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The 14th International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Applications of Accelerators (AccApp'21) was held in 2021 as an embedded topical meeting during the ANS Winter Meeting in Washington, D.C. The conference aimed to promote accelerator-based research and development and covered various research topics, including accelerator facilities, nuclear data, medical applications, and industrial applications. A total of 120 abstracts were submitted, and 105 presentations were given. The conference faced challenges due to the COVID-19 pandemic but was successful with the support of participants and sponsors. The conference proceedings were published in Nuclear Science and Engineering (NSE). [Extracted from the article]

Polyethylene (PE) mulches are widely used in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch) production for weed suppression and crop growth optimization. However, PE mulches are not biodegradable and contribute to plastic pollution. Our objective was to develop and test biodegradable liquid-applied 'hydromulches' (HMs) as a sustainable alternative to PE mulch. HM weed suppression efficacy, strawberry plant growth, and yield were evaluated. HMformulations consisted of shredded newsprint paper (NP), water, and a tackifier, either guar gum (GG) or psyllium husk (PH) added at 2 or 6%. Experiments were conducted at two environmentally distinct locations: northwest Washington (WA) and eastern North Dakota (ND). Five HM formulations were compared to black PEmulch within a randomized complete block design with four replications. PEmulch suppressed weeds completely at peak weed emergence and peak weed vegetative growth at both locations. Formulations of HM containing GG provided superior weed suppression compared to other HM formulations at peak weed emergence (4-6 vs. 18-22 plants m-2, respectively). At peak vegetative growth, HM formulations containing GG had the lowest weed density compared to other HMs in ND (1 vs. 9-12 plants m-2), whereas these differences were not observed in WA. Total weed biomass did not differ among HMs across both locations. GG HM formulations deteriorated similarly to PE mulch (3-5% vs. 2%, respectively) in ND, whereas other HMs deteriorated more substantially. In WA, all HMs deterioratedmore than PEmulch (6-12% vs. 1%, respectively). Fruit yield did not differ among treatments inweedy and weed-free subplots (194-254 g plant-1) inWA. In ND, yield was greater in all HM treatments compared to PE mulch in both weedy andweed-free subplots. Across both locations, strawberry canopy coverwas greater in PE mulch (56.1% canopy cover) compared to 2%GG and NP (42.4 and 39.8% canopy cover). Strawberry plant biomass was similar among mulch treatments. However, strawberry leaf and crown biomass were slightly lower in 2%PH compared to other mulch treatments. Results demonstrate HMs with GG tackifier are a promising alternative to PE mulch in organic strawberry systems based on ability to suppress weeds, enhance strawberry growth, and maintain yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The equitable distribution of docked bikeshare is an important issue for transportation decision-makers. Gini coefficients and Lorenz curves can be used to study transportation inequality. This study used these methods to achieve three outcomes. First, this study identified a gap in bikeshare equity literature and provided a more nuanced measure of bikeshare supply to better evaluate how well bikeshare meets demand. Second, the updated measure of distributional equity was used to evaluate bikeshare equity in Washington, DC. Third, using historical trip data, the Gini coefficient calculations indicated which trip types are better served. Comparison of the results highlighted a potential conflict in program goals: equity versus supporting existing bikeshare members. Policy feedback may bias this trade-off in favor of members, reinforcing spatial inequalities. Overall, this paper further demonstrated how Gini coefficients and Lorenz curves can be useful tools for evaluating inequality in transportation systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of European Journal of Development Research is the property of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Evaporation from water surfaces is influencing many environmental science processes. Evaporation from pan data is not available as the most well-known method of determining evaporation in many areas, and therefore, the application of experimental mathematical equations in this field is considered. Most of the data for extracting these equations did not belong to cold regions, and as a result, the accuracy of these equations in cold regions has low reliability. In this study, the equations of Trabert (Meteorol Z 13:261–263, 1896), Kohler (Tech Rep Geol Survey Prof Paper 269:127–148, 1954), Kohler et al. (Evaporation from pans and lakes, US Government Printing Office, Washington, 1955), Papadakis (Soil Sci 93:76, 1961), Ântal (Evapotranspiration from com field. Term paper submitted for Dr. R. F. Dale's Agronomy 537 class. Received from personal communication with Dr. Dale (Dept. of Agronomy, Purdue, 1973), Linacre (Agric Meteorol 18:409–424, 1977), Linacre (Water Int 19:5–14, 1994) in Two default and revised modes (14 equations in total) have been used to determine evaporation in cold regions (Emberger climate classifications). Performance index (PI) as an error metric was used to analyze the efficiency of the equations. Findings show that in the absence of proper datasets for revision, Kohler et al. (Evaporation from pans and lakes, US Government Printing Office, Washington, 1955) and Papadakis (Soil Sci 93:76, 1961) equations are more proper options for determining evaporation in cold regions. The revision process increased the efficiency of all equations, with the slightest improvement for Papadakis (Soil Sci 93:76, 1961) and the most improvement for Trabert (Meteorol Z 13:261–263, 1896). According to the behavior of Papadakis (Soil Sci 93:76, 1961) equation in the revision process and its efficiency in both default and revision modes, it can be considered a firm equation in the cold region. The findings reveal that the revised equations have little efficiency difference. It indicates that in cold regions, the influence of the default parameters of the equations on efficiency is more significant than their mathematical formula of the equation. Also, the revision has led to Trabert (Meteorol Z 13:261–263, 1896) equation with relatively good results due to less relative flexibility than other equations. Therefore, it can be concluded that the essential factor to increase the reliability of the application of experimental mathematical equations in determining evaporation from the pan is the use of revised equations with data from cold regions. In addition, among all the equations studied, the revised Kohler et al. (Evaporation from pans and lakes, US Government Printing Office, Washington, 1955) equation was recognized as the most efficient equation for determining evaporation from the pan in the cold regions studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This paper explores parent coaching experiences supporting parents of young children newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes in a clinical trial. Methods: In a trial for 157 