, highlighting that fluid replacement following immersion diuresis should focus on restoring volume lost rather than fluid constituents., (© The Association of Military Surgeons of the United States 2023. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

To overcome the problem that takeaway noodles possessed poor immersion resistance, in this study noodles were prepared from post-ripened wheat flour, and changes in textural properties, protein components, and water status of noodles were determined. The firmness and tensile distance of noodles were gradually increased by 7.40%-35.88% when wheat flour was post-ripened for 20-40 d. Afterwards, noodle textural qualities were slightly decreased. Compared with control groups, contents of glutenin macropolymer (GMP) and disulfide bonds were significantly (p<0.05) increased and protein network was also more compact, whereas the Glutenin/Gliadin ratio and free sulfhydryl groups content were significantly (p<0.05) reduced. Contents of sodium dodecyl sulfate extractable protein (SDSEP) were reduced by 3.22%-6.23%. Meanwhile, the decrease in A 23 indicated that wheat flour post-ripening limited water-absorbing capacity of noodles during immersion. In conclusion, wheat flour post-ripening promoted the immersion resistance of noodles by inducing protein cross-linking, and the best post-ripening time was 20-40 d., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

This study investigated the effects of cold water immersion (CWI) and partial body cryotherapy (PBC) applied within a 15-min post-exercise recovery period on thermoregulatory responses, subjective perceptions, and exercise performance under hot conditions (39 °C). Twelve male soccer players participated in team-sports-specific assessments, including Agility T-test (T-test), 20-m sprint test (20M-ST), and Yo-Yo Intermittent Endurance Test Level 1 (YY-T), during two exercise bouts (1 st bout and 2 nd bout) with a 15-min post-exercise recovery period. Within the recovery period, a 3-min of PBC at -110 °C or CWI at 15 °C or a seated rest (CON) was performed. Mean skin temperature (T skin ) decreased by 4.3 ± 1.08°C (p < 0.001) immediately after PBC, while CWI induced a reduction of 2.5 ± 0.21°C (p < 0.01). Furthermore, PBC and CWI consistently reduced T skin for 15 and 33 min, respectively (p < 0.05). During the 2 nd bout, core temperature (T core ) was significantly lower in PBC compared to CON (p < 0.05). Heart rate (HR) was significantly lower in CWI compared to CON and PBC during the intervention period. Thermal sensation (TS) was significantly greater in PBC compared to CON and CWI (p < 0.05). Compared to the 1 st bout, PBC alleviated the declines in T-test (p < 0.05) and 20M-ST (p < 0.05), while CWI alleviated the decreases in T-test (p < 0.05) and YY-T (p < 0.05), concurrently significantly enhancing 20M-ST (p < 0.05). 20M-ST and YY-T was greater from PBC (p < 0.05) and CWI (p < 0.05) compared with CON in 2 nd bout. Additionally, the T-test in CWI was significantly greater than CON (p < 0.05). These results indicate that both PBC and CWI, performed between two exercise bouts, have the potential to improve thermoregulatory strain, reduce thermal perceptual load, and thereby attenuate the subsequent decline in exercise performance., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest There are no actual or potential conflicts of interest for any of the authors., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

PURPOSE: The Audiovisual-Assisted Therapeutic Ambience in Radiotherapy (AVATAR) trial was a prospective multicenter study (NCT03991156) examining the combination of video immersion with radiation therapy and was successfully conducted through the collaboration of pediatric radiation oncology teams at 10 institutions independent of any pre-existing consortium. We sought to analyze and report the methodology of trial conception and development, process map, and cost. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The study enrolled patients aged 3 to 10 years preparing to undergo radiation therapy, integrated the combination of AVATAR-based video immersion with radiation therapy at each institution, and offered AVATAR use as an alternative to anesthesia, with rates of anesthesia use and outcomes of serial standardized anxiety and quality-of-life assessments assessed among the 81 children enrolled. A process map was created based on the trial timeline with the following components: study development time (time from conception of the trial to the accrual of the first patient, including design phase, agreement and approval phase, and site preparation phase), and accrual duration time (time from the first to last accrual). Costs and institutional success rates were calculated. RESULTS: Time from inception of study to last accrual was 3.6 years (1313 days). The study development time was 417 days (31.7%), and accrual duration time was 896 days (68.3%), with the final 50% of accrual occurring in

