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Based on the behavioral theory of the firm, we research how performance feedback influences the formation of CEOs' passion. We articulate that previous performance directly increases CEOs' passion. Specifically, positive affective outcomes (performance above aspiration-level) advance CEOs' positive feelings and motivation toward the domains of success (obsessive passion). For instance, when a firm accomplishes performance objectives, such as reaching sales goals, CEOs' positive feelings toward developing current products would be boosted. Moreover, negative affective outcomes (performance below aspiration-level) would also positively impact CEOs' passion since the CEOs would endeavor to reduce the difference between performance and their aspiration-level. As such, performance feedback is a critical antecedent of CEOs' obsessive passion. In addition, we apply human capital as a moderator between performance feedback and CEOs' obsessive passion. Results based on multiphase survey data from 189 CEOs of Korean small- and medium-sized enterprises indicate that both positive and negative performance feedback positively increase CEOs' obsessive passion. Moreover, human capital negatively moderates the relationship between positive performance feedback and CEOs' obsessive passion and positively moderates the relationship between negative performance feedback and CEOs' obsessive passion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Income inequality is an essential cause of violence, stagnant development, and political instability. This study will examine the positive and negative shocks in tourism development, and the distribution of the interaction between tourism development, economic growth, human capital, globalization, and income inequality will be discussed in Singapore, a developed and top-visited country. By adopting autoregressive distributed lag and non-linear autoregressive distributed lag approaches for panel data from 1978 to 2022, the results indicate an asymmetric cointegration among variables, and positive and negative changes in tourism development lead to decreased income inequality. More specifically, the asymmetric effect of tourism is found both in the short- and long-term, and positive shock has a greater impact than negative shock. At the same time, the findings also reveal that economic growth and globalization enhance, while human capital negatively affects income inequality in Singapore. These findings strengthen the belief of Singapore policy-makers and recommend several significant lessons for developing countries to promote tourism, sustainable development, and reduce income inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achieving comprehensive and high-quality employment is essential to achieving new levels of people's well-being. The advancement of Internet technology not only affect the massiveness of employment, but also the quality of that. On the basis of constructing an employment quality evaluation index system, this article uses CLDS (China Labor-force Dynamics Survey) data to explore the impact of Internet use on the employment quality of workers and its underlying mechanisms. The results reveal that Internet use has a significant positive impact on improving the employment quality of workers. As the quantile of employment quality increases, internet use has a greater impact on workers with a lower employment quality quantile. In addition, the use of Internet has a more significant promoting effect on the employment quality of rural and female workers. From the perspective of mechanism, Internet use can increase workers' social capital and influence their employment quality through the accumulation of social capital. Based on this, countermeasures and suggestions are put forward from the aspects of increasing investment and construction of Internet infrastructure, further perfecting the reform of household registration system, promoting human capital investment and social capital construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental degradation (ED) and the factors that influence it are being addressed on several levels, including individual, domestic, and geographical. Our research collaborates in two ways. First, it investigates the effect of economic complexity (EC) interaction with human capital (HC) and political stability on the environmental quality of 55 Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) countries. Second, spatial impacts are considered when calculating variables influencing environmental quality at the geographical level. The relevance of geographical effects is determined using different diagnostic procedures, and direct and spillover effects are evaluated using the Spatial Durbin Model to examine the phenomena. Political stability reduces ED and improves ecological sustainability by regulating EC and ED. Surprisingly, the spatial interaction term of HC and EC indicates that EC improves environmental quality through the HC channel in the native country and its neighbors. From these findings, policymakers might gain new insights and enhance environmental quality in BRI countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the digital transformation process, the phases focusing on technical and economic aspects were followed by a phase exposing human capital issues. In approximately 3,000 acts of the European Union relating to the digital transformation process published in Eur-lex, as well as in an increasing number of national acts of the Member States, the terms "digital competences" and "digital skills" appear. They occur, inter alia, in the context of the financing of development tasks and their achievement indicators. In the application of existing law, it must be taken into account that the scopes and interrelationships of these new terms are framed differently. This ambiguity may have a negative impact on the effectiveness of digital transformation. It is postulated that the terminological consistency of the multi-level regulation should be improved and, in doing so, it should be noted that the prominence of digital skills in prospective acts and the way in which knowledge is captured can affect the use of the potential of universities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aims to analyze the outstanding role that foreign capital, companies and entrepreneurs had in promoting the industrialization process in the city of Querétaro (Mexico) and its metropolitan area, which includes the municipalities of Corregidora, El Marqués and Colón, among 1943-2018, within the framework of a historical period in which two economic models were developed: Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI) and neoliberalism. The main axis is the importance of foreign investments, understood as foreign companies and private Mexican business groups, for the implementation of said industrial development over more than seven decades, as well as investigating the types and industrialization processes that occurred in that period and their relationships with socio-technical and work areas. It is suggested as a hypothesis that said industrialization process can be defined as artificial and exogenous. First, because there was no local business community to carry out this process, as happened in other cities in Mexico -such as Monterrey-, and exogenous because, through national capital from other regions of the country, and especially from abroad, it was carried out the industrialization of the city. From the above, a process of dependent industrialization emerges, inserted in the periphery that has limited endogenous capacity in technological terms, but also in labor terms, a situation that has tended to worsen in the 1980s and that has continued its course to the present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article uses a transcendental logarithmic stochastic frontier cost function model to analyze the cost efficiency, cost loss efficiency, and influencing factors of large-scale pig farming in 29 provinces across China from 2012 to 2021. Research has found that the overall cost efficiency of large-scale pig farming is relatively high, with an average of 0.894, but an average annual decrease of 0.1%. Non-cost