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Understanding the influence of habit on health behaviour, or the formation or disruption of health habits over time, requires reliable and valid measures of automaticity. The most used measure, the Self-Report Behavioural Automaticity Index (SRBAI; derived from the Self-Report Habit Index [SRHI]), comprises four items, which may be impractical in some research contexts. Responding to demand from fellow researchers, this study sought to identify whether and which single items from the SRBAI adequately detect hypothesised effects of automaticity, via secondary analysis of 16 datasets, incorporating 16,838 participants and seven different behaviours. We assessed construct validity through correlations between each item and the full SRBAI (and where possible, the SRHI) and predictive validity by examining correlations with behaviour. All four single-item measures independently met construct and predictive validity criteria. We recognise compelling conceptual and methodological arguments regarding why people should not attempt to assess automaticity via a single, self-report item. However, where circumstances require brief measures, three SRBAI items each offer a credible and practical one-item measure that can substitute for the SRBAI or SRHI. We recommend one item in particular-'Behaviour X is something I do automatically'-because it tended to most closely replicate the effects of the four-item SRBAI., (© 2024 The Author(s). Applied Psychology: Health and Well‐Being published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Association of Applied Psychology.)

Drinking alcohol in excess is associated with deleterious health outcomes, highlighting the need for research to identify potentially modifiable correlates of excessive alcohol consumption to target in behavioral interventions. The present two-wave prospective correlational study applied an integrated theoretical model that included theory of planned behavior constructs alongside habit, cue consistency, affective attitudes, and past behavior as predictors of two alcohol-related behaviors, drinking within safe limits and regular alcohol drinking, in separate samples of Australian undergraduate students (total N = 474). Structural equation models identified direct effects of habit, affective attitude, and subjective norms on intention for both behaviors. Habit at follow-up, cue consistency, and past behavior directly predicted behavior in both samples, whereas intention predicted behavior only for drinking within safe limits, and affective attitude only predicted behavior for regular drinking. Cue consistency moderated the effects of habit on behavior for both behaviors and moderated the effect of past behavior on regular drinking. Results corroborate past behavior and habit as key correlates of behavior and provide preliminary evidence of the importance of integrating cue consistency, a defining characteristic of habit, as a moderator of habit and past behavior effects an integrated theory test., (© 2024 The Author(s). Applied Psychology: Health and Well‐Being published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Association of Applied Psychology.)

The use of e-cigarette or vape devices is a growing concern on an international scale, given the devices' addictive nature and questions regarding their short- and long-term health impacts. Their use is especially an issue in young people, many of whom have little or no previous nicotine use experience. This study tested an integrated dual process model in 363 young Australian undergraduates where prospectively measured e-cigarette use was predicted by the psychological constructs of the theory of planned behavior, supplemented with risk perception, e-cigarette dependence, habit, and implicit attitude. Intention to use an e-cigarette was predicted by affective attitude, subjective norm, and e-cigarette dependance, but not instrumental attitude, perceived behavioral control, or risk perception. E-cigarette use was predicted by e-cigarette dependance, intention, habit, implicit attitude, and previous nicotine use, although perceived behavioral control did not directly predict behavior nor moderate the intention-behavior relationship. Current findings provide evidence for important psychological predictors of e-cigarette use, signposting potential intervention targets. Specifically, interventions may benefit from using strategies that tap affective or normative beliefs alongside automatic constructs and dependence, while focusing less on beliefs about the health impacts of e-cigarettes or control over using., (© 2024 The Author(s). Applied Psychology: Health and Well‐Being published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Association of Applied Psychology.)

The mental representation of numbers inherently involves a spatial organization, often positioning smaller numbers to the left and larger numbers to the right. The SNARC effect, characterized by faster responses to small numbers using the left hand and vice versa for large numbers, is typically attributed to this left-to-right oriented mental number line (MNL). However, the direction of the SNARC effect seems to rely on reading direction, with most research exploring these mechanisms conducted within left-to-right reading cultures where the SNARC effect is prevalent. This study takes advantage of a sample from a left-to-right reading culture that does not exhibit the SNARC effect, allowing us to isolate and elucidate the stand-alone effects of recent experiences on SNARC. Therefore, the current study aims to investigate how MNL-compatible and MNL-incompatible practices induce an effect within a sample lacking the SNARC effect. To accomplish this, we reinvited the individuals from the sample which had previously shown no SNARC, and retested those who agreed to take part in the current study after an MNL-compatible or MNL-incompatible practice manipulation. The findings revealed an absence of the SNARC effect with MNL-compatible practices. Conversely, MNL-incompatible practices yielded a reverse SNARC effect. These results prompt a discussion on SNARC mechanisms within the framework of practice effects., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Marta Olivetti Belardinelli.)