ObjectiveThe present study asked if bilinguals who are immersed in their nondominant language are more likely to know some words only in their nondominant language.MethodThe either-language scoring benefit (ELSB) reflects how many more points bilinguals get when credited for pictures named regardless of which language is used. We asked if the ELSB varies with self-rated proficiency level of the nondominant language in young English-dominant (n = 68) compared to Spanish-dominant (n = 33) bilinguals, and in older English-dominant (n = 36) compared to Spanish-dominant (n = 32) bilinguals. All bilinguals were immersed in English (in the USA) at the time of testing.ResultsSpanish-dominant bilinguals showed a larger ELSB than English-dominant bilinguals (in both young and older groups), but simple correlations showed that the degree of Spanish dominance was associated with a higher ELSB only in young bilinguals. Additionally, the ELSB was larger for bilinguals with more years of immersion and for more balanced bilinguals, whether measured by naming scores or self-rated balance (in both age groups). Nearly half (n = 14/33) of the young bilinguals who said they were Spanish-dominant scored higher in English than in Spanish, and on average these participants had similar naming scores in English and Spanish.ConclusionsEither-language scoring benefits bilinguals with higher proficiency level in the nondominant language, which is more likely in bilinguals with extended immersion in the nondominant language, who also tend to be more balanced bilinguals, and for young adult bilinguals who may be in the process of a switch in which language is dominant.

French immersion (FI) programs in Canada have historically served predominantly Canadian-born, English-speaking students and families in their endeavour to learn both of the country's official languages, French and English. However, FI programs are becoming increasingly culturally and linguistically diverse as a result of increased global migration to Canada, and many newcomer, multilingual families are interested in providing official-language bilingual education opportunities for their children. The present article is a hybrid literature review and reflection article pertaining to multilingual learners in FI programs. The first section presents a synthesis of post-millennial research (2000-present) according to the following four areas of inquiry: (a) language education policy, (b) educator perspectives, (c) motivation, and (d) achievement. Subsequently, the second section introduces two emerging areas for future research: (a) intersections of race, migration, and language; and (b) plurilingual education. The article seeks not only to summarize recent research with respect to multilingual learners in FI programs but also to set the stage for important and timely areas of future research and to promote more inclusive and equitable FI programs in Canada.

Purpose: To evaluate the effects of repeated use of cold-water immersion (CWI) during a training week on performance and perceptive outcomes in competitive adolescent swimmers., Methods: This randomized-crossover study included 20 athletes, who received each intervention [CWI (14 ± 1 °C), thermoneutral water immersion (TWI) (27 ± 1 °C) as placebo, and passive recovery (PAS)] three times a week between the land-based resistance training and swim training. The interventions were performed in a randomized order with a 1-week wash-out period. We tested athletes before and after each intervention week regarding swim (100 m freestyle sprints) and functional performance (flexibility, upper and lower body power, and shoulder proprioception). We monitored athlete's perceptions (well-being, heaviness, tiredness, discomfort and pain) during testing sessions using a 5-item questionnaire. Athlete preferences regarding the interventions were assessed at the end of the study. We used generalized linear mixed models and generalized estimating equations for continuous and categorical variables, respectively (intervention x time)., Results: We found a time effect for swim performance (p = .01) in which, regardless the intervention, all athletes improved sprint time at post-intervention compared to baseline. There was an intervention effect for pain (p = .04) and tiredness (p = .04), but with no significant post-hoc comparisons. We found no significant effects for other outcomes. All athletes reported a preference for CWI or TWI in relation to PAS., Conclusion: The repeated use of CWI throughout a training week did not impact functional or swim performance outcomes of competitive adolescent swimmers. Perceptive outcomes were also similar across interventions; however, athletes indicated a preference for both CWI and TWI., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Introduction: Immersion in cold or ice water, either passively or actively by swimming, has become very popular. Many people use this method for health promotion, both mentally and physically, as well as an extreme environment for competitive swimming. Nevertheless, despite the popularity of this phenomenon, professional knowledge, science and practical regulations are lacking. On one hand, research findings tend to generally support ice water immersion or swimming for health and resilience, but on the other hand, it involves significant exposure to stress, which may expose participants to major risks, especially in the occurrence of certain risk factors. Studies in this field describe many different protocols, conditions, definitions and populations, making further quality and in-depth research necessary in order to develop a set of criteria for a useful, healthy, and safe practice. Assuming this phenomenon is here to stay, it is of great importance to educate medical staff and introduce up to date basic physiological and medical data, which is required for proper professional guidance, support and risk management.