parents, those in the intervention arm (n = 116) were paired with a parent coach (n = 37; Mage = 37.9 years, SD = 3.9; 94.6% mothers, 81.1% White non-Hispanic). Parent coaches provided diabetes-specific social support. Parent coaches completed monthly surveys and satisfaction/feasibility surveys, with a subset (n = 7) undergoing qualitative interviews at the end of this study. Results: There were 2262 contacts between participants and their parent coaches, averaging 14.4 (SD = 9.3) per participant. Parent coaches reported that the most commonly used methods were text messages (67.9%) and emails (18.7%), with 33.6% having in-person visits. Coaches reported high satisfaction and belief in their usefulness to participants during the first 9 months after T1D diagnosis. Themes discussed by parent coaches about their experience in mentoring included relationship building, expertise sharing, personal growth, gratification, and intervention optimization suggestions. Conclusions: Parent coaching post T1D diagnosis involves regular, multi-method contacts. It is highly acceptable and valuable for parent coaches to mentor other parents of young children newly diagnosed with T1D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to estimate the economic impact of a basic income for each state in the USA. Design/methodology/approach: Building on existing pilot studies of basic income in the USA, this paper presumes a $500 per month basic income for individuals earning less than $25,000 in annual income. Using impact analysis for planning (IMPLAN) input–output modeling software, estimated increase in gross state product and employment are provided on a state-by-state basis. Findings: A $6,000 annual basic income ($500 per month) to adult persons earning less than $25,000 annually results in an increase in gross state product (e.g. gross "regional" product in IMPLAN terminology) ranging from 0.7% (District of Columbia) to 5.7% (Florida). Likewise, this increase in household spending will create demand for employment across these states, resulting in an increase in employment from 0.9% (District of Columbia) to 5.8% (Florida). Originality/value: To date, to the best of the author's knowledge, this is the first state-by-state analysis of the economic impact of a basic income provision to lower-income individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insufficient funding for terrestrial protected areas is a global challenge, and the ability of a protected area management agency to secure sustainable financing is an obstacle in the effective management of these important areas. While the role of public sector agencies in establishing, financing, and managing protected areas, and in providing a supportive legislative and policy environment will remain essential into the future; the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) recommends that alternative finance mechanisms be adopted to help achieve financial sustainability. With this recommendation in mind, one approach is to look to other policy areas which traditionally rely on governments as their primary funding source, to understand the alternative finance mechanisms they have adopted and appraise the suitability of these mechanisms for terrestrial protected areas. One alternative finance mechanism is the social and environmental impact bond which is a subset of impact investment and an example of a pay for success or results-based contract. This paper reviews literature on the social and environmental impact bond with a view to assessing its potential applicability to assist in the effective management of terrestrial protected areas that fall within the management categories defined by the IUCN. Three examples of existing and proposed impact bonds with an environment focus are explored, including the world's first environmental impact bond in Washington D.C., the publicly offered Atlanta environmental impact bond and the proposed wildlife conservation bond in South Africa. The selected impact bonds will help to illustrate the establishment, operation, and evaluation of impact bonds in a real-world context. It will be argued that the social and environmental impact bond can be a useful finance model for a range of uses in a variety of social sectors and conservation settings, including terrestrial protected areas. The paper further considers how the impact bond might result in both improved social and/or environmental outcomes as well as the perceived challenges associated with this alternative finance mechanism. While the focus of this paper is on terrestrial protected areas, the lessons discussed may also be applicable to marine protected areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence and attributable risk of disease due to physical inactivity require it to be made a public health priority. Public health planning allows for prioritization and resource allocation, particularly at the state and local levels. The extent to which state planning efforts for physical activity exist in the United States is unknown. The purpose of this paper is to describe the scope in which physical activity is incorporated in state-level public health plans in the United States, with an emphasis on alignment with the national guidelines and the National Physical Activity Plan. A standardized internet search audit was developed and conducted for each of 50 US states and the District of Columbia between May 2017 and January 2018 to determine the prevalence and characteristics of health planning documents that include physical activity. Data abstracted for analysis used a standardized search protocol that included the components of the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans and the US National Physical Activity Plan. Results found that most states had between 4 and 6 chronic disease prevention and control plans that mention physical activity; however, it was inconsistently aligned with recommendations from both the Guidelines and the National Plan. Only 2 states had stand-alone public health planning documents explicitly dedicated to physical activity promotion. No state planning documents addressed children and adolescents, adults, and older adults simultaneously. To be maximally effective, state public health planning for physical activity should be made a priority and these efforts should align as much as possible with current guidance from the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans and the US National Physical Activity Plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluates a congestion management concept involving conversion of two existing general-purpose freeway lanes per direction on an 8-lane freeway (with 4 lanes per direction) to priced lanes offering free access for high-occupancy vehicles, in conjunction with cash payments to incentivize a sufficient number of commuters to travel as passengers in transit, carpools or vanpools such that congestion on the remaining free lanes would be no worse than it was before the conversion. Building on prior research, we use a refined modeling process to explore the viability of implementation of the concept on the eastern segment of the Capital Beltway in the Washington, DC metro area. The results of the analysis suggest that the strategy can benefit users of shared travel modes and toll-payers, improve travel speeds on toll-free general-purpose lanes, generate significant surplus revenues to support capital investments and operating subsidies for shared travel modes, and can absorb traffic growth through 2040. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Handwritten Text Recognition (HTR) is a challenging task due to the complex structures and variations present in handwritten text. In recent years, the application of gated mechanisms, such as Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks, has brought significant advancements to HTR systems. This paper presents an overview of HTR using a gated mechanism and highlights its novelty and advantages. The gated mechanism enables the model to capture long-term dependencies, retain relevant context, handle variable length sequences, mitigate error propagation, and adapt to contextual variations. The pipeline involves preprocessing the handwritten text images, extracting features, modeling the sequential dependencies using the gated mechanism, and decoding the output into readable text. The training process utilizes annotated datasets and optimization techniques to minimize transcription discrepancies. HTR using a gated mechanism has found applications in digitizing historical documents, automatic form processing, and real-time transcription. The results show improved accuracy and robustness compared to traditional HTR approaches. The advancements in HTR using a gated mechanism open up new possibilities for effectively recognizing and transcribing handwritten text in various domains. This research does a better job than the most recent iteration of the HTR system when compared to five different handwritten datasets (Washington, Saint Gall, RIMES, Bentham and IAM). Smartphones and robots are examples of low-cost computing devices that can benefit from this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has demonstrated children in out-of-home care have experienced trauma and a significant proportion are in need of behavioral health services (e.g. Casaneuva et al., NSCAW II baseline report: Child well-being, US Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC, 2011). Accessing services requires interagency coordination between child welfare and behavioral health professionals; however, challenges to coordination and collaboration may result in lack of service utilization for many youth (Hanson et al. 2016). Utilizing a mixed methodological approach, this paper describes the results of a study conducted five years after full state-wide implementation of processes designed to promote the use of evidence-based practices to inform decision-making for youth dually served by the child welfare and behavioral health systems. Outcomes from the study were used to develop strategies to address programmatic concerns and reinforce implementation supports. Study findings may aid organizations seeking to reinforce data-informed practices and employ strategies for addressing barriers at the worker and agency level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study the interior C^{2} estimates for a type of Hessian quotient equation. If k

As rapid inflation, continuing supply chain disruptions and the war in Ukraine impact petroleum prices worldwide, fuel supply disruptions have become an increasing concern. This paper describes Washington State's geographical, political and organisational context as it influences fuel disruption planning, as well as the history and philosophy of Washington's fuel-planning programme. Finally, the paper discusses planning best practices and gives some examples of their real-world use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article introduces the latest issue of Public Works Management and Policy, which covers a range of topics related to infrastructure and public policy. The first paper examines corruption in infrastructure development and proposes measures to mitigate it. The second paper focuses on how coastal counties in the southeastern United States are planning for sea level rise, emphasizing the importance of robust risk management. The third paper analyzes New Orleans' Adopt-A-Catch Basin Program and highlights the need for better communication and stakeholder involvement. The fourth paper explores the perceptions of farmers who have experience with automated technology and their implications for autonomous vehicles. The final paper evaluates a congestion management concept for the Capital Beltway in Washington, DC. The issue concludes with a book review. [Extracted from the article]

Conservation planners often rely on heuristic indices when challenged with prioritizing potential projects under a constrained budget. This paper presents a comparative analysis of several prioritization indices (PIs) of culvert fish passage barriers, which can contribute to declines in anadromous fish populations. A federal injunction requires Washington state to restore 90% of habitat blocked by state‐owned culverts by 2030, prompting the development of numerous PIs, by various entities (i.e., counties, cities) within the injunction area. Our comparative analysis of PIs within the injunction Case Area investigates their ability to distinguish between barriers, their transferability in terms of scoring metrics, how scoring weights differ, and the preferences implied thereby. We document the use of six distinct PI methods by 10 entities and find that some PIs used many shared metrics, whereas others used a high percentage of unique metrics that would be difficult to replicate outside the entity's jurisdiction. Although habitat potential, habitat quantity, and connectivity were considered across all PIs, we found a high level of variation in terms of the metric weights. Our methods can be employed in other geographies or for other restoration PI planning efforts, and our results may facilitate the development and refinement of future PIs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the archive of the Washington Female Orphan Asylum, founded in 1815, and places the study of philanthropy in conversation with scholarship on the archive in histories of slavery, colonization, and trauma. It argues, first, that philanthropic and reform institutions such as the asylum were domestic sites of empire and that their archives reveal the reach of statecraft into the intimate lives of women and families. The article explores, second, the role of emotion in archival research, which can highlight an archive's construction and its silences. The relinquishments within the asylum's records provoke emotion; as fragmentary evidence, they testify to trauma and demand the historian's care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pioneering work of Getis and Ord on local spatial statistics has a counterpart in spatial econometrics in treating spatial heterogeneity. This can be approached from a continuous or a discrete perspective. In a discrete perspective, referred to as spatial regimes, the coefficients vary by discrete subregions of the data. Whereas the estimation of spatial regime regressions is well understood, the delineation of the regimes themselves remains a topic of active interest. Generally speaking, two broad classes of methods can be distinguished, one in which the delineation is carried out separately from the coefficient estimation and one where the two are tightly integrated. Tightly integrated approaches are referred to as endogenous spatial regimes. A number of different methods