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Keywords: antibody neutralization; antibody response; BNT162b2; COVID-19; IgA; IgG; IgM; immunoassays; nucleocapsid protein; RBD; SARS-CoV-2; serology; vaccine EN antibody neutralization antibody response BNT162b2 COVID-19 IgA IgG IgM immunoassays nucleocapsid protein RBD SARS-CoV-2 serology vaccine 1272 1274 3 11/19/21 20211201 NES 211201 Dear Editor, We report data on the antibody response against the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) in healthcare professionals from two hospitals in Copenhagen at baseline and 3 weeks post the first injection with the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. Shown are neutralizing antibodies according to age groups (e), anti-RBD IgG antibodies according to age groups (f), neutralizing antibodies according to sex (g) and anti-RBD IgG antibodies according to sex (h). Box plots display the median values with the interquartile range (lower and upper hinge) and the 2.5%-97.5% (lower and upper whiskers): neutralizing antibodies (a), anti-receptor-binding domain (anti-RBD) IgG antibodies (b), anti-RBD IgM antibodies (c) and anti-RBD IgA antibodies (d). [Extracted from the article]

The United States had one of the worst outcomes in the management of COVID-19 risk, with a death rate in the 94th percentile of all countries. Setting aside the obvious politicized nature of COVID-19 public health recommendations and mandates, we argue that best practices in financial risk management provide parallels that could have served as valuable guidance. We demonstrate here that considerable signals were missed that would have required very little effort and would have been consistent with sound risk management. We also identify examples of misleading information such as that COVID-19 was particularly hard on the elderly. The data actually show that it had a much greater marginal impact on those not elderly. We show here that financial economists and risk managers have a strong knowledge base of how to process vast quantities of data to distinguish signals from noise and have much to teach the public health establishment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]