efficiency is the main factor affecting the cost efficiency of large-scale pig farming. Epidemic prevention awareness, human capital, government support, and feed compensation can significantly promote the improvement of cost efficiency in large-scale pig farming, while regional production structures will have a inhibitory effect. Therefore, in the context of rural revitalization, various regions should increase cooperation between government and enterprises, develop pig farming according to local conditions, and effectively improve the cost efficiency of pig farming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is twofold. First is to analyse the role of the university as a contextual determinant of technological entrepreneurship. Second is to study how a set of regional factors can shape the effect of universities on technological entrepreneurship. A comparative analysis between South-American and high-income countries is carried out using panel data methodology for a sample of 70 countries participating in the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) during the period 2006–2017. The results show a positive influence of the university on the technological entrepreneurship through its role as a supplier of talented human capital. Additionally, the findings indicate that this impact is shaped by other country's factors. Thus, in countries with a high proportion of employees with advanced studies, the presence of entrepreneurship using new technologies increases the positive effect of highly qualified human capital on technological entrepreneurship. In contrast, such a positive influence is lower when the number of days required to start a business, the necessity-driven entrepreneurship or the percentage of employment in the country's service sector increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the importance of efficient and effective health care has been recognized, especially during the acute phase of the Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Intensive care units (ICUs) have faced an immense workload, with massive numbers of patients being treated in a very short period of time. In general, ICUs are required to deliver high-quality care at all times during the year. At the same time, high-quality organizational goals may not be aligned with the interests, motivation, and development of individual staff members (eg, nurses, and doctors). For management of the ICU, it is important to balance the organizational goals and development of the staff members ("their human capital"), usually referred to as human resource management. Although many studies have considered this area, no holistic view of the topic has been presented. Such a holistic view may help leadership and/or other stakeholders at the ICU to design a better learning health system. This pragmatic review aims to provide a conceptual model for the management of ICUs. Future research may also use this conceptual model for studying important factors for designing and understanding human resources in an ICU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers the discursive emphasis in post-1960s Canadian immigration policy on 'skills' in the context of adopting a formally race-neutral immigration policy, and embracing what has been called middle class nation building. Using policy documents and statistical information, it is argued that a clear preference for newcomers with 'skills,' has been sustained despite shifts in policy over time, because 'skills' serve as a floating signifier. The preference and morphing nature of 'skills' is exemplified in three distinct policy initiatives advanced by the Liberal government of Justin Trudeau since assuming power in 2015: (1) the 2016–2017 Global Skills Strategy for temporary 'skilled' workers; (2) the Economic Mobility Pathways Project Canada undertook in partnership with UNHCR in 2018–2019 to facilitate the entry of 'skilled' refugees; and (3) COVID-19 pandemic developments which drew attention to 'essential skills' in services and care and facilitated a novel, albeit circumscribed, pathway to citizenship for some temporary workers and refugee claimants. Given Canada's decades-long preference and global leadership in pursuing 'skilled labour migration' it is important to recognize the ways in which the legitimating of 'skills' amounts to a middle-class nation building that hides, and even reinforces, inequities in the Canadian and global contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to interpret the connotation of high-quality development of tourism economy (HQTE) from the perspective of the new development concepts of innovation, coordination, green, openness and sharing, and then to evaluate the spatial differentiation of China's HQTE based on provincial panel data from 2009 to 2018. Specifically, we employ the spatial convergence model to explore the absolute and conditional β convergence trends of HQTE in the whole country and the eastern, central and western regions of China. Our empirical results reveal that: 1) within the decade, from 2009 to 2018, regions of China with the highest HQTE index is its eastern region followed by the central region and then the western region, but the fastest growing one is the western region of China followed by the central region and then the eastern region. 2) Whether or not the spatial effect is included, there are absolute and conditional β convergence in HQTE in the whole country and aforementioned three regions. 3) The degree of government attention as well as the level of economic development and location accessibility are the positive driving factors for the convergence of HQTE in the whole country and the three regions. The degree of marketization and human capital have not passed the significance test either in the whole country or in the three regions. The above conclusions could deepen the understanding of the regional imbalance and spatial convergence characteristics of HQTE, clarify the primary development objects, and accomplish the goal of China's HQTE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the Swedish hospitality industry is experiencing substantial growth, this growth comes with a cost, as the industry has neither the knowledge nor the incentive to pay enough attention to human resource development. This continuous growth will therefore impose challenges and erect obstacles once the industry begins expanding again after the pandemic. Insofar as attracting, engaging and retaining talent are the biggest challenges, it might be time to go back to the drawing board and identify a possible shift to an employee-based approach to developing businesses. Based on interviews with managers and owners representing 28 predominantly seasonal restaurants in the Swedish coastal region of Bohuslän, this study identifies current obstacles and challenges facing the Swedish restaurant industry with a clear focus on the concept of human capital. The results of the study clearly indicate that human resource development (HRD) is by far the most critical factor in addressing staffing issues and overcoming the difficulty involved in attracting, engaging, and retaining not only enough staff but more importantly staff with basic knowledge, experience, and interest. The aim here is to initiate a shift to a more direct and sustained focus on human capital in the hospitality industry, from the perspective of human capital theory, by highlighting some of the most highly relevant factors associated with this perspective. According to an employee-driven restaurant analysis (EDRA) approach, a shortage of human capital could pose the biggest obstacle to further development, as restaurants find it increasingly difficult to attract, engage and retain employees for all positions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The paper analyzes long-term impacts of electoral violence on health and education. • Areas exposed to violence in Kenya suffer inflation and fall in annual consumption. • Children and adolescents exposed to violence have stunted height as adults. • The sons of those exposed to violence during growing age also have stunted growth. • No long-term impact on education is found as violence peaks during school holidays. This paper examines whether