have been suggested in the literature, including finite mixture models, GWR-based methods, and penalized regression. One drawback of regime delineation is that the results do not necessarily satisfy a spatial contiguity constraint, i.e., observations are grouped despite not being spatially connected. In this paper, we outline a heuristic to determine the spatial regimes endogenously, as an extension of the well-known SKATER algorithm for spatially constrained clustering. This guarantees that the resulting regimes consist of contiguous observations. We outline the method and apply it in the context of the determination of housing submarkets, which is represented by rich literature in applied spatial econometrics. We use a well-known Kaggle data set as the empirical example, which contains observations on house sales in King County, Washington. We compare the estimation of a hedonic house price model using the endogenous spatial regimes approach to a range of more traditional methods, including pooled regression, the use of administrative districts, data-driven regimes based on a-spatial and spatial clustering of explanatory variables, and finite mixture regression. We evaluate the results in terms of fit and assess the trade-offs between the spatial and a-spatial approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The NoMA Business Improvement District (BID) is one of Washington DC's fastest developing areas and has one of the city's largest concentrations of unhoused tent camps, many of which are located in underpasses that provide bits of protection and privacy. These underpasses were created during DC's City Beautiful Movement and have been the site of neoliberal antihomeless strategies. In this paper I explore the production of space in the NoMA area and how property owners, business associations, and government actors sanitized public space for wealthy newcomers while excluding poor and unhoused residents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Rocznik Bezpieczeństwa Międzynarodowego is the property of University of Lower Silesia / Dolnoslaska Szkola Wyzsza and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Uniformitarian scientists were surprised to discover channels on Mars like the Channeled Scablands of eastern Washington. Climate models indicate that large-scale Martian floods are impossible. This paper will describe what appear to be flood features on Mars. Three types of channels on Mars are described in this paper: valley networks, outflow channels, and gullies. Like the Solar System's other solid bodies that have not been resurfaced by debris and volcanism, Mars possesses numerous impact craters, some very large, which provide a framework for the planet's history. Secular uniformitarian scientists divide the geologic history of Mars into four main periods which span 4.5 billion years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1925, Silas Sandgreen sent a map to the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C. Instead of ink on paper, Sandgreen's map featured strands of sinew binding painted driftwood islands to an animal hide, articulating the islands Kitsissut and Imerissoq of Disko Bay off the western shore of Kalaallit Nunaat. In the near century since its completion, the map's materials have become indexical of their maker's Indigeneity, functioning as erroneous evidence of "authentic" Inuit cartographic practices. A repeated fetishizing of alterity has divorced the object from its original conditions of creation, obscuring its origins and cultural meanings. This paper seeks to restore the historicity of Silas Sandgreen's map by taking a new approach to its materiality. Taking cue from recent scholarship that frames the map as an artwork, we locate the object at the intersection of various social, political, and environmental ideologies sweeping Kalaallit Nunaat, and Sandgreen's particular home islands, in the 1920s. In order to do so, we restore the maker's biography composed from new findings in Indigenous-language archives, and juxtapose that biography alongside a visual and material analysis of the most prominent media of the map: sealskin and driftwood. By charting these material histories alongside social and ecological ones, we aim to provide a template that advances multiple interdisciplinary methodologies in the nascent field of Arctic art history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past ten years, a growing number of digital projects have emerged within archives, and they have placed a focus on using Linked Data to facilitate connections to be made between music related materials across the World Wide Web. Projects such as Linked Jazz exemplify the possibilities that can be achieved between researchers, digital experts and archivists. Recent developments for Irish traditional music at the Irish Traditional Music Archive (ITMA) in Dublin, Ireland mean that the genre can also now be described using an extensive ontology, LITMUS (Linked Irish Traditional Music). In 2019, we engaged this ontology within a digital project entitled Connections in Sound, exploring the challenges and possibilities for Linked Data based on audio collections of Irish traditional music from the American Folklife Center (AFC) at the Library of Congress in Washington DC. The project adapted an experimental approach to enriching metadata from audio materials of Irish traditional music, song and dance at the AFC by creating and working with proof-of-concept resources. Using the project entitled Connections in Sound as a case study, this paper will demonstrate the challenges, opportunities and particularities related to engaging a range of fieldwork and transcribed metadata as Linked Data. This paper suggests that the work of experimenting with certain types of non-commercial digital audio material for use in datasets and digital infrastructures informs ways to represent diversity of musical traditions in the archive and across the World Wide Web. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to develop statistical modeling for air-conditioning analysis in Jakarta, Indonesia, during an emergency state of community activity restrictions enforcement (Emergency CARE), using a variety of parameters such as PM10, PM2.5, SO2, CO, O3, and NO2 from five IoT-based air monitoring systems. The parameters mentioned above are critical for assessing the air quality conditions and concentration of air pollutants. Outdoor air pollution concentration variations before and after the Emergency CARE, which was held in Indonesia during the COVID-19 pandemic on July 3-21, 2021, were studied. An air quality monitoring system based on the IoT generates sensor data that is collected from a government-integrated data portal, and that can be analyzed statistically. There are two main types of ANOVA (Analysis of Variance): one-way (or unidirectional) and two-way, which are applied to the collected sensor data and hypotheses calculated using ANOVA. ANOVA one-way was found to be more effective for analyzing air quality condition data. During emergency CARE, the average concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, and O3 from the air quality monitoring system show values that have exceeded the standard Air Quality Index (AQI), while the concentrations of CO, NO2, and SO2 are still below the applicable AQI values. It stated that air pollution in Jakarta worsened