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of immersion in water on deformation of maxillary denture bases created with CAD/CAM and heat-polymerized resin fabrication techniques under loading condi8ons., Materials and Methods: 2-mm-thick denture bases were fabricated using four techniques: CAD/CAM milling (CCM; Polywax PMMA blank, Yamachi PMMA disk Yamahachi Dental); 3D prin8ng (3DP; BV005, NextDent Base); compression molding (CM; Luciton 199, Dentsply Sirona); and injec8on molding (IM; Ivobase, Ivoclar; n = 5 per group). Three static 49-N loads were applied perpendicular to each denture base, and the mean strain value (MSV) was recorded with strain gauges a[ached to the denture surface. The denture bases were stored at 37°C in distilled water for 14 and 28 days, and the MSVs under the same static load were recorded., Results: The highest MSVs were observed at the posterior palatal seal, tuberosity, and labial notches of the dentures. The lowest MSVs were recorded for the CCM group and then the CM and IM groups. The highest MSVs were recorded for the 3DP group. No significant differences in regional MSVs (P > .05) were observed among the CCM, CM, and IM aber 14 and 28 days in water. Large devia8ons in MSVs were recorded for the 3DP group across the measurement sites aber water exposure (P < .05)., Conclusions: CCM had the lowest denture deformation under static loading. After immersion in water, the deformation changes under static loading were stable for CCM, CM, and IM. However, variations among the materials used in 3DP group influenced the mechanical performance and presented larger deformations.

This study tested the hypothesis that acute moderate normobaric hypoxia augments circulating thyroid hormone concentrations during and following 1 h of cold head-out water immersion (HOWI), compared with when cold HOWI is completed during normobaric normoxia. In a randomized crossover single-blind design, 12 healthy adults (27 ± 2 yr, 2 women) completed 1 h of cold (22.0 ± 0.1°C) HOWI breathing either normobaric normoxia ([Formula: see text] = 0.21) or normobaric hypoxia ([Formula: see text] = 0.14). Free and total thyroxine (T3) and triiodothyronine (T4), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations were measured in venous blood samples obtained before (baseline), during (15-, 30-, and 60 min), and 15 min following HOWI (post-), and were corrected for changes in plasma volume. Arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation and core (rectal) temperature were measured continuously. Arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation was lower during hypoxia (90 ± 3%) compared with normoxia (98 ± 1%, P < 0.001). Core temperature fell from baseline (normoxia: 37.2 ± 0.4°C, hypoxia: 37.2 ± 0.4°C) to post-cold HOWI (normoxia: 36.4 ± 0.5°C, hypoxia: 36.3 ± 0.5°C, P < 0.001) in both conditions but did not change differently between conditions (condition × time: P = 0.552). Circulating TSH, total T3, free T4, total T3, and free T4 concentrations demonstrated significant main effects of time (all P ≤ 0.024), but these changes did not differ between normoxic and hypoxic conditions (condition × time: all P ≥ 0.163). These data indicate that acute moderate normobaric hypoxia does not modify the circulating thyroid hormone response during 1 h of cold HOWI. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Acute head-out cold (22°C) water immersion (HOWI) decreased core temperature and increased thermogenesis. This thermogenic response was paralleled by the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, as evidenced by changes in thyroid hormones. However, cold HOWI in combination with moderate normobaric hypoxia did not modify the thermogenic nor the circulating thyroid hormone response. This finding suggests that hypoxia-induced alterations in thyroid hormone concentrations are unlikely to acutely contribute to adaptations resulting from repeated cold-water exposures.