prenatal, childhood, and teenage exposure to electoral violence has any long-term effects on height and human capital in Kenya. First, using the difference-in-difference estimator, we show that areas impacted by electoral violence see increases in local food prices and a decrease in annual nightlight, suggesting important local consumption shocks. We then identify people exposed to such violence using a nationally representative survey and take advantage of the temporal and spatial variation of electoral violence in Kenya between 1992 and 2013. Using coarsened exact matching, we find that exposure to electoral violence between prenatal and the age of sixteen reduces adult height. Previous research has demonstrated that protracted, large-scale armed conflicts can cause significant nutritional shocks and pass down stunting effects to descendants. In line with these studies, we find that the low-scale but recurrent electoral violence in Kenya has impacted the height-for-age of children whose parents were exposed to such violence while they were growing up. Only boys exhibit this intergenerational effect, possibly due to their increased susceptibility to malnutrition and stunting in Sub-Saharan Africa. The fact that most electoral violence in Kenya occurs over the school holidays may help explain why, in contrast to previous studies on large-scale conflicts, childhood exposure to electoral violence has no lasting impact on educational attainment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We examine the ways state education agency (SEA) and local education agency (LEA) leaders interpret and use educational policy to guide the provision of services for multilingual students classified as English learners (ELs) in their contexts. Our inquiry focuses on the external factors leaders describe that either enable or constrain their ability to interpret and implement policies designed to expand equity for EL students. Research Method: We conduct semi-structured interviews with 17 SEA and LEA leaders across three states. We use an interview-based approach to understand how educational leaders leverage policy to guide EL services in their states and districts. Findings: Three external factors (resources to serve EL students, networks to share EL expertise, and concrete policy monitoring and guidance from the state) interact with leaders' individual understandings of and approaches to policy implementation to shape the ultimate degree to which equity is enabled or constrained for EL students in their contexts. Implications: Educational policy intends to provide SEA and LEA leaders with guidance to expand equity for ELs. However, our study suggests that the degree to which these policies expand equity for ELs in practice depends not only on the leader's understanding of the policy, but also their access to resources, human capital, and professional networks. SEA and LEA leaders that take a deep, transformative approach to implementation may partner to assess how SEAs can create external conditions that help to expand equity for ELs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Benin has witnessed significant economic growth over the past decades, positioning itself as a rising economy in the west African subregion. This notwithstanding, persistent subnational differences in poverty were observed, suggesting a challenge of growth inclusiveness. This study provides evidence on the effects of human capital differences, isolation, and institutional quality on the determinants of household expenditure and factors that explain the southern-northern welfare gaps. This study employs a decomposition technique based on re-centred influence functions. I find significant spatial differences in consumption expenditure at the mean and across selected quantiles, with an increasing gap along welfare distribution and driven largely by differences in the returns to households' endowments in social public infrastructure. Access to energy and human capital measured by the education level of the head of the household generally favours the rich in the leading region and contributed significantly to explaining the difference in the welfare gap. The difference in access to roads widens the gap for the poor, whereas governance quality at the local level reduces it. To reduce the poverty gap, a public policy to improve returns of household endowments in the social sector should be integrated with other initiatives to address the underlying determinants of inequalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oil palm production continues to expand in many developing countries in the tropics. Its expansion has been associated with economic gains, but oil palm production could also have immense social implications, especially affecting human capital development with significant labour implications. We use a farm household dataset from a native but emerging oil palm production zone, Cameroon to examine the relationship between oil palm production and child educational outcomes such as enrollment rate, attendance rate and the number of school days missed. Using different analytical techniques, we show that oil palm production is positively associated with the enrollment rates of both boys and girls. We do not find any statistical relationship between oil palm production and attendance rates by gender. However, we find evidence of a strong negative association between oil palm production and the number of school days missed by boys. That is, oil palm production is associated with more school days attended by boys. Exploring the mechanism that could be explaining these results, we show that households may be investing the income gains from oil palm production in the human capital development of their children. Our results are robust over different regression estimators and alternative specifications. We also show that the results are unlikely to be driven by omitted variable bias. These findings have implications on whether oil palm production could stir integrated growth and human capital development, especially in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines Tomohon City of the Gospel for increasing human resources in implementing family PAK. The problem is whether Tomohon is worthy of being called the City of the Gospel, and whether the Gospel influences the PAK family. This research method is qualitative and journal analysis. The new perspective is that the human resources of the Tomohon people cannot be separated from the implementation of family PAK. The results of his research showed that the quality of Tomohon people's human resources had increased with attention to informal (family) education. The stages of this article are: First, Why is Tomohon called the City of the Gospel, Second, the Gospel and Improving Human Resources in Tomohon City, Third, the Gospel and Improving Human Resources in Relation to the PAK Family. The article ends with a conclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Creativity has fascinated scholars for generations, and its identification as one of the key 'twenty-first century skills' necessary for economic growth has led to renewed interest. This creates two challenges for the OECD: its flagship Programme of International Student Assessment (PISA) does not directly measure creativity. Secondly, the increased importance attached to creativity has highlighted claims that high performers on PISA are largely nations stereotyped as lacking creativity. This challenges PISA's self-proclaimed status as the premier global benchmark for evaluating and comparing the quality of school systems and weakens its capacity to deliver its core mission; to identify 'best practices' which ensure economic prosperity. We explore these challenges and examine both how the OECD has responded to them and is moving to include creativity in PISA 2022. We argue that, while a precise definition of creativity has defied scholars for centuries, the indications are that the OECD's metric will focus on a narrow, convergent and easily-measured conception associated with cognitive competencies and linked to enhancing human capital. In this way, the 'messiness' around the polysemic concept will be simultaneously both exploited and threatened, as new, measurable versions displace alternatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agroecology is identified as an important solution to increase the sustainability of agricultural and food systems. Despite the increasing number of publications assessing the socio-economic outcomes of agroecology, very few studies have consolidated the scattered results obtained on various case studies. This paper provides new insights by consolidating evidence on the varied socio-economic effects of agroecology across a large number of cases at a global level. To this purpose, we used a rapid review methodology, screening more than 13,000 publications to retrieve evidence on the socio-economic outcomes of the implementation of agroecological practices. The results of the review indicate that (1) agroecological practices are associated more often with positive socio-economic outcomes across the broad range of evaluated metrics (51% positive, 30% negative, 10% neutral, and 9% inconclusive outcomes); (2) the socio-economic metrics associated with financial capital represent the vast majority of evaluated metrics (83% of total) and are affected positively in a large share of cases (53%), due to favourable outcomes on income, revenues, productivity and efficiency; (3) human capital metrics (16%) are associated with a larger number of negative outcomes (46% versus 38% positive), due to higher labour requirements and costs that are however partly compensated by an overall greater number of positive outcomes on labour productivity (55%); and (4) the results vary depending on the agroecological practice assessed; e.g. for agroforestry, we identify 53% positive outcomes while for cropping system diversification 35%. These results indicate an overall favourable potential for farms to benefit from a positive socio-economic performance with the use of agroecological practices. Yet, the magnitude, temporal aspects, and success factors related to these outcomes, as well as the trade-offs between them, and the system-level effects of an agroecological transition are to be further assessed, since they can have an important influence on the performance of individual farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous studies have investigated the influence of sponsors on the sport organizations with whom they partner. However, rather than simply assessing the impact of a new, incremental sponsor, which should result in a net positive for the sponsored organization, we quantify and isolate the effect of resources provided upon the switch of one sponsor to another. Furthermore, the resource-based view of the firm is utilized as a theoretical lens to understand the effects of these resources on demand, the ability to recruit human capital, and organizational performance. In Study 1, we analyze 15 years of data from 98 sponsorship agreements, finding that switches provide additional resources, but do not positively impact demand, recruiting, or performance, even in subsequent years. In Study 2, we find that the financial commitment necessary to acquire a sponsorship from a competitor does not result in a corresponding increase in shareholder value for the sponsoring firm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pay fairness and human capital theories make different predictions about trainees' occupational turnover in situations where trainees perceive unfair pay but receive huge potential returns from training. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine how pay fairness and human capital investment combined to explain why trainees are motivated to persist in employment when they perceive unfair pay. Cross-sectional survey data from 144 minor league baseball players showed that athletes perceived unfair pay but had low occupational turnover intentions because they perceived high learning achievement and expected to play in Major League Baseball eventually. Perceptions of unfair pay only increased occupational turnover intentions under certain conditions, such as when athletes had low expectations of playing at least one game in Major League Baseball in the next 3 years. The results support a framework that combines human capital theory and pay fairness theories to explain boundary conditions for trainee motivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultural products constitute a significant portion of global trade, and understanding their export patterns can shed light on economic trends, trade dynamics, and market opportunities. This study conducted the spatio-temporal analysis of exports of cultural products, exploring the relationship between various influencing factors and their impact on the spatial distribution of these exports. Leveraging a diverse dataset encompassing 55 BRI countries for the period of 2005–2022, this research employs advanced spatial analysis techniques, including spatial autocorrelation and spatial regression models, to examine the spatial patterns and determinants of exports if cultural product exports. Moreover, this study delves into the multifaceted determinants affecting the spatial distribution of these exports. The findings of this study reveal significant spatio-temporal variations in the exports of cultural products. Spatial autocorrelation analysis indicates the presence of spatial clustering, suggesting that regions with high cultural product exports tend to be geographically close to each other. The spatial regression models further identify several key factors like economic development, productive capacities, cultural tourism, information development and human capital influence the spatial distribution of these exports. The findings of the study reveal that there is strong spatial relationship for exports of cultural products in BRI countries. The findings of this research contribute valuable insights for policymakers, businesses, and stakeholders regarding a deeper comprehension of the driving forces behind the spatial distribution of these cultural products, facilitating informed decision-making processes to optimize strategies for promoting and sustaining the trade of cultural products in an increasingly interconnected world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the spatial heterogeneity in the human capital potential of Indonesia's next generation by constructing and analyzing sub-national human capital indices (HCI) for 34 provinces and 514 districts in Indonesia. The paper identifies data and methodological constraints in the construction of these sub-national indices and proposes and implements strategies to overcome these challenges. Several interesting findings emerge from the analysis. First, Indonesian's young generation can only achieve 53% of their future productivity relative to the full benchmark of health and education. Second, the variation in aggregate human capital potential across space in Indonesia is staggering: some parts of country are almost at par with countries like Vietnam and China while others have human capital levels that are comparable to Chad, Niger, and Sierra Leone. Third, differences in learning outcomes as measured by harmonized test scores account for the largest share of the variation in human capital across Indonesia, suggesting that the challenge of providing quality education remains one of the most important obstacles to equalizing opportunities for the next generation of Indonesians. And fourth, the correlation between government spending and performance on HCI at the district level appears rather weak, reinforcing conclusions reached by other recent studies that have highlighted the importance of focusing on the quality of spending. Finally, this paper also shows that Indonesia's human capital registered a modest improvement from 0.50 in 2013 to 0.53 in 2018 with stronger progress observed among the already top performing provinces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this research is to empirically analyze the determinants of organizational performance using National Basketball Association (NBA) team data. Based on the resource-based theory of the firm, prior studies posit that operational efficiency encompasses the ability of professional sports teams to translate their resources into creating organizational performance. The contention is that NBA teams enhance