Immigrants may experience many psychosocial problems when migrating from a home to a host country, including social isolation. Social exclusion is also important among the problems experienced by immigrants. This study aims to determine the factors affecting Afghan immigrants' perceived social exclusion in Türkiye. Accordingly, a cross-sectional study was conducted on 211 Afghan immigrants (M age  = 30.66, SD = 9), 24% of whom were females. The socio-demographic information form, social exclusion scale, self-esteem rating scale, and life satisfaction scale were used to collect data in this study. The findings showed that Turkish language proficiency, the length of residence in Türkiye, working status in Türkiye, life satisfaction, and negative self-esteem were predictor factors for social exclusion. Considering the results, suggestions to decision-makers and mental health professionals to reduce the perceived social exclusion of Afghan immigrants are discussed., (© 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Background: College students, undergoing crucial cognitive development, face challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic that impact their executive functions. While existing research indicates positive effects of Tai Chi (TC) on college students' cognitive abilities, there is a scarcity of studies investigating its impact on executive functions and frontal brain activity. Objective: This study aimed to compare the effects of 24-form simplified TC training on college students' executive functions and frontal brain electrical activity. The hypothesis posited that the TC group would exhibit superior performance compared to the control group during COVID-19 pandemic. Method: Seventy college students were randomly assigned to either TC group or control group, engaging in 36 sessions (3 sessions per week, 45 min each) over 12 weeks. Executive inhibitory control was assessed using the Stroop Color and Word Test, and resting brain electrical activity in the frontal area was recorded through Electroencephalography. Result: ACC was influenced by group, group-time interaction, and Stroop task-time interaction. RT was affected by time, task condition, task condition-time interaction, and task condition-group interaction. Notably, the TC group showed improved ACC (from 96.54 ± 3.27% to 98.90 ± 1.32%) and decreased RT (from 0.73 ± 0.12 to 0.66 ± 0.07 s), particularly in the inconsistent task. Regarding EEG band power, significant Group and Time interaction effects were found in F3-θ, F3-α, F3-β, F4-θ, and F4-α. Moreover, within the TC group, significant increases in F3-θ band power (from 4.66 ± 3.55 to 7.71 ± 8.44) and F4-θ band power (from 4.41 ± 2.82 to 8.61 ± 9.51) (10-3⋅μV·Hz) were noted pre-and post-tests. In the control group, significant decreases were observed in F3-α band power (from 5.18 ± 4.61 to 2.79 ± 2.11) and F4-α band power (from 5.57 ± 6.58 to 2.48 ± 1.95) (10-3⋅μV⋅Hz). Conclusion: The pandemic-induced panic may impact frontal lobe brain activity in college students. TC training not only improves executive inhibitory control but may also enhance localized brain activity, suggesting its potential as a holistic intervention for cognitive and neurological well-being during stressful periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study examined the impact of anxiety and depression symptoms during the first stage of the COVID-19 pandemic on the behavioral, cognitive, and emotional changes of the Czech population. Methods: The research sample (n = 2363; 48.83 ± 16.53 years; 50.15% men) was obtained using an online survey. Depression and anxiety symptoms were measured using the Overall Depression Severity and Impairment Scale (ODSIS) and the Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale (OASIS) and associations were adjusted for age, gender, and economic status. Results: The results showed that increased symptoms of anxiety and depression were significantly linked to feelings of loneliness, helplessness, reduced quality of relationship with a partner, higher probabilities of alcohol abuse, food consumption, and contemplation of existential questions. Higher symptoms of anxiety were associated with feelings of being threatened. Higher symptoms of depression symptoms increased tobacco abuse. Conclusion: During the first stage of the COVID-19 pandemic, higher symptoms of anxiety and depression among Czech citizens were associated with behavioral, cognitive, and emotional changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Italy is among the EU countries with the lowest rates of college graduates. Preventing dropout rates, promoting better educational achievement and improving adult population well-being can all be accomplished by discovering factors that promote higher academic success. Thus, the current study's goal is to investigate personal factors that may have an impact on academic achievement (in terms of grade point average [GPA] and number of exams passed). We assume that identified academic motivation will indirectly affect academic achievement via students' perceived competence in career planning and through their capacity to regulate effort in learning. The present study was conducted at the Department of Agri-Alimentar Science and Technology of a huge university in northern Italy. A sample of 348 students (40.5% male; Mage=21.13 years; SDage= 2.14) voluntarily filled an online questionnaire. Analysis on collected data were performed using structural equation modelling using the Mplus software. The obtained results provided support to the hypothesized association between identified motivation and GPA, via the serial mediation of confidence in career planning and significant learning effort regulation (β = 0.10, SE = 0.03, p =.006), and between identified motivation and exams passed through the serial mediation of confidence in career planning and learning effort regulation (β = 0.10, SE = 0.02, p =.009). Our study extended the body of research on the association between identified academic motivation and academic achievement, by investigating the presence of some elements that mediate this relationship. The findings have several practical implications: in particular, they may be used to design specific actions to promote the educational success of university students – for example, the provision of specific training regarding learning effort management, without neglecting the importance of students' looking toward their own professional future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the role of college students' core self-evaluation in the association between extracurricular physical exercise and academic stress, and to provide a reference and basis for effectively alleviating current college students' academic stress. Methods: A stratified cluster random sampling method was used to conduct an online survey using the China College Student Mental Health Screening Scale, the Core Self-EsteemScale, and a self-developed questionnaire for 1,249 college students from 8 junior colleges in Jiangsu Province, China, in January 2023, and analyses were conducted using bivariate correlation and mediation effect tests. Results: More than half of the students were worried about lagging behind other students in their studies and worrying about exams, as well as more than half of the students had <2 h of extracurricular physical exercise per week in terms of academic stress. Significant correlations were found between extracurricular physical exercise time and core self-evaluation (r = 0.225, p < 0.01), academic stress (r = -0.317, p < 0.01), and between core self-evaluation and academic stress (r =-0.371, p < 0.01). Extracurricular physical exercise had a negative predictive effect on academic stress (effect = -0.306, 95%CI: -0.361~-0.251) and partially through themediating path of core self-evaluation, (effect=-0.067, 95%CI: -0.091~-0.046), with a mediating effect of 21.9%. Among them, the mediating effect of core self-evaluation was highest in "worrying about lagging behind other students in their studies" and "worrying about exams", which accounted for 24.4% and 