A predicted rapid growth in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) careers demands a vast and talented workforce, but students most commonly abandon STEM majors within the first 2 years of college. Performance in introductory courses, scientific literacy, and the ability to critically reason are main predictors of retention in STEM, highlighting the importance of precollege and early college experience. The Life Science Research Immersion Program (LSRIP) is a novel science education model that focuses on the development of scientific research skills, thus preparing students for introductory college courses and beyond. To evaluate the efficacy of the LSRIP, pre- and postprogram assessments and surveys were administered to three precollege student cohorts. Scientific reasoning assessment scores improved by 4.70% in Summer 2019 (P < 0.01), 9.44% in Fall 2019 (P < 0.05), and 0.97% in Winter 2020 cohorts, with two of five questions showing statistically significant improvement. Surveyed attitudes toward science improved in 62.9% of questions across all cohorts. These results suggest that research immersion experiences are an effective educational instrument for improving and promoting scientific reasoning and attitudes among precollege students. To better prepare students for success in STEM higher education and careers, we recommend implementing LSRIPs to complement traditional precollege science curricula.

Capacity to teach the arts is a problem reported by many teachers in primary (elementary) school settings in Australia. This paper reports on research which explored how to build primary school teachers' capacity in arts-based pedagogy. It outlines the design and development of a co-mentoring program between arts mentor practitioners and generalist primary school teachers which used an Arts Immersion approach. The findings of this research reveal the effectiveness of co-mentoring as an approach to support professional learning in arts education, and the use of an Arts Immersion approach to improve teachers' capacity in planning, facilitating, and assessing authentic arts experiences.

Abstract The experience of pain that is induced by extremely cold temperatures can exert a modulatory effect on motor cortex circuitry. Although it is known that immersion of a single limb in very cold water can increase corticomotor excitability it is unknown how afferent input to the cortex shapes excitatory and inhibitory processes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine motor‐evoked potentials (MEP), short‐latency afferent inhibition (SAI) and long‐latency afferent inhibition (LAI) in response to immersion of a single hand in cold water. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was used to assess MEPs, and peripheral nerve stimulation of the median nerve paired with TMS was used to measure SAI and LAI in motor circuits of the ipsilateral hemisphere. Measurements were obtained from electromyography (EMG) of the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) at baseline, during cold‐water immersion, and during recovery from cold‐water immersion. The intervention caused unconditioned MEPs to increase during exposure to the cold stimulus (P = 0.008) which then returned to baseline levels once the hand was removed from the cold water. MEP responses were decoupled from SAI responses, where SAI was reduced during exposure to the cold stimulus (P = 0.005) and remained reduced compared to baseline when the hand was removed from the cold water (P = 0.002). The intervention had no effect on LAI. The uncoupling of SAI from MEPs during the recovery period suggests that the mechanisms underlying the modulation of corticospinal excitability by sensory input may be distinct from those affecting intracortical inhibitory circuits. Highlights What is the central question of this study? Does immersion of a limb in very cold water influence corticospinal excitability and the level of afferent inhibition exerted on motor cortical circuits? What is the main finding and its importance? In additional to perception of temperature, immersion in 6°C water also induced perceptions of pain. Motor evoked potential (MEP) amplitude increased during immersion, and short‐latency afferent inhibition (SAI) of the motor cortex was reduced during immersion; however, these responses differed after the limb was removed from the cold stimulus, as MEPs returned to normal levels while SAI remained suppressed.

Magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) materials are commonly used as vibration dampers in offshore structures. Therefore, it is urgent to investigate the degradation of this smart material because of seawater interaction. This work focuses on the immersion of MRE material in seawater, which alters its rheological and mechanical characteristics. Hence, it is important to investigate the impact of seawater immersion on the rheological characteristics of substances. This study contributes to the assessment of the stiffness and damping characteristics of MRE materials after exposure to seawater for one year. The MRE samples comprise MRE with a silicone matrix devoid of any Carbonyl Iron Particle (CIP) and MRE with 70% CIP, exhibiting both isotropic and anisotropic properties. Immersing the subject in seawater was carried out for one year. The study involved doing multiple tests, such as scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and rheological testing. The findings indicated that the samples underwent harm, erosion, and deterioration of their rheological characteristics during immersion. The stiffness values for isotropic MRE and anisotropic MRE decreased by 97% and 11%, respectively. Meanwhile, the deterioration of the damping characteristics values of isotropic MRE and anisotropic MRE was 96% and 14%, respectively.