during the implementation of Emergency CARE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drug overdose claimed more than 100,000 lives in the United States in 2021. Drug‐induced homicide (DIH) laws create specific criminal liability for individuals who provide drugs that cause or contribute to the death of another person. DIH prosecutions in the United States have increased substantially over the past decade despite the absence of meaningful evidence of their individual‐ or community‐level impacts. Recently, Lee et al. analyzed the impact of DIH laws on county‐level opioid overdose mortality across 92 counties in 10 states and concluded that DIH laws are associated with significant reductions in rates of opioid overdose death. In this commentary, we present evidence demonstrating that the Lee et al. study is fundamentally flawed. Specifically, the legal data used by Lee et al. to define their treatment condition (the presence or absence of a state‐level DIH law) is incorrect in almost every aspect. We also describe significant methodological weaknesses, including flawed sampling strategies that resulted in a biased sample of county overdose rates as well as flawed modeling strategies that cannot effectively evaluate the hypothesis that DIH laws negatively impact opioid overdose mortality. More research on the individual‐ and community‐level impacts of DIH laws is needed. In the meantime, we advise policymakers to strengthen state 911 Good Samaritan laws, as DIH laws appear to erode the efficacy of this proven overdose‐prevention strategy. Key points: Drug‐induced homicide laws create specific criminal liability for individuals who provide drugs that cause or contribute to the death of another person and are increasingly used in the United States despite little evidence of their impact on overdose and other harms.This paper critically evaluates a recent paper that analyzed the impact of these laws on county‐level opioid overdose mortality across 92 counties in 10 US states, concluding that these laws are associated with reduced opioid overdose deaths.We present evidence demonstrating that the previous paper is fundamentally flawed, detailing serious errors in the underlying legal research as well as significant methodological weaknesses that render the results of the paper unreliable.Reliable research on the impact of these laws is urgently needed. In the meantime, policymakers are urged to implement policies with robust evidence demonstrating their overdose‐prevention impacts: medications for opioid use disorder, naloxone access, and syringe services programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1964 the American Institute of Architects (AIA) launched a competition to redevelop its headquarters at the Octagon Building (1801) in Washington, DC. The Kennedy Administration had recently reset the direction of Federal architecture and committed to new legislation to protect the historic environment. But while the government embraced architectural modernism in this period there was uncertainty about how architects should relate new buildings to existing cities. This paper examines the competition-winning entry by Mitchell/Giurgola and the design review process that unfolded in its wake. Doing so reveals competing aspirations for the site and professional disagreement about how new and old buildings should be related in such situations. The paper argues, however, that forces beyond architecture, notably urban land value and the responsibilities of the profession to its members, crucially shaped the outcome, depriving Washington, DC of an exemplar for how contemporary architecture could engage with valued existing buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why do intelligence estimates sometimes fail to prepare policymakers for change? Some explanations suggest the fault lies with insufficient data collection, weak analysis, or unreceptive audiences. But while more data and better analysis would always be welcome, they may not materially reduce uncertainty; and explanations centering on the intelligence-policymaker relationship offer no systematic critique of the orthodoxy that keeps intelligence and policymakers at arm's length. This paper argues that some cases of estimative failure – including the case of the 1979 Iranian revolution – are the result of a flawed orthodoxy of intelligence-policymaker relations, which overlooks the policymaker's actual and potential impact on the target. In contrast, this paper introduces the concept of "the view from somewhere", which places the customer's policy and preferences at the center of the intelligence problem. In the Iran case, estimates adopting the view from somewhere could have warned Washington of critical decision points while it still had leverage to act, explained how US policy had inadvertently shaped the Shah's ineffectual response to unrest, and assessed opportunities for effective policy alternatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research conducted multiple levels of laboratory tests and analytical studies and designed an innovative joint to resist joint cracking on the longitudinal joint between box girders. The joint design was165 mm (6.5 in.) wide and filled with shrinkage-compensating concrete and reinforced with transverse steel bars. Although the previous laboratory test and analytical simulation results indicated that the joint showed superior performance when resisting the joint early-age cracking and maintained the integrity of the bridge superstructure, its performance on a real onsite bridge was not evaluated. This paper documented the field evaluation of this new design on a single span box beam bridge. A bridge in Washington County, Iowa was selected to deploy the joint. To evaluate the performance of this first implementation, a 7-day field monitoring campaign was conducted during the early-age of the joint material. In addition, a live load field test and two bridge inspections at 6-month intervals were performed. During the field tests and monitoring work, temperature, strain, and displacement data were collected at critical locations and analyzed to evaluate the joint functionality on cracking resistance and load distribution. The visual inspections were conducted and focused on the condition and performance of the joint with a specific interest in the development of any cracking. The results indicated that this new joint was well suited to resist early-age joint longitudinal cracking, which is common in other joint designs. The joint was efficient in load distribution and the bridge superstructure behaved as an integral structure when the live load was placed. In addition, with an integral abutment, the construction of the abutment affected the strain distribution in the joint near the joint ends. This effect tended to provide compression in the transverse direction and reduced the potential of joint cracking. This paper documents the field evaluation of the new design of a longitudinal joint between concrete box beams on a bridge in Washington County, Iowa. The joint was 165 mm (6.5 in.) wide and filled with shrinkage-compensating concrete and reinforced by transverse steel bars. The results indicated that this new joint was well suited to resist early-age joint longitudinal cracking, which is common in other joint designs. The joint was efficient for load distribution. The bridge superstructure