24.3% respectively. Conclusion: Currently, college students have different degrees of academic stress; extracurricular physical exercise can reduce academic stress through direct effects, and also through the indirect effect of improving the level of core self-evaluation, and active extracurricular physical exercise has become an important way to promote students' physical and mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The objective of this consensus is to provide otolaryngologists with appropriate strategies in the management of external auditory canal (EAC) carcinoma., Methods: In the absence of randomized controlled trials, the consensus is based on expert opinions utilizing the Rand/UCLA appropriateness method [Fitch and Aguilar in The RAND/UCLA appropriateness method user's manual, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, 2001], drawing from existing literature and clinical experience., Results: The management recommendations are structured around 12 key areas, including: definition and pathology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, work-up, tumor staging system, surgical management of primary tumor, surgical management of the parotid gland and the temporomandibular joint, lymph node metastasis, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, reconstruction, and follow-up., Conclusion: Management strategies for EAC carcinoma rely on tumor extension and histopathological features. Surgical removal with free surgical margins or combination with radiotherapy, chemotherapy are most often the best options. Given the rarity of the disease, prospective, randomized, multi-institutional clinical trials should be designed to enable reliable comparisons of the outcomes of EAC carcinoma treatments, thereby providing evidence-based clinical data to establish widely accepted guidelines. It emphasizes the need for a multidisciplinary team to be involved in the management of EAC carcinoma, and regular follow-up should be implemented postoperatively., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Learner autonomy is particularly important in higher education, where students are fully responsible for their own learning. Despite this, there is a lack of research on aspects of autonomy support in higher education compared with that of primary and secondary education. To address this gap, this study explored autonomy support and learning preference in higher education, introducing a flexible and individualized learning environment with technology after the COVID-19 pandemic. A survey was conducted among 849 Japanese university students to gather their perceptions about autonomous support, learning preferences (face-to-face or distance), use of learning strategies, and academic performance (grade point average). Correlations were identified between certain variables: for example, perceived autonomy support, class format preference, and grade point average. The scores of different scales were compared among the subject groups. Autonomy support provided by instructors included explaining the lesson's outline to students. A few teachers provided opportunities for students to select learning methods, teaching materials, and assignment content; yet, few instructors seemed to truly understand students' learning needs. Although many participants took face-to-face courses, students' learning preferences were evenly split between face-to-face and distance learning courses. Students who strongly preferred face-to-face learning performed well regardless of instructional format. Students with a little preference for distance education performed well, especially in distance education courses. Students with no preference performed the worst. This study suggests that a learning environment that provides students with options to suit their diverse learning preferences is beneficial and that introducing "hybrid-flexible" courses and feedback for students' learning strategies has the potential to promote learner autonomy in higher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study is to explore the differential effects of neurodegenerative disorders on cross-language interference and facilitation, by comparing the performance in a bilingual Stroop task of Catalan–Spanish bilinguals with different neurodegenerative disorders [Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), n = 16; Alzheimer's disease (AD), n = 16; and Parkinson's disease (PD), n = 16)] and healthy controls (n = 14). Interference is the difference in naming latencies between the incongruent (colour words not matching with their ink colour) and control (non-colour words) conditions. Facilitation is the difference between the control and congruent conditions (colour words matching with their ink colour). The results showed that AD and MCI patients, but not PD, showed a larger interference effect than healthy controls. Nevertheless, the patient groups showed the same facilitation effect as healthy controls. The contribution of cortical and subcortical brain areas to cross-language interference suppression is discussed in relation to the type of brain degeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the plentitude of messages in the public arena that promote vaccination against different diseases or raise the possibility of vaccine mandates, we asked whether message effects in one disease domain might spill over into other domains. Our experiment exposed individuals (N = 1755) recruited from an opt-in online panel (Qualtrics) on influenza or COVID-19 pro-vaccination messages then measured intentions to vaccinate for each disease and intentions to support a vaccine mandate for each disease. Messages that targeted flu (vs. COVID-19) exhibited stronger effects on intentions to vaccinate for corresponding (vs. noncorresponding) disease. We observed positive spillover from intention to vaccinate against one disease to intention to vaccinate against the other disease, as well as from vaccination intention type to support for corresponding and noncorresponding vaccine mandates. Although pro-vaccination flu and COVID-19 messages have multiple effects, those effects are congenial. The results adjudicate differences in spillover theory and suggest synergistic effects between pro-vaccination campaigns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Process parameters and powder spreading quality are important factors for aluminum matrix composites (AMCs) prepared using laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). In this study, a Box–Behnken Design (BBD) was used to optimize the process parameters, and near-spherical β-SiC was selected to improve the quality of powder spreading. The rationality of parameter optimization was verified by testing the density of samples prepared using different laser power levels. Al4C3 diffraction peaks were found in XRD patterns, which indicated that interface reactions occurred to form good interface bonding between the Al matrix and the SiC particles. The tensile strength and plasticity of LPBF α-SiC/AlSi10Mg were lower than that of LPBF AlSi10Mg, which was mainly due to the poor fluidity of the powder mixtures and powder spreading quality. For LPBF β-SiC/AlSi10Mg, the tensile strength increased and elongation decreased slightly compared to LPBF α-SiC/AlSi10Mg. The data in this study were compared with the data in other studies. In this study, LPBF AlSi10Mg and LPBF β-SiC/AlSi10Mg not only showed the inherent high strength of their LPBF parts, but also had relatively high plasticity. Matching between strength and plasticity was mainly dependent on the scanning strategy. Most studies use uni-directional or bi-directional scanning strategies with a certain rotation angle between layers. A chessboard scanning strategy was used in this study to form a coarse remelted connected skeleton inside the material and significantly improve plasticity. This study lays a theoretical and experimental foundation for the controllable preparation of SiC-reinforced AMCs using LPBF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to examine the potential mediating role of lifelong learning motivation in the relationship between virtual risk perception and digital well-being of (whom?). With a view to filling the gaps in the literature, this study examined how lifelong learning motivation can play a mediating role in understanding the effects of the risks individuals perceive in digital environments on their digital well-being. The findings of the research, obtained within a theoretical framework that combines psychological, educational, and digital technology perspectives, aim to shed light on new studies on improving individual well-being in the digital world and make a significant contribution to better understand the complex dynamics of the digital age and to properly maintain individuals' digital experiences. 