organizational performance in the market when possessing valuable, rare, inimitable, and non-substitutable resources and capabilities. In this sense, the operational efficiencies of NBA teams align with the concept of core competence, enabling teams to achieve competitive advantages through superior performance. The exploration of the level of operating efficiency in NBA teams and its role in organizational performance is beyond essential. This study conceptualizes operating efficiency as the degree of competence exhibited by professional sports teams, drawing on comprehensive game-related statistics and financial performance data derived from human assets and team budgets. To bridge theory and empirical investigation, data spanning six seasons (2015–2016 to 2020–2021) for all 30 NBA teams were collected. The results reveal that 29 out of 180 decision-making units exhibit outstanding organizational efficiency, significantly contributing to franchise value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Germany has the highest per capita health care spending among EU member states, but its hospitals face pressure to generate profits independently due to the government's withdrawal of investment cost coverage. The diagnosis related groups (DRG) payment system was implemented to address the cost issue, challenging hospital physicians to provide services within predefined prices and an economic target corridor to reduce costs. This study examines the extent of cost awareness among medical personnel in German hospitals and its influencing factors. Methods: We developed an online survey in which participants across all specialties in hospitals estimated the prices in euros of four common interventions and answered questions about their human capital and perceived stress on the workplace. As a measure of cost awareness, we used the probability of estimating the prices correctly within a reasonable margin. We employed logit logistic regression estimators to identify influencing factors in a sample of 86 participants. Results: The results revealed that most of the respondents were unaware of the costs of common interventions. General human capital, acquired through prior education, and job-specific human capital had no influence on cost awareness, whereas domain-specific human capital, that is, gaining economic knowledge based on self-interest, had a positive nonlinear effect on cost awareness. Furthermore, an increased stress level negatively influenced cost awareness. Conclusions: This paper is the first of its kind for the German health care sector that contributes responses to the question whether health care professionals in German hospitals have cost awareness and if not, what reasons lie behind this lack of knowledge. Our findings show that the cost awareness desired by the introduction of the DRG system has yet to be achieved by medical personnel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Germany has the highest per capita health care spending among EU member states, but its hospitals face pressure to generate profits independently due to the government's withdrawal of investment cost coverage. The diagnosis related groups (DRG) payment system was implemented to address the cost issue, challenging hospital physicians to provide services within predefined prices and an economic target corridor to reduce costs. This study examines the extent of cost awareness among medical personnel in German hospitals and its influencing factors. Methods: We developed an online survey in which participants across all specialties in hospitals estimated the prices in euros of four common interventions and answered questions about their human capital and perceived stress on the workplace. As a measure of cost awareness, we used the probability of estimating the prices correctly within a reasonable margin. We employed logit logistic regression estimators to identify influencing factors in a sample of 86 participants. Results: The results revealed that most of the respondents were unaware of the costs of common interventions. General human capital, acquired through prior education, and job-specific human capital had no influence on cost awareness, whereas domain-specific human capital, that is, gaining economic knowledge based on self-interest, had a positive nonlinear effect on cost awareness. Furthermore, an increased stress level negatively influenced cost awareness. Conclusions: This paper is the first of its kind for the German health care sector that contributes responses to the question whether health care professionals in German hospitals have cost awareness and if not, what reasons lie behind this lack of knowledge. Our findings show that the cost awareness desired by the introduction of the DRG system has yet to be achieved by medical personnel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bibliometric analysis, an approach introduced by the library and information sciences, attempts to unravel the relationships between a large number of scientific literature by using quantitative methods. Economics of Education Review was founded in 1981 to meet the needs of a growing number of research in the economics of education. The journal has evolved to become a top field journal that focuses on high quality research in an interdisciplinary field that combines educational studies and economics. It specializes in human capital production and the returns to human capital as well as in education policy and finance. We examine collaboration patterns using an approach introduced by the library and information sciences. The current research shows hidden patterns among scientific actors to offer a comprehensive understanding of the knowledge structure of this top field journal by employing network analysis such as bibliographic coupling, co-authorship and co-citation analysis. It also presents a thematic overview by analyzing author keyword co-occurrence and by classifying articles into six thematic clusters to highlight past themes and current trends in the field of economics of education. Our results suggest a shift in the focus of research, with more topics on measuring the impact of preschool programs, quality education, higher education attainment, gender, race and peer effects playing an important role in this area of scientific research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I use an instrumental variables design to estimate the effect that trade has on schooling in developing countries by exploiting a panel model with over 50 years of data. I find that trade reduces schooling at all levels in developing countries. Female education more than male tends to be more responsive to the adverse effect of trade in developing countries. Trade has negative influence on schooling for both prime working age and older cohorts. The adverse effect of trade is more pronounced with imports than exports, and trade exerts differential response from schooling between developing countries and high-income countries. I provide further evidence that the trade-schooling relationship operates through fertility. These results inform the debate about the role of globalization in human capital formation in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The poultry industry is one of the most important agricultural subsectors, significantly contributing to protein supply and holding a unique position in terms of production and employment. To expand and boost profitability in this industry, it is important to analyze the economic factors of production, so that the factors influencing the rise in productivity of broiler production units may properly be recognized. As a result, the effective factors on the productivity of the Arian broiler sector in Iran's Kurdistan Province were investigated and prioritized in the current study. In order to evaluate the productivity of the industry, four main factors including human capital, economic, technical, and environmental variables were evaluated. The DEMATEL-ANP integrated approach was then used to determine the relative weights of the factors. The results revealed that the human capital component had the highest impact and the economic component was identified as the most influential factor among the other factors. Furthermore, the economic