behaved as an integral structure when the live load was placed. In addition, with an integral abutment, the construction of the abutment affected the strain distribution in the joint near the joint ends. This effect tended to provide compression in the transverse direction and reduced the potential of joint cracking. This design is recommended to be used in concrete box beam bridges to prevent longitudinal joint cracking and reduce the potential of bridge superstructure deterioration, especially in rural regions. Further research is recommended to deploy the design on a bridge with a higher traffic volume to investigate the performance of the joint under larger traffic loads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bike-sharing is a popular component of sustainable urban mobility. It requires anticipatory planning, e.g. of station locations and inventory, to balance expected demand and capacity. However, external factors such as extreme weather or glitches in public transport, can cause demand to deviate from baseline levels. Identifying such outliers keeps historic data reliable and improves forecasts. In this paper we show how outliers can be identified by clustering stations and applying a functional depth analysis. We apply our analysis techniques to the Washington D.C. Capital Bikeshare data set as the running example throughout the paper, but our methodology is general by design. Furthermore, we offer an array of meaningful visualisations to communicate findings and highlight patterns in demand. Last but not least, we formulate managerial recommendations on how to use both the demand forecast and the identified outliers in the bike-sharing planning process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyperspectral images (HSIs) contain notable information of land objects by acquiring an immense set of narrow and contiguous spectral bands. Feature extraction (FE) and feature selection (FS) as dimensionality (band) reduction strategies are performed to enhance the classification result of HSI. Principal component analysis (PCA) is frequently exploited for the FE of HSI. However, it often possesses the inability to extract local and subtle HSI structures. As such, segmented-PCA (SPCA), spectrally segmented-PCA (SSPCA) and folded-PCA (FPCA) are presented for local and useful FE from the HSI. In this paper, we propose two FE methods called segmented-FPCA (SFPCA) and spectrally segmented-FPCA (SSFPCA). SFPCA exploits SPCA and FPCA while SSFPCA exploits SSPCA and FPCA together. In particular, SFPCA and SSFPCA apply FPCA on highly correlated and spectrally grouped HSI bands, respectively. We consider nonlinear methods Kernel-PCA (KPCA) and Kernel entropy component analysis (KECA) for extended comparison. For the experimented agricultural Indian Pine and urban Washington DC Mall HSIs, the results manifest that SFPCA (95.6262% for the agricultural HSI and 97.4782% for the urban HSI) and SSFPCA (96.3221% for the agricultural HSI and 98.0116% for the urban HSI) outperform the conventional methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Student-staffed behavioral health clinics may increase low-cost access to mental health services, but there is a need to assess these models. This retrospective study evaluates the effect of a community-based, nonprofit, and student-staffed mental health program on adult clients' depression, anxiety, and global distress to determine if this program model improves outcomes. Method: Historical, de-identified client demographic and Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) data (n = 627) was evaluated using paired sample t -tests to determine the effectiveness of treatment from graduate students working at a community mental health clinic. Results: As clients progressed in therapy, their depression, anxiety, and overall global severity index significantly improved. Over the course of treatment, there was an 18% decrease in the number of clients presenting with clinically relevant scores. Discussion: It is recommended that community-based student-staffed behavioral health clinics be considered as they have the potential to provide effective, low-cost services for many in need. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recently revised NAEYC position papers and the fourth edition of NAEYC's Developmentally Appropriate Guidelines (NAEYC. 2022. Developmentally Appropriate Practice in Early Childhood Programs: ServingChildren from Birth Through Age 8, edited by S. Friedman, 4th ed. Washington: National Association for the Education of Young Children) focus on children's strengths and diversity, and the need for equitable opportunities in early childhood programmes. We applaud these recent shifts. Yet previous ideas of risk, abnormality and inappropriateness are still embedded in the document, with still hidden, and negative, consequences for children, their families and communities, and for the educators and programmes that serve them. Drawing on critiques of developmentalism, the ideas of postdevelopmentalism and the framework of governmentality, we engage in a dialogue between an early career teacher educator and long-time advocate for DAP change and explore the control DAP has over early childhood education programmes. Despite claims that the fourth edition is too 'woke', we challenge educators and organisations in the USA (and elsewhere) to move away from the past and current approaches that still focus on children as innocent and in need of protection, as well as normal (and therefore, abnormal) childhood(s) – and to open up towards an education that is more fluid, one that focuses on children's diverse strengths, unimagined interests and as-yet-unknown possibilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a first-hand account of the 1982 Arecibo observations that led to the discovery of PSR B1937+21, the first-known millisecond pulsar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surrounding the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906, government chemist Harvey Washington Wiley and the Bureau of Chemistry at the Department of Agriculture conducted experiments in Washington, D.C., on food adulteration. Contributing to new urban histories of science and focusing on how Wiley saw adulteration as an urban conundrum, this article shows how D.C.'s longstanding status as a "model city" allowed Wiley and the Bureau to use the city, somewhat paradoxically, as both a laboratory for studying toxic urbanity and as a representation of a healthy urban ideal. As D.C.'s population grew dramatically at the turn of the century, Wiley's science mirrored the unease he associated with urban growth, deception, and food adulteration. Wiley promoted an ethic of authenticity as part of an antimodernist or nostalgic modernist science that sought to quell the epidemic of deception that ravaged food production, science, and the American city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world's coastlines are changing, partly the result of population growth and shoreline development (e.g., infrastructure). Coastal landscape changes are reflected and experienced at the local scale, where landscape modifications and their impacts take place. Island County, Washington (U.S.) is experiencing such changes. Island County's 349 kilometres of coastline are being impacted by the growing threat of coastal infrastructure, which hardens