140 people participated in the research. The research data was obtained by survey. In the 4-section questionnaire, the other sections except demographic information were obtained with the Virtual World Risk Perception (VWRP) Scale, Lifelong Learning Motivation (LLM) Scale and Digital Well-Being (DWB) Scale. Mediation analysis was performed on the obtained data with JAMOVI software. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that lifelong learning motivation fully mediates the relationship between virtual risk perception and digital well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This chapter reviews some directions along which Craig's proposal of subjective time as emergent from interoceptive and bodily dynamics allows to frame recent findings on prospective and retrospective time processing. Behavioral and neuroimaging evidence from prospective timing studies demonstrates that an interoceptive-insular system may support the development of a primary representation of time in the context of large-scale networks involved in duration processing. Studies showing a tight link between episodic memory and interoceptive, emotional, and sensorimotor states further provide insights on processes supporting retrospective timing. These lines of evidence show that acknowledging its dependence on bodily states is most likely a crucial step toward a mechanistic understanding of time perception., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

Background: We aimed to assess the therapeutic effects of single-port thoracoscopic anatomical segmentectomy on early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC)., Patients and Methods: Sixty patients with early-stage NSCLC admitted from December 2022 to July 2023 were selected and divided into a lobectomy group (n = 30) and a segmentectomy group (n = 30) according to the different procedures. Their perioperative indicators, pre-operative and post-operative pulmonary function indicators, pain degree 24 h, 48 h, 72 h and 7 day after operation, the incidence of post-operative complications and recurrence, survival and mortality rates 1 year after operation were compared., Results: The segmentectomy group had significantly smaller intraoperative blood loss, shorter length of drainage and length of hospital stay and longer operation time than those of the lobectomy group (P < 0.05). The pulmonary function decreased significantly in both groups 1 week, 1 month and 3 months after operation. Compared with the lobectomy group, the forced expiratory volume in 1 s per cent, forced-vital capacity per cent and maximal voluntary ventilation of the segmentectomy group significantly increased at each time point after operation (P < 0.05). The Visual Analogue Scale scores 24 h, 48 h, 72 h and 7 days after operation were significantly lower in the segmentectomy group than those in the lobectomy group (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the incidence of post-operative complications and recurrence, survival and mortality rates 1 year after operation between the two groups (P > 0.05)., Conclusions: Single-port thoracoscopic anatomical segmentectomy has obvious therapeutic effects on early-stage NSCLC, characterised by smaller surgical trauma, milder post-operative pain and less impact on pulmonary function., (Copyright © 2024 Copyright: © 2024 Journal of Minimal Access Surgery.)

Objective: Since there is no scientifically validated German version of the Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire (BREQ-3), the aim of this study was to assess its psychometric parameters and invariance across sex in a sample of German-speaking young adults. The BREQ-3 is an instrument measuring the social and internal influences of motivation toward exercising. This tool is widespread within the scientific community and has been validated in several languages. Methods: A total of 271 participants (45% women; mean age = 20.67 ± 2.17 years; effect size ≥ 0.5) filled in the BREQ-3 at one time point, with a small sub-sample (n = 37) responding it a second time after 15 days. Confirmatory Factorial Analysis, StructuralModeling, and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient were used to examine the German version of the questionnaire. Results: Results highlighted a good fit of the six-dimensional model after the removal of two items (CFI = 0.912; SRMR = 0.0594; RMSEA = 0.064), as well as full invariance across sex (pΧ² = 0.218; ΔCFI < 0.01). Internal consistency and reliability were moderate to good. Conclusions: The 22-item German BREQ-3 is a scientifically valid instrument that can be used in cross-national studies dealing with social aspects of exercise behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: School bullying is prevalent in children and adolescents. Bullying victims are seen higher risk of negative psychological outcomes. Previously published studies suggested that social indicators may pose significant influence on bullying victimization. However, the association between social poverty and bullying victimization has not been exclusively discussed. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we analyzed the association between 6 commonly used social poverty indicators (Poverty Headcount Ratio, PHR; Poverty Gap, PG; Squared Poverty Gap, SPG; monthly household per capita income, PCI; Watts' Poverty Index, WPI; the Gini Index, Gini) and the prevalence of school bullying at country level by using the Global school-based Student Health Survey (GSHS) database. Results: Altogether 16 countries were included into the final analysis, with school bullying victimization prevalence ranged from 12.9 to 47.5%. Bubble plots revealed statistically significant associations between the three indicators measuring absolute poverty level (PHR, PCI, WPI) and bullying victimization. Subsequently performed principal component regression indicated that, for all types of bullying victimization, the increase of absolute poverty level was related to elevated prevalence rates, and the association was particularly strong for verbal bullying victimization. Conclusions: Our study results may suggest that absolute social poverty is an important parameter for constructing and implementing school bullying victimization intervention strategies and measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The choice of therapeutic intervention for postoperative air leak varies between institutions. We aimed to identify the optimal timing and patient criteria for therapeutic intervention in cases of postoperative air leaks after lung resection. Methods: This study utilized data from a prospective multicenter observational study conducted in 2019. Among the 2187 cases in the database, 420 cases with air leaks on postoperative day 1 were identified. The intervention group underwent therapeutic interventions, such as pleurodesis or surgery, while the observation group was monitored without intervention. A comparison between the intervention group and the observation group were analyzed using the cumulative distribution and hazard functions. Results: Forty-six patients (11.0%) were included in the intervention group. The multivariate analysis revealed that low body mass index (p = 0.019), partial resection (p = 0.010), intraoperative use of fibrin glue (p = 0.008), severe air leak on postoperative day 1 (p < 0.001), and high forced expiratory volume in 1 s (p = 