indicator had the highest priority, with a weight of 0.17. Of the 29 research components (sub-criteria), the "broiler farmer experience", with a weight of 0.042, exerted the greatest impact on the productivity of the province's broiler sector. The "feed cost", "day-old chicks cost", and "health care cost" ranked the second to fourth, respectively. According to the findings, more attention should be devoted to the production chain, such as input production and poultry vaccinations, in order to accomplish and also enhance productivity in the broiler industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Productivity Paradox can be explained by technology capability. Resource Based Theory (RBT) is used to analyse how technology capability moderates technology investments, technology infrastructure use, and human capital impact on industry sales growth. Clustering identifies three levels of technology capability, and regression models assess the impact of technology investments, infrastructure use, and human capital in each. Industries with different technology capability have different performances and provide an alternate view of the Productivity Paradox. The impact of different technology resources varies with technology capability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the digital age, Internet use has become important for relative poverty governance and common prosperity in China. “Internet + targeted poverty alleviation” is an essential boost to poverty alleviation that has experienced empirical tests. Academics have also paid attention to the poverty reduction effect of Internet use. On the one hand, existing studies mainly focus on its effect in rural areas, while relative poverty exists widely between urban and rural areas. Therefore, further comparison of the urban-rural differences in their poverty reduction effect is necessary. On the other hand, promoting capital accumulation is the fundamental mechanism of the poverty reduction effect of Internet use, which academics have poorly analyzed. Using the Chinese General Social Survey(CGSS)data in 2017, this paper uses the moderating effect, mediating effect, moderated mediating effect, and threshold effect models to examine the poverty reduction effect of Internet use and the urban-rural difference in its capital accumulation mechanism. The results find that Internet use can alleviate the relative poverty of individuals and has a more significant effect on rural residents than urban residents. Moreover, the results remain robust after overcoming the endogeneity problem using the instrumental variables model. Further mechanism analysis reveals that Internet use can transform online resources into offline human, social, and economic capital, thus alleviating relative poverty. Among them, the poverty reduction effect of human capital accumulated by Internet use is stronger for urban residents, and the poverty reduction effect of economic capital is more substantial for rural residents. Meanwhile, there are threshold conditions for human capital, economic capital, and social capital for the poverty reduction effect of Internet use. Furthermore, there are urban-rural differences in the threshold values. The contribution of this paper to the existing research lies in the following aspects: first, it places urban and rural residents in the same framework and uses different poverty measurement criteria to compare the differences in poverty reduction effects generated by Internet use. Second, to break the dichotomy method used in previous poverty studies, this paper pays more attention to the relative characteristics of relative poverty, takes the difference degree between individual living standard and average level as the index of relative poverty measurement, and generates the variable of relative poverty depth, which is an innovation of poverty measurement. Third, it reveals that the accumulation effect of capital(economic, social, and human capital)generated by Internet use is the fundamental poverty reduction mechanism and further analyzes its urban-rural heterogeneity and threshold conditions. The results suggest that, on the whole, Internet use has a more significant poverty reducing effect on rural residents than on urban residents. Thus vigorous development of Internet infrastructure in rural areas remains an important initiative for future relative poverty governance. The accumulation of human capital is the fundamental mechanism of Internet poverty reduction, warning us to pay attention to enhancing human capital. The top priorities for future poverty governance are relatively poor residents in urban areas and relatively poor “marginal” populations in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhancing carbon productivity (CP) is key to achieving carbon reduction goals while maintaining economic growth. Digital technology plays a significant role in improving CP. Based on panel data from 136 countries worldwide from 2000 to 2020, this study empirically examines the impact of digitalization on CP and its mechanisms using fixed-effects and mediation models. The conclusions are as follows: (1) Overall, digitalization significantly enhances CP. (2) In terms of the mechanism, digitalization primarily improves CP through technological innovation and mitigating income inequality. (3) In terms of the quantile regression results, as the quantile level of CP increases, the promoting effect of digitalization on CP gradually strengthens. (4) From the perspective of heterogeneity among regions, income levels and human capital levels, digitalization has the greatest promotion effect on carbon productivity in European countries, high-income countries and high human capital countries. This study provides a reference for policymakers worldwide to use digital technology in achieving carbon emission reduction targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most migration studies and theories focus on understanding the initial migration of people from their home country. Less attention has been paid to the factors influencing immigrants' preferences to either permanently settle in the host country, return to their home country or move onwards to another destination. Understanding the characteristics and motives of those who aspire to leave the host country is, however, valuable for both host and home countries to formulate appropriate and effective policies in order to retain their valued immigrants or citizens and foster their successful (re-)integration. This paper provides a comprehensive global analysis of the characteristics and circumstances that shape first-generation immigrants' aspirations to stay, return or migrate onwards, based on individual-level data from the Gallup World Polls across 138 countries worldwide between 2009 and 2016. Our study reveals that immigrants' stated preferences are strongly influenced by demographics, human and spiritual capital, as well as by soft factors, such as social ties and sociocultural integration, while economic factors have a more feeble influence. Changes in circumstances in the home and host countries are also important determinants of locational aspirations. Some interesting exceptions to our results stand out when we differentiate home and host countries by their economic development levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite high rates of education expenditure, South Africa's education system remains sharply unequal and underperforms overall compared to other countries. One approach to addressing education inequality and underperformance is community-based peer mentorship. This paper presents evidence from the Nine Tenths mentorship programme in Makhanda (formerly Grahamstown) as a way to improve academic performance among matric students in under-resourced secondary schools. Using school matric pass rates from 2012 to 2021 and student admission metrics for participants in 2020–2022, a strong association is found between the activities of Nine Tenths and improved academic performance. No-fee schools where Nine Tenths is active record pass rates that are 28 percentage points higher on average than schools without Nine Tenths. Matric students who participate in Nine Tenths increase their Admissions Points Score (APS) by 4.23 