the shoreline and negatively impacts natural nearshore processes and habitats. Coastal changes also impact communities and their connections to the landscape. Through a community geography approach, this paper examines Island County residents' coastal sense of place. Respondents overall have a strong coastal sense of place, including shared place meanings. This strong sense of place is associated with shoreline visit frequency and feelings about change. The paper's findings demonstrate how residents feel and connect to the coastline, and why such local insights matter to coastal planning and recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic governance typically deploys policy frameworks linked to a model of the economy, but how a policy model is established and changes are questions that continue to puzzle analysts. The authority of the neoliberal model has been explained by the durability of the policy ecology of professional economists and policymakers, but this paper shows that a wider lens on agents and a longer time horizon reveals the emergence of an alternative policy model since the Great Recession that has influenced the new administration in Washington. This paper adapts arguments from the sociology of fields and movements and from pragmatist theories of action to show how the institutional redoubts of policymaking can be breached. Individuals and groups that institutions frame as passive takers of rules and fillers of roles in fact innovate in their daily lives. Social justice organizations have mobilized this dispersed mundane resource to expand the scope for action, but it required time for social learning and organizational innovation. Since 2009, social justice organizations and allies among unions, think tanks, and foundations have coalesced to win employment policy reforms by state and local governments. Their alternative narrative of an equitable economy has been increasingly adopted by Washington policy experts and the Biden Democratic Party. A key to whether the new configuration engineers a change in the national neoliberal model is the degree to which the new Democratic administration's decisions are oriented by the equitable growth model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A novel combined interval prediction algorithm is proposed in this paper. • Hybrid feature selection strategy is designed in the proposed system. • Multi-objective optimization mechanism reflects strong search capabilities. • Four interval prediction models cover the inherent modes of sequence. Traditional point prediction approaches can not reflect the uncertainty, which brings greater risks to decision-makers. To fill this gap, this paper extends a feature selection strategy that relies solely on correlation and redundant feature judgment, proposes a novel combined interval prediction algorithm, 3-Mcip (Combined Interval Prediction Based on Maximize Relevancy, Minimize Redundancy and Maximize Synergy) system, and solves the tradeoff between prediction accuracy and interval width. This system first designs a hybrid feature selection strategy to optimally select candidate variables and reduce model input redundancy. Secondly, the structure of the four ANN models is improved to accommodate the results of feature selection, and an optimization mechanism is introduced to search for the Pareto optimal solution set. In order to measure the comprehensive performance of the 3-Mcip system, hourly power load data and related candidate variables from Pittsburgh and Washington, D.C are considered. The numerical results show that the 3-Mcip system has coverage rates of 53.3333, 90.1667, and 99.4479 for Site 1 at different levels of interval width coefficients, which not only achieves perfect prediction of power load but also analyzes uncertainty. It is also helpful for power system managers to better capture the fluctuation range of future load and improve the flexibility of smart grid dispatching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-cost, long-term measures of air pollution concentrations are often needed for epidemiological studies and policy analyses of household air pollution. The Washington passive sampler (WPS), an ultra-low-cost method for measuring the long-term average levels of light-absorbing carbon (LAC) air pollution, uses digital images to measure the changes in the reflectance of a passively exposed paper filter. A prior publication on WPS reported high precision and reproducibility. Here, we deployed three methods to each of 10 households in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia: one PurpleAir for PM2.5; two ultrasonic personal aerosol samplers (UPAS) with quartz filters for the thermal-optical analysis of elemental carbon (EC); and two WPS for LAC. We compared multiple rounds of 4-week-average measurements. The analyses calibrating the LAC to the elemental carbon measurement suggest that 1 µg of EC/m3 corresponds to 62 PI/month (R2 = 0.83). The EC-LAC calibration curve indicates an accuracy (root-mean-square error) of 3.1 µg of EC/m3, or ~21% of the average elemental carbon concentration. The RMSE values observed here for the WPS are comparable to the reported accuracy levels for other methods, including reference methods. Based on the precision and accuracy results shown here, as well as the increased simplicity of deployment, the WPS may merit further consideration for studying air quality in homes that use solid fuels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the United States, state-funded preschool is a critical component of both K-12 public education and the early childhood education and care system. In 2021, 44 states and the District of Columbia operated 63 school/center-based preschool programs serving over 1.3 million children. The vast majority of state-funded preschool programs require two adults in each classroom: typically, a lead teacher and an assistant teacher, with an expectation for team teaching. This paper examines the trends and variations in state policies that address the qualifications requirements, compensation, and professional development supports for preschool lead and assistant teachers in state-funded preschool programs that provide a foundation for supporting a culture of collective success and potential quality of the classroom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A compressible cavitation model is developed in this paper, in which the bubble wall velocity is obtained by solving the compressible Rayleigh–Plesset (R–P) equation. Additionally, vapor compressibility is also included during evaporation/condensation to correct the phase change rate. The predicted results around a National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) 66 (mod) hydrofoil are compared with the available experimental data, and a satisfied agreement is obtained. By (mod), we mean the NACA 66 hydrofoil modified by Brockett ["Minimum pressure envelopes for modified NACA-66 sections with NACA a = 0.8 camber and BuShips type I and type II sections," Technical Report No. 1780 (David Taylor Model Basin Washington DC Hydromechanics Lab, 1966)] and Valentine ["The effect of nose radius on the cavitation-inception characteristics of two-dimensional hydrofoils," Technical Report No. 3813 (Naval Ship Research and Development Center, 1974)]. Several crucial flow properties, e.g., fluid compressibility, cavitation evolution