0.021) were significant predictors of the requirement for intervention. The proportion of patients with persistent air leak in the observation group was 20% on postoperative day 5 and 94% on postoperative day 7. The hazard of air leak cessation peaked from postoperative day 3 to postoperative day 7. Conclusions: This research contributes valuable insights into predicting therapeutic interventions for postoperative air leaks and identifies scenarios where spontaneous cessation is probable. A validation through prospective studies is warranted to affirm these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite a high rate of concurrent mathematical difficulties among children with dyslexia, we still have limited information regarding the prevalence and severity of mathematical deficits in this population. To address this gap, we developed a comprehensive battery of cognitive tests, known as the UCSF Mathematical Cognition Battery (MCB), with the aim of identifying deficits in four distinct mathematical domains: number processing, arithmetical procedures, arithmetic facts retrieval, and geometrical abilities. The mathematical abilities of a cohort of 75 children referred to the UCSF Dyslexia Center with a diagnosis of dyslexia, along with 18 typically developing controls aged 7 to 16, were initially evaluated using a behavioral neurology approach. A team of professional clinicians classified the 75 children with dyslexia into five groups, based on parents' and teachers' reported symptoms and clinical history. These groups included children with no mathematical deficits and children with mathematical deficits in number processing, arithmetical procedures, arithmetic facts retrieval, or geometrical abilities. Subsequently, the children underwent evaluation using the MCB to determine concordance with the clinicians' impressions. Additionally, neuropsychological and cognitive standardized tests were administered. Our study reveals that within a cohort of children with dyslexia, 66% exhibit mathematical deficits, and among those with mathematical deficits, there is heterogeneity in the nature of these deficits. If these findings are confirmed in larger samples, they can potentially pave the way for new diagnostic approaches, consistent subtype classification, and, ultimately personalized interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to explore the interactions among shyness, peer relationships, and Internet addiction. A tracking design was used to examine the responses of 387 seniors in two vocational high schools twice. The cross-lagged results showed that (1) shyness at time T1 significantly and positively predicted Internet addiction at time T2 (β = 0.49, p < 0.001) and negatively predicted peer relationships at T2 (β = −0.27, p < 0.001). (2) Peer relationships at T1 significantly and negatively predicted shyness at T2 (β = −0.30, p < 0.001) and Internet addiction at T2 (β = −0.17, p < 0.001). Other lagged effects were not significant. (3) Further mediating effects test results indicated that peer relationships partially mediated the effect of shyness on Internet addiction. Overall, the relationship between shyness and Internet addiction and that between peer relationships and Internet addiction were not bidirectional. Meanwhile, the relationship between shyness and peer relationships had a dynamic bidirectional effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this study was to define an improved staging system for adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) in the external auditory canal (EAC) based on biological behaviors, image findings, and the prognosis of patients with ACC in the EAC., Study Design: A retrospective study., Setting: A single center data., Methods: We performed a single-institution retrospective review of 154 patients with ACC in the EAC between January 2004 and September 2021. Risk factors associated with disease-free survival (DFS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) of ACC in the EAC were identified using univariate and multivariate cox regression analysis. Then an improved staging system was proposed and compared with the Pittsburgh-modified tumor, node, and metastasis (TNM) staging system for statistical differences in DFS and CSS., Results: An improved staging system of ACC in the EAC was defined, in which stage T4 were subclassified into T4a and T4b and were statistically different from the Pittsburgh-modified TNM staging system in DFS and CSS. We also found that the dura mater, facial nerve, sigmoid sinus, deep lobe of parotid gland, and parapharyngeal space involvement were significantly associated with poor prognosis of ACC in the EAC., Conclusion: The improved staging system is more accurate in predicting survival prognosis than Pittsburgh-modified TNM staging system for patients with ACC in the EAC, and may provide more efficient guidance of treatment strategy., Summary: The improved staging system of ACC in the EAC is more accurately to predict survival prognosis, and provide guidance of treatment plan than Pittsburgh-modified TNM staging system., (© 2024 American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Foundation.)

Background: The human brain can rapidly represent sets of similar stimuli by their ensemble summary statistics, like the average orientation or size. Classic models assume that ensemble statistics are computed by integrating all elements with equal weight. Challenging this view, here, we show that ensemble statistics are estimated by combining parafoveal and foveal statistics in proportion to their reliability. In a series of experiments, observers reproduced the average orientation of an ensemble of stimuli under varying levels of visual uncertainty. Results: Ensemble statistics were affected by multiple spatial biases, in particular, a strong and persistent bias towards the center of the visual field. This bias, evident in the majority of subjects and in all experiments, scaled with uncertainty: the higher the uncertainty in the ensemble statistics, the larger the bias towards the element shown at the fovea. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that ensemble perception cannot be explained by simple uniform pooling. The visual system weights information anisotropically from both the parafovea and the fovea, taking the intrinsic spatial anisotropies of vision into account to compensate for visual uncertainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interculturality, inclusion, and diversity are generally associated with bilingualism in countries with different sociocultural identities, but rarely with school coexistence among students hailing from different backgrounds. The present systematic review is framed in a descriptive-qualitative approach since its main objective is to provide an account of the relationship between welcoming, school coexistence, and the integration and inclusion processes in schools in countries receiving foreign migrant families. For this purpose, Web of Science, SCOPUS, EBSCO, and SCiELO databases were searched using a reference chain, and according to search results, 26 empirical studies retrieved from those databases published between 2010 and 2020 were analyzed. The main findings indicate that the inclusion process is developed through the acculturation and disciplining devices of foreign children to the dominant national logic, which marks a hierarchical difference between nationalities. They also highlight the recognition of cultural diversity under the logic of folklorization and a vision that focuses on academic achievement rather than on the particularities that cultural diversity can contribute to social relations and learning within the school. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stress is ubiquitous in life and creates a need for effective responses in any domain. In this exploratory study, our goal was to understand better how business students learn and use stress management techniques in the classroom context and how this learning applies to different domains. We used thematic coding and textual analysis of weekly student journal reflections about their use of different stress management techniques over 12 weeks. Moving beyond their use of stress techniques in the classroom, students' comments suggest that their broad use of tools, led to improved well-being (i.e., increased positive affect, reduced stress, and negative affect) beyond the classroom into other life domains. An analysis of student statements further showed increases in their present-focused cognitive orientation, the key dimension of mindfulness, over time. Their heightened present-focused cognitive orientation seems to stem from their practice of the deep breathing stress management technique. Thus, the results suggest that an explicit focus on students' stress reduction in the classroom may have important implications for how educators can better prepare students for addressing stress and improving psychological and cognitive gains through applied learning across multiple life experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Math achievement is an important predictor of academic success. While many studies have examined math achievement in young children, studies with older children are scarce. This study focused on primary- and middle-school students, examining math achievements and cognitive control. Cognitive control was assessed referring to both domain-specific and domain-general cognitive control mechanisms and eliciting both simple and complex levels of conflict, and their association with math achievements. Methods: One-hundred-and-twenty-two participants performed two versions of a cognitive control task: a numerical Stroop task (NST; manipulating the numerical and physical size of Arabic numerals) and a perceptual Stroop task (PST; manipulating the location and direction of an arrow). For math achievements, participants performed math fluency and math curriculum tests. Results: Overall, the congruency effect was smaller in older students than in younger ones. Moreover, all participants demonstrated a similar congruency effect in the simple conflict task, whereas younger students showed a larger congruency effect in the complex conflict task. In addition, performance on the basic math fluency task was predicted by both Stroop tasks. However, performance on the comprehensive math achievement test was predicted only by the PST. Conclusions: Our results demonstrated enhanced cognitive control abilities of middle-school students and suggest that they can contribute to math achievements. We call for considering the implementation of both domain-specific and domain-general cognitive control activities as a potential approach to support math achievements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Educational Policy Forum is the property of National Chi Nan University, Department of Education Policy & Administration and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Once diagnosed with breast cancer, many women may experience psychological complications, such as anxiety. The grueling treatments that such patients may undergo, for example, chemotherapy, not only cause specific complications for them but also increase their anxiety level. A technique to manage these psychological consequences in patients with breast cancer is to play Sudoku or do Mandala painting. Purpose: This study aimed to compare the effects of Sudoku and Mandala painting on the anxiety level of patients with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy. Methodology: This randomized clinical trial was conducted on 70 patients with breast cancer in Arak, Iran. The patients who met the inclusion criteria were selected through purposive sampling, and then they were assigned to one of the Mandala painting or Sudoku groups using block randomization. The data were collected using a demographics form and the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). All participants in both groups completed the research questionnaires before the intervention. The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS-26. Results: The results indicated that there was a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test anxiety scores in both Sudoku and Mandala painting groups (P = 0.0001). The difference between the pre-test and post-test mean anxiety scores was 6.09 ± 4.02 in the Sudoku group and 48.93 ± 13.8 in the Mandala painting group. The results of the inter-group comparison also showed a significant difference between the two groups in post-test mean anxiety score (P = 0.0001), proving that Mandala painting was more effective in reducing the anxiety of patients. Conclusion: Mandala painting was more effective than Sudoku in reducing the anxiety level of patients with breast cancer. It can be hence concluded that Mandala painting can be used as a relaxing art therapy technique in these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To examines the driving skills, executive functions, and adaptive behavior of adolescents diagnosed with Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) combined with emotional difficulties and/or learning disabilities (complex ADHD), compared to adolescents without ADHD. Method: A cross-sectional study including 30 adolescents with complex ADHD and 33 adolescents without ADHD aged 15 to 18 years. Driving skills on a simulator, executive functions, and adaptive behavior were evaluated. Results: Adolescents without ADHD demonstrated significantly higher total scores on the driving simulator, indicating better driving performance compared to adolescents with complex ADHD. In the complex ADHD group, after controlling for different Conners Comprehensive Behavior Rating Scale-Self Report scales, driving simulator scores were partially correlated with executive functions. Conclusion: These findings emphasize the unique needs of adolescents with complex ADHD. Given the significance of driving in today's society, it is crucial to consider the development of intervention programs to support this population's driving skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have demonstrated that spatial location impacts temporal order perception, and that the effect of spatial location on temporal order perception varies across cultures. English and Spanish speakers can perceive left-side stimuli occur earlier than right-side stimuli, while native Hebrew speakers do not express this characteristic. Likewise, only a few studies have investigated the effect of spatial location on temporal order perception in Chinese culture, which would be the main aim of this research. In Experiments 1–3, a temporal order judgment (TOJ) task, simultaneity judgment (SJ) task, and TOJ-SJ dual-task were used to test the effect of spatial location on temporal order perception. On the horizontal axis, the effect of spatial location on temporal order perception was observed only in the TOJ task, with Mandarin speakers perceiving left-side stimuli occur earlier than right-side stimuli. On the vertical axis, Mandarin speakers consistently perceived the top-side stimuli occur earlier than the bottom-side stimuli in every task. In Experiment 4, an 'orthogonal' (location-unrelated) TOJ task was used, where the participants were required to judge the color order that appeared. We also observed the effect of spatial location (top or left) on temporal order perception in this experiment. The results indicated that the effects of spatial location on temporal order perception were robust in both horizontal and vertical directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Metastatic tumors account for 80% of all lung tumors in children. Wilms tumour and osteosarcoma are the most tumors of childhood that produce lung metastases. The aim of the current study is to assess the prognostic factors of pulmonary metastatectomy in pediatric solid tumours as age, number, size, site,laterality, resectability of pulmonary nodules, and number of Thoracotomies. Calculate overall survival among patients who underwent pulmonary metastatectomy. Methods: It is a retrospective study including all pediatric patients with metastatic solid tumors to lungs treated at pediatric oncology department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University from 2008 to 2014. Fifty-five patients were included, 43 (78.2℅) patients of them had Osteosarcoma. Results: Thirty (54.5℅)patients were male. The mean age was 15 years ranging from (4.5- 23) years. The site of primary disease was at lower limbs in 43 (78.2%) patients. All patients underwent complete surgical resection of the primary disease with negative margin, 22(51.1%) of the osteosarcoma patients did amputation with tumor necrosis less than 90%. All patients received chemotherapy and only 9 received radiation therapy. The patients were classified into four groups according to time of diagnosis of pulmonary metastasis: at time of diagnosis in 13 (21.8%) patients, within treatment in 16 (30.9%) patients, within first year follow up in 18 (32.7%) patients and detected late in 8 (14.5%) patients. Bilateral lung metastasis diagnosed by CT chest were detected in 42 (76.4%) patients. Size of metastatic nodules was ranging from (0.5 to 10 cm) with mean 3.4 cm. Number of metastatic nodules was ranging from (1 to 28) median 4.Metastatic complications were detected in 19 patients. 