points on average, and every student between 2020 and 2022 earned a bachelor pass. While the evidence suggests that Nine Tenths is effective, the programme operates on a relatively small scale and is not broad-based in its implementation. The programme shows is a promising example of community-based interventions to address schooling inequality independently and more efficiently than the current education policy in South Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to examine the determinants of labour productivity in the Eastern Cape. Furthermore, the study estimates the determinant of labour productivity from a sectoral and industry perspective. The technique employed for the empirical analysis is the ARDL bounds test. The empirical results highlight that investment in ICT, health and GDP growth are the crucial determinants of total labour productivity in the Eastern Cape. The sectoral analysis shows that primary sector labour productivity is driven by human capital and investment in ICT. Trade is the most important factor explaining labour productivity in the secondary sector while the tertiary sector is driven by R&D expenditures and ICT investment. The industry analysis revealed results similar to those of the sectoral analysis to some extent. The results imply that the shift to a knowledge-based economy is crucial for the Eastern Cape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tertiary education in the Chinese mainland has undergone unprecedented expansion since 1999, whereas the most recent expansion in Hong Kong was announced in 2000. Confucian philosophy, prevalent among ethnic Chinese, suggests that education is a fair qualification for selecting elites for highpaid jobs. However, economic structures and popular cultures differ considerably. This article examines the economic returns of a rapid expansion of higher education in two areas, Hong Kong and the Chinese mainland, with different economic systems but the same cultural heritage, i.e., the Confucian philosophy and its work culture. The results support the view that the declining quality of university graduates is the prime reason for shrinking earnings premium in both systems. The governments should revisit the policies of higher education development and shift the emphasis from quantity to quality, and quality assurance in particular. There is a global trend to establish a quality assurance framework to oversee higher education, and a similar development is observed in the Chinese mainland and in Hong Kong. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the relationships between human resource (HR) practices, employee psychological empowerment, employee innovative work behavior, and firm innovation capability in the context of the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) sector in Jordan. Employing the Social Exchange Theory (SET) as a guiding framework, this study explored how employee psychological empowerment and innovative work behavior mediated the influence of HR practices on a firm's innovative capabilities. Drawing on extensive data collected from ICT organizations in Jordan, our analysis had several key findings. A significant positive correlation between HR practices and psychological empowerment was observed. Job design emerged as the most influential factor affecting psychological empowerment, whereas compensation had a weaker impact. Furthermore, we established that psychological empowerment significantly enhanced innovative work behavior, underscoring its role as a catalyst for innovative work behavior within the sector. Finally, our study supported the theory that psychological empowerment influenced a firms' innovation capabilities, emphasizing the pivotal role of employee empowerment in driving firm-level innovation in the Jordanian ICT sector. These findings provide insights for academic and practical audiences, clarifying how HR practices, employee psychological empowerment, and innovative work behavior collectively influenced firm innovation capability within the unique context of the Jordanian ICT sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research aims to determine the degree of workers' Perception of the social work environment in its various dimensions and its relationship to work alienation. The current research is a comparative analytical descriptive research, and it was mainly based on the sample social survey method and the comparative method. It also relied on the electronic questionnaire as a tool for collecting research data. The research sample consisted of 380 employees at Beni Suef governmental University, and 242 employees at Al-Nahda Private university, Beni Suef. The research found that there are significant differences in the workers' perception of the characteristics of the social work environment in favor of Al-Nahda university workers. The research also found that there are significant differences in the degree of work alienation for workers in the two universities, where workers at Beni Suef governmental university feel work alienation more than workers at Al-Nahda Private university. Finally, the research concluded that there is a significant negative relationship between the social environment of work in its various dimensions and the work alienation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the global economy, intellectual capital management is a strategically important resource that affects the market value of organizations. Efficient management of intellectual capital requires the use of new management methods and techniques. One of them is knowledge management, which, in particular, focuses on removing barriers to knowledge sharing. The survey was conducted among employees of the Glogow, Jawor and Trzebnica counties, and the results constitute a pilot study. The conclusions from the collected research results are surprising and imply the need to conduct research on a larger scale in the area of human capital. The collected results provide information to management staff in the field of talent management and knowledge. The results may constitute the basis for developing succession plans, succession plans and employee training. Additionally, the results can help recruiters create profiles of candidates with specific competencies. The main aim of the study was to analyse and evaluate the personnel management process in the Glogow, Jawor and Trzebnica poviats. The use of various research methods made it possible to achieve the intended research goals. The basic research tool used was a survey. Analyses of the literature, research reports, and statistical summaries were treated as a complement to the main research methods. Research and statistical data indicate that among smaller companies in Lower Silesia, there is a need for development programs related to acquiring, collecting, and sharing knowledge. The study identified a number of factors that constitute a significant barrier to the development of employees of the surveyed companies. They allowed us to verify the relationship between the factors that constitute the greatest barrier to the learning process and the impact of the company's size on it. The relationship between the barriers to intellectual development that constitute the greatest threat to the company and the factors that make it difficult for the company to recruit employees with the highest intellectual capital were also verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the widespread adoption and implementation of Education for All (EFA) at the World Education Forum held at Dakar as part of the Millennium Development Goals in 2000, school enrolment at the basic level of education has increased in Sub-Saharan Africa. With the region having the lowest rate of youth enrolled in upper secondary schools in the world, countries are paying considerable attention to upper secondary education, which is argued to be a significant component of human capital formation and for meeting Sustainable Development Goal 4. However, unlike for basic level education, academic research on the factors that determine upper secondary school enrolment in the region is limited. Against this backdrop, the study investigates the effects of cost elimination on upper secondary school enrolment in Sub-Saharan