features, and pressure statistical characteristics, are studied in detail. The results suggest that the developed compressible cavitation model is better suited for predicting the collapse behavior of cavitation. Moreover, our work captures the liquid re-entrant jet and bubbly shock waves well and reveals that these two mechanisms jointly dominate the cavity shedding dynamics. Shock-induced pressure pulses play a more important role in flow features, with a maximum amplitude exceeding 200 kPa, significantly larger than the pressure pulse caused by liquid re-entrant jets. Finally, the statistical analysis indicates that the pulsating pressure presents non-Gaussian nature with positive skewness, and shock waves exhibit high-frequency and high-energy characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hyperspectral image (HSI) super-resolution reconstruction has attracted much attention and been used widely in various study fields due to its low requirements on hardware in practice. However, most of the hyperspectral image super-resolution reconstruction studies apply one strategy for images with varying complexity of spatial information. This is not conducive to the improvement of Image processing efficiency and the extraction of complex details. Given the above, a new method named MSDESR (multilevel streams and detail enhancement) is proposed to reconstruct HSI by using partition reconstruction and detail enhancement. The MSDESR consists of a sub-map shunt block, a high-low-frequency information extraction with detail enhancement block, and a partition image reconstruction block. Firstly, the sub-map shunt block is designed to pre-classify hyperspectral images. The images are divided into complex and simple parts according to the spatial information distribution of the reconstructed sub-map. Secondly, the multiscale Retinex with detail enhancement algorithm is constructed to purify high-frequency noise-contaminated and enhance the image details by separating the samples into high- and low-frequency information. Finally, branching networks of different complexities are designed to reconstruct the images with high credibility and clear content. In this paper, datasets of QUST-1, Pavia University, Chikusei, the Washington DC Mal and XiongAn are applied in the experiments. The results show that MSDESR outperforms state-of-the-art CNN-based methods in terms of quantitative metrics, visual quality, and computational effort, with a 4.18% and 9.35% improvement in SRE and MPSNR metrics, and a 37% saving in FLOPs. Overall, the MSDESR performs well in hyperspectral image super-resolution reconstruction, which is time saving and preserves the details of spatial information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The recent availability of affordable Artificial Intelligence (AI) for auditing has enabled small audit firms to experiment with this disruptive innovation. This paper goes beyond the literature's traditional focus on the Big Four accounting firms, to present two studies that explored ethical professional judgments in the use of AI in this new organizational context, crucial for the global economy. Study 1 was a qualitative investigation of a small audit firm near Washington DC, one of the earliest adopters of MindBridge Ai Auditor, the world's first off-the-self, affordable AI-powered auditing platform. Drawing from Study 1 insights, we developed a two-part scenario that was used for a survey in Study 2, a quantitative investigation involving sixty-eight accounting professionals and 176 students. The findings from both studies have relevant theoretical and practical implications for how AI may impact professionalism / commercialism tensions in small audit firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As we approach the 50th anniversary in 2024 of first Information Industry Association president Paul Zurkowski's 30-page information literacy founding report to the U.S. Commission on Libraries and Information Science, Washington, DC USA where he publicly identified, named and defined information literacy (IL, InfoLit), it is important to reflect on the roots, development and future of IL. Reflections are based on 11+ years learning, working and traveling with Mr. Zurkowski until his passing in January of 2022. Mr. Zurkowski's "Report to the Commission" "The Information Service Environment Relationships and Priorities" that launched IL in 1974 at the dawn of the Information Age as part of the National Program for Library and Information Services designated as "Related Paper Number 5", is even more relevant today and will be presented and explored including his quotes on democracy, active citizenship, and libraries in context of IL. Lastly, the key events that led to starting an international professional nonprofit educational public charity association to represent IL professionals worldwide, the growing international IL community and how to increase critical thinking through IL, the Universal Information Literacies Association (UiLA), will also be presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates several views along the George Washington Memorial Parkway, which runs along the Potomac River between Washington, DC, and George Washington's home, Mount Vernon. It focuses on the role these views have had in transforming the banks of the Potomac into a landscape, and it compares them to a set of landscape paintings that reveal complexities in the ideology of landscape. These dimensions of landscape ideology are used to interpret the parkway as a landscape, a projection of certain values on the land. The paper concludes with a discussion of the values of this approach for the stewardship of visual resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces an enhancement of the protection and operation of the Future Renewable Electric Energy Delivery and Management (FREEDM) system. It uses the solid-state transformers to connect the residential A.C. and D.C. microgrids to the distribution system and fault isolation devices for faulty line isolation. In this paper, a current differential protection scheme has been proposed to detect faults in the FREEDM-based microgrid network. This method is based on the current measurement at the two-line terminals using phasor measurement units to ensure data synchronization and minimize the measuring error. Also, a communication scheme that is based on the Internet of things technology and Wi-Fi is constructed for data monitoring and interlinking between the relays, transducers, and the fault isolation devices in the two-terminals lines. A hypothetical FREEDM system has been used for the verification and testing of the proposed method. Different fault types at different locations and fault resistances have been applied to prove the effectiveness of the proposed protection method in detecting the fault condition. The performance of the proposed method is investigated using the security, dependability, and accuracy indices. A prototype of the FREEDM system is designed, implemented, and tested using the Proteus software simulator and in the laboratory. The results prove the efficiency of the proposed protection method in detecting and isolating the fault conditions in a fast, reliable, and accurate manner. Moreover, the protection scheme achieved high accuracy for all faults, equal to 98.825%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]