5-year OS was 74.8% in the study group, and 68% in osteosarcoma patients. Effect of prognostic factors as sex, time of respectability, laterality, tumor necrosis of the 1ry disease, Timing of lung metastasis, size and site of the primary, Surgical approach of metastatectomy, postoperative complications on overall survival of the studied patients was done with significant P-value of tumor necrosis of the 1ry disease and Timing of lung metastasis 0.017, 0.001 respectively. Conclusion: Resection of pulmonary metastases of pediatric solid tumours is a safe and effective treatment that offers better survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: With mental anxiety caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, the trend of "lying down" has become increasingly prevalent among Chinese college students such as not thinking ahead, decadent abandonment, and being weak daily. Particularly, Chinese "Double Non" college students are more likely to face academic burnout (AB) due to lower school satisfaction and after-degree employment ratio, in comparison to "Double First-Class" college students. Objectives: In view of this, the present study examined the structural relationships of physical exercise (PE), mobile phone addiction (MPA), learning engagement (LE), and AB among Chinese "Double Non" college students, aiming at exploring corresponding mechanism to provide supportive guidance for alleviating potential AB. Methods: This study adopted a cross-sectional survey approach among the sample of "Double Non" college students in China. We recruited 930 participants (272 men and 658 women) in the second half of the 2022-2023 academic year, all of whom completed questionnaires involving Physical Exercise Rating Scale, Mobile Phone Dependence Index Scale, Utrecht Work Engagement Scale-Student, and Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Survey. A series of statistical analyses, including descriptive statistics, bivariate correlations, and direct and indirect effects among study variables, were proceeded based on the collected data. Results: The results showed that PE can not only directly and negatively influence AB, but also indirectly and negatively influence AB through the mediation of MPA as well as the chain mediation of both MPA and LE. While PE had no significantly indirect effect on AB via LE. Discussion: Physical exercise was proved to be an effective way to reduce MPA and then enhance LE, consequently leading to decreased AB in Chinese "Double Non" college students. The findings were discussed in light of related research, and implications and future directions were put forward for application in potential theoretical research and educational practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Smartphone addiction, as a key topic in the current field of behavioral addictions and public health, has brought many negative impacts on the physical, psychological, interpersonal communication, and even academic performance among contemporary college students. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to offer ideas for solving smartphone addiction among college students through investigating the potential mediating effect of self-esteem in the relationship between physical activity and smartphone addiction Methods: By the quota sampling, a cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate 650 college students from 10 colleges in Guangzhou Higher Mega Center, and several self-reported instruments including physical activity rating scale-3 (PARS-3), mobile phone addiction tendency scale (MPATS), self-esteem scale (SES) were used to collect the related data needed for the present study. The descriptive analysis, correlation analysis, hierarchical regression analysis, and mediating effect analysis in this study were performed in turn Results: The results showed that physical activity (r = -0.124, p < 0.01) and selfesteem (r = -0.360, p < 0.01) were all negatively correlated with smartphone addiction, and both could also significantly and negatively predict smartphone addiction. There was a positive correlation between physical activity and selfesteem (r = 0.084, p < 0.05), and self-esteem could be significantly predicted by physical activity. And more important, the relationship between physical activity and smartphone addiction could be partially mediated by self-esteem, and the indirect effect value was -0.346 (95% Boot CI = -0.695; -0.023), along with the mediating effect accounted for 24% of the total effect between physical activity and smartphone addiction Conclusion: The current study shows that physical activity could not only directly reduce smartphone addiction, but also decrease smartphone addiction by indirectly improving self-esteem, which is important in practice for solving this troublesome issue and then gradually developing a healthy behavior in daily life for college students in China, and even across the world in near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Creating learning models that can exhibit sophisticated reasoning abilities is one of the greatest challenges in deep learning research, and mathematics is rapidly becoming one of the target domains for assessing scientific progress in this direction. In the past few years there has been an explosion of neural network architectures, datasets, and benchmarks specifically designed to tackle mathematical problems, reporting impressive achievements in disparate fields such as automated theorem proving, numerical integration, and the discovery of new conjectures or matrix multiplication algorithms. However, despite this notable success it is still unclear whether deep learning models possess an elementary understanding of quantities and numbers. This survey critically examines the recent literature, concluding that even state-of-the-art architectures and large language models often fall short when probed with relatively simple tasks designed to test basic numerical and arithmetic knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heart rate variability (HRV) describes fluctuations in time intervals between heartbeats and reflects autonomic activity. HRV is reduced in stressed patients with musculoskeletal pain and improved after osteopathic manipulative treatment and mind–body interventions. Heart-focused palpation (HFP) combines manual and mind–body approaches to facilitate relaxation. This randomised controlled pilot study investigated the feasibility and sample size for a future randomised controlled trial and the effect of a single treatment with HFP or sham HFP (SHAM) on short-term HRV. A total of Thirty-three adults (47.7 ± 13.5 years old) with stress and musculoskeletal pain completed the trial with acceptable rates of recruitment (8.25 subjects per site/month), retention (100%), adherence (100%), and adverse events (0%). HFP (n = 18), but not SHAM (n = 15), significantly increased the root mean square of successive RR interval differences (p = 0.036), standard deviation of the NN intervals (p = 0.009), and ratio of the low-frequency to high-frequency power band (p = 0.026). HFP and SHAM significantly decreased the heart rate (p < 0.001, p = 0.009) but not the stress index and ratio of the Poincaré plot standard deviation along and perpendicular to the line of identity (p > 0.05). A power analysis calculated 72 participants. Taken together, the study was feasible and HFP improved HRV in stressed subjects with musculoskeletal pain, suggesting a parasympathetic effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Welding high-strength 6xxx aluminum alloys using a commercial ER4043 filler often results in inferior joint strength. This study investigated the effects of newly developed Al-Si-Mg filler metals with varying Mg (0.6–1.4 wt.