Africa using macro-level panel data analysis of countries from 2003 to 2018. The results show that cost elimination, as a demand-side intervention, has a significant positive effect on upper secondary school enrolment. However, amid a high level of poverty rate, the magnitude of the positive effects of cost elimination tends to reduce. This shows that along with demand-side interventions that reduce direct costs to schooling, policies must focus on reducing the level of poverty for cost elimination to become effective in increasing school enrolment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing research suggests that people concerned about corruption use elections to punish corrupt incumbents. I argue that when people grow concerned with corruption, they may turn to exit rather than voice, using emigration to escape corruption. Highly educated citizens in particular, who are most informed about corruption and hold valuable human capital, likely see exit as attractive in the face of persistent corruption. Using a wealth of micro-level data on potential emigration, I show that when people perceive widespread corruption, they are more likely to have taken concrete steps to emigrate. Advanced degree holders are much more likely to have prepared to emigrate in response to corruption. I also show that corruption-concerned potential emigrants choose less corrupt destination countries and are less likely to have faith, and participate, in electoral institutions. My argument and findings hold implications for the corruption literature and generate new questions about the relationship between emigration and accountability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aligning with Sustainable Development Goal 10, this study probes whether quality institutions matter in the drive towards reducing income inequality through human capital. An unbalanced panel data on the Gini index (measure of income inequality), human capital index and institutional quality index drawn across 83 Latin America and sub‐Saharan African (SSA) countries from 2010 to 2019 is used. For the most part, the consensus is that the interaction of human capital and quality institutions significantly reduces income inequality. For context, inequality reduces by −7.810 and −21.30 points for the full and SSA samples. Other findings reveal that the interaction effect is consistently negative at upper quantiles. Evidence from the margin plots reveals that the effect of human capital on inequality improves as institutional quality is strengthened. The downward trend of the plot within the 95% confidence interval shows that institutional quality enhances the impact of human capital on income inequality for the full sample and in SSA. This is a novel contribution to the literature as it suggests that quality institutions matter in the drive towards reducing the menace of income inequality. Policy recommendations are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the effects of public infrastructural development and industrialization on economic complexity in Africa, and how industrialization is moderating the effect of public infrastructural development on economic complexity. The study adopted the pooled ordinary least squares, the dynamic system generalized method of moments and the dynamic bias‐corrected least squares dummy variable estimators with a panel of 34 African economies over the period 2010–2021. The findings revealed that public infrastructural development and industrialization contribute positively and significantly toward enhancing economic complexity in Africa. We also found that industrialization substantially moderates and enhances the influence of public infrastructural development on economic complexity. Furthermore, the results show that trade openness, foreign direct investment inflow, international tourism arrival and institutional quality are potent factors enhancing Africa's economic complexity, while the role of human capital remains muted. These findings suggest that African leaders and policy‐makers can foster economic complexity across the continent by embracing policies that prioritize increased infrastructural development, industrialization, trade openness and foreign direct investment inflow while improving the quality of institutions within the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contributions of human capital to improvement in socio‐economic outcomes have generated significant interest in its determinants. On one hand, there is the orthodox view which states that energy consumption does not promote human capital development. In contrast, the heterodoxies argue that energy consumption is an essential driver of human capital development. Thus, we explore the asymmetric effects of energy consumption on human capital development for 22 African countries from 2000 to 2018 within the framework of panel non‐linear ARDL (NARDL). The long‐run results indicate that energy consumption is vital for human capital development. Specifically, in the long‐run, positive and negative shocks to energy consumption significantly improve human development. In addition, we find that economic growth, government effectiveness and foreign direct investment improve human capital only in the long‐run, while carbon dioxide emission retards it in both the long‐ and short‐runs. We found similar results for oil and non‐oil producing countries, ECOWAS, SADC, CEN‐SAD and COMESA countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contemporary times, developed economies are adopting environmentally friendly initiatives such as green finance and energy efficiency. However, the factors affecting energy efficiency are widely explored, and green finance remains overlooked in the empirical literature. The present research examines the drivers of sustainable green finance in OECD economies during 2004–2021. The study uses several panel diagnostic tests and validates the mixed integration order of the variables. Still, the long-run equilibrium relationship is valid between financial inclusion, energy efficiency, human capital, foreign trade, composite risk, and green finance. Using panel autoregressive distributed lag model, the study found that financial inclusion, energy efficiency, foreign trade, and composite risk significantly improve green finance in the long run. However, only energy efficiency is effective in the short run. On the other hand, human capital exhibits a significant adverse influence on green finance. The long-run results are robust due to the significant estimates offered by panel dynamic ordinary least square. Besides, there exist one-way and two-way causal associations between variables. The study recommends improving the financial sector performance to enhance financial inclusivity, increase investment in the energy efficiency sector, and encourage trade in environmentally friendly initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the impact of credit mobility exchange programs' timing on students' academic performance, focusing on the moment in which students travel and the length of the period spent abroad. To provide causal evidence, we exploit unique data from more than 10,000 students from a well-known and internationalized Brazilian university from 2010 to 2020. By combing Propensity Score Matching with Difference in Differences techniques, we find that international mobility impacts groups of students differently. Students who travel closer to the end of their undergraduate courses benefit the most from the mobility experience, while negative effects are found for those who travel at the beginning of their university program. Results also show that, while student mobility impacts positively and significantly students who participate in programs lasting from one semester to 1 year, negative effects are associated with shorter periods abroad. Our findings also reveal heterogeneity across destination countries. Mobility has a positive impact on students' grades for those students traveling to English-speaking countries. Our analysis presents empirical evidence that can be used to design international student mobility programs, providing insights to policymakers engaged in maximizing their effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]