The question of language in school has an educational dimension of considerable social interest in Spain since a strong process of immersion in regional languages might be affecting students’ performance depending on their linguistic and socio-cultural background. In this context, the paper’s aim is to analyse the relations between economic, social, and cultural status (ESCS); the percentage of students who speak a different language at school than at home (language) and school performance in PISA (performance); and in particular to measure the predictive power of the second variable with respect to the third, from a territorial perspective. A methodology was developed based on bivariate linear regression analysis and structural equation modelling, and was applied to data regarding these three variables from the PISA 2015 and PISA 2022 databases. These secondary analyses have confirmed: (a) the importance of the predictive power of ESCS on performance consistently in both 2015 and 2022; (b) the intensification of the association between the two variables in that period; and (c) the emergence of a moderate but significant association of the language variable as a predictor of Performance at the territorial level. The impact of regional ESCS differences on performance increased significantly between 2015 and 2022, which is compatible with an increase in other territorial divides described in the literature. Moreover, the strong linguistic immersion models display significant differences between territories in terms of performance. For example, for this reason alone, Catalonia’s delay compared to Madrid is approximately one school year.

Background/Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a short-term passive post-exercise heat acclimation (HA) protocol on anaerobic performance in college students. Methods: In total, 28 participants (age 22.3 ± 2.1 years, height 168 ± 9.1 cm, mass 71.5 ± 16.6 kg) volunteered and were randomly divided into either an intervention (INT) or control (CON) group. Both groups followed a consecutive two-day protocol, consisting of a 25 min submaximal cycle @ 50–60% heart rate reserve (HRR), followed by a 25 min hot water immersion (INT) or nothing (CON). All participants performed a 30 s Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT) on four separate occasions—familiarization, pre-intervention, acutely post-intervention, and 24 h post intervention. The WAnT measured their peak power (W), relative peak power (W/kg), mean power (W), fatigue index (%), and total work (kJ). Results: From the results of the Factorial ANOVA, it was found that there were no significant differences, with no main effect for group (INT vs. CON) or time (Trials 1–4) and no significant interaction across all measured variables (p > 0.05). Conclusions: A two-day post-exercise passive HA protocol utilizing hot water immersion had no significant effect on the measurement of anaerobic performance in college students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This exploratory study evaluated the impact of a Spanish second language (L2) domestic immersion (DI) program that was developed expediently at a large university in the United States in response to widespread study abroad (SA) program closures due to COVID-19. Spanish language learners (n = 14) participated in an intensive, six-week summer immersion program for a total of 96 contact hours over the duration of the program. L2 development was evaluated via a conceptual replication of Issa et al. (2020), which recently provided compelling evidence of the benefits of short-term SA programs. L2 gains were measured using an acceptability judgment task, a lexical decision task, and an elicited imitation task. Results showed that DI learners had significant L2 gains in some of the same areas as the SA students, including subject-verb agreement and scores on the elicited imitation task. Implications for creating and maintaining DI programs in the current educational landscape are discussed.

Exercise and passive heating induce some similar vascular hemodynamic, circulating blood marker, and perceptual responses. However, it remains unknown whether post exercise hot water immersion can synergise exercise derived responses and if they differ from hot water immersion alone. This study investigated the acute responses to post moderate-intensity exercise hot water immersion (EX+HWI) when compared to exercise (EX+REST) and hot water immersion (HWI+HWI) alone. Sixteen physically inactive middle-aged adults (nine males and seven females) completed a randomized cross-over counterbalanced design. Each condition consisted of two 30-min bouts separated by 10 min of rest. Cycling was set at a power output equivalent to 50% V̇o 2 peak . Water temperature was controlled at 40°C up to the mid sternum with arms not submerged. Venous blood samples and artery ultrasound scans were assessed at 0 (baseline), 30 (immediately post stressor one), 70 (immediately post stressor two), and 100 min (recovery). Additional physiological and perceptual measures were assessed at 10-min intervals. Brachial and superficial femoral artery shear rates were higher after EX+HWI and HWI+HWI when compared with EX+REST (p < 0.001). Plasma nitrite was higher immediately following EX+HWI and HWI+HWI than EX+REST (p < 0.01). Serum interleukin-6 was higher immediately after EX+HWI compared to EX+REST (p = 0.046). Serum cortisol was lower at 30 min in the HWI+HWI condition in contrast to EX+REST (p = 0.026). EX+HWI and HWI+HWI were more enjoyable than EX+REST (p < 0.05). Irrespective of whether hot water immersion proceeded exercise or heating, hot water immersion enhanced vascular and blood marker responses, while also being more enjoyable than exercise alone., (© 2024 The Authors. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science In Sports published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)