%) and Mn (0.25–0.5 wt.%) contents on the microstructure evolution and mechanical performance of high-strength AA6011-T6 plates using gas metal arc welding. Two commercial fillers, ER4043 and ER4943, were used as references for comparison. The results revealed that increasing the Mg and Mn contents in the novel fillers resulted in sufficiently high alloying elements in the fusion zone (FZ), leading to higher microhardness. Under as-welded conditions, the weakest region of the joint was the heat-affected zone (HAZ). The joint strength was almost independent of the filler type and was controlled by the HAZ strength, measuring a UTS of 230 and 241 MPa for ER4043 and the other joints, respectively. The higher Mg contents in the novel fillers promoted the precipitation of a large volume fraction of fine β″-MgSi in the FZ during post-weld heat treatment (PWHT), resulting in superior strength and higher welding efficiency relative to the reference fillers. The optimal Mg content of the novel fillers was 0.6 wt.%. Increasing the Mn content of the filler metal had an insignificant effect. The FMg0.6 filler with 0.6% Mg achieved the best combination of strength (UTS of 410 MPa) and elongation (6.7%) as well as the highest welding efficiency (94%) after PWHT, among all of the fillers studied. However, the newly developed fillers adversely affected the impact toughness of the joints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to measure the invariance of the Multidimensional Jealousy Scale (MJS) and of the Quality of Relationships Inventory (Friend) (QRI-F) across gender, age, education, and being in a romantic relationship in a Portuguese sample (N = 662). A confirmatory factor analysis was performed to test the fit of different potential factor structures. The results pointed out that both MJS and QRI-F were most suitable if represented by three first-order factors correlated between them. Results from multi-group analyses suggested there was factorial invariance for these structures across groups, suggesting that the MJS and the QRI-F provide, respectively, an assessment of romantic jealousy and quality of relationship that are equivalent across gender, age, education, and being in a romantic relationship. The study established the strong psychometric properties of its instruments, validating reliability and convergent and discriminant validity, thereby bolstering the research's overall credibility. Additionally, cognitive jealousy is primarily influenced by heightened conflict values, with education, relationship status, and gender moderating the associations between QRI-F dimensions and MJS behavioral and cognitive jealousy. The research offered in-depth perspectives on jealousy, underscoring its diverse manifestations across demographic variables and illuminating the complexities within the dynamics of friendships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dropout is a critical concern in higher education, with a considerable number of students leaving within the first two years of university. Dropout affects students' well-being and their academic and career prospects, and institutions' retention and graduation rates. The aim of this study was to explore the mediating role of motivation and cognitive strategies for learning in the relationship among self-efficacy, connectedness, and university dropout intention. A total of 790 Italian college freshmen were involved in this study. The sample was recruited through a web survey consisting of the Academic Motivation Scale, Perceived School Self-Efficacy Scale, University Connectedness Scale, and Self-Regulated Knowledge Scale-University. The freshmen's intentions to drop out were assessed with five questions. The average age of the freshmen was 20.9 years, most of them were female, and were attending a degree program in the medical area. The results show that self-efficacy is the most important predictor of dropout intentions, followed by university connectedness. Self-regulated knowledge has an important role in predicting dropout intention by acting as a mediator between self-efficacy and motivation.This study underlines the importance of investing in training and orientation interventions in order to develop the skills to face the university path, increasing self-efficacy, motivation, and consequently students' well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While driving, stress is caused by situations in which the driver estimates their ability to manage the driving demands as insufficient or loses the capability to handle the situation. This leads to increased numbers of driver mistakes and traffic violations. Additional stressing factors are time pressure, road conditions, or dislike for driving. Therefore, stress affects driver and road safety. Stress is classified into two categories depending on its duration and the effects on the body and psyche: short-term eustress and constantly present distress, which causes degenerative effects. In this work, we focus on distress. Wearable sensors are handy tools for collecting biosignals like heart rate, activity, etc. Easy installation and non-intrusive nature make them convenient for calculating stress. This study focuses on the investigation of stress and its implications. Specifically, the research conducts an analysis of stress within a select group of individuals from both Spain and Germany. The primary objective is to examine the influence of recognized psychological factors, including personality traits such as neuroticism, extroversion, psychoticism, stress and road safety. The estimation of stress levels was accomplished through the collection of physiological parameters (R-R intervals) using a Polar H10 chest strap. We observed that personality traits, such as extroversion, exhibited similar trends during relaxation, with an average heart rate 6% higher in Spain and 3% higher in Germany. However, while driving, introverts, on average, experienced more stress, with rates 4% and 1% lower than extroverts in Spain and Germany, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) is a novel manufacturing method for creating metallic parts from a 3D CAD model. Aluminium alloy (AlSi10Mg), known for its lightweight and strength, is pertinent to the aerospace and automotive sectors. This research investigates the dry sliding wear characteristics of DMLS AlSi10Mg, comparing it with chrome steel and alumina under varying loads (5 N, 10 N, 20 N). Wear morphology was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy, 3D profilometer, and X-ray diffraction. Results show that friction values ranged from 0.62 to 0.35 for chrome steel and 0.8 to 0.45 for alumina. Wear rates increased with load, notably higher for alumina (74%, 20%, and 33% more than chrome steel at 5 N, 10 N, and 20 N). High wear resistance against chrome steel is due to stable oxide layer prevents direct metallic interaction. Alumina test showed wear mechanisms like adhesion, delamination, and oxidative wear, while chrome steel exhibited adhesion and delamination. Delamination was prominent at higher loads (10–20 N). The study highlights the limitations of AlSi10Mg in applications involving sliding wear against hard counterparts like alumina, emphasizing load and counterpart material considerations for designing durable parts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]