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The c. 66 Ma Girnar Complex of the Deccan Traps consists of various mafic to silicic rocks and provides a unique setting for understanding the dynamics of magma chamber processes. The intrusive alkaline rocks in Girnar are diorites/monzodiorites and contain syenite/nepheline syenite veins. Several (alkaline) mafic dykes cut the alkaline rocks. These rocks are surrounded by intrusive tholeiitic gabbro and extrusive basaltic flows and a silicic (SiO2 > 65 wt%) ring dyke at the outer margin of the complex. The tholeiitic gabbro and basaltic lavas have relatively flat light rare earth element (REE) patterns (La/SmN ~ 0.8 to 1.8) with positive Eu anomalies of 1.1–1.3. The tholeiitic basalts formed by 3–5% partial melting of an incompatible element depleted mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB)-like source. Accumulating c. 20–30% of (olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, and plagioclase) crystals from the tholeiitic melt generated the tholeiitic gabbro. The alkaline rocks display enriched light REE patterns (La/SmN ~ 5.0 to 7.8) consistent with (~9%) partial melting of a spinel lherzolite source, different from the MORB-like source for tholeiitic rocks. The subsequent 58–72% fractional crystallization of olivine, clinopyroxene, plagioclase, orthoclase, spinel, and apatite mineral assemblage formed the alkaline rocks. Reverse and oscillatory zoning in plagioclase (An30 to An50) phenocrysts of the silicic rocks suggest that convective movement of crystals in a magma chamber led to initial crystallization of high-An plagioclase in the hotter zone of the magma chamber, followed by addition of low-An plagioclase in cooler regions of the magma chamber. Pressure estimates from shattered (xenocryst or antecryst) clinopyroxene crystals in silicic rocks give a minimum value of 450 MPa. Ti-in-quartz geothermometry gives a crystallization temperature between 690°C and 1080°C. The distinct isotopic composition of the silicic rocks (87Sr/86Sri = 0.7204–0.7275, εNd(i) = −6.8 to −7.3, 206Pb/204Pbi = 18.74–19.02, 207Pb/204Pbi = 15.76–15.79, 208Pb/204Pbi = 39.63–40.03, εHf(i) = −6.0 to −7.3) further indicates that the silicic rocks assimilated 7 to 9% granitic basement rocks. Overall, therefore, the Girnar Complex started to form with the emplacement of mafic rocks (both alkaline and tholeiitic) in the central part along a reactivated fault lineament and silicic rocks along the concentric marginal fault. Petrography, mineral chemistry, and whole-rock geochemical and Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf isotope ratios of the Girnar Complex rocks indicate that despite the close spatial association of tholeiitic gabbro and basalt, alkaline rocks, and silicic rocks, these rocks originated from multiple sources and evolved in a complex magma drainage and storage network in a continental setting of the Deccan Large Igneous Province (LIP). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we identified and characterize a plant pathogenic isolate, collected from naturally infested bean (Phaseolus vulgaris var. Anupama) seedlings presenting root rot symptoms from an agricultural land of the Prayagraj district, Uttar Pradesh, India. Based on morphological features, growth characteristics and the ITS sequencing‐based molecular data, the isolate was assumed very closed to the species of the Pythium genera. However, ITS sequencing data and the BLAST results for gene annotation clustered the identified isolate more closely to the Pythium catenulatum (p‐value e‐value), and therefore, confirmed as P. catenulatum. The pathogenicity assay confirmed the role of the isolate as a root rot causing pathogen. Furthermore, the isolate was tested for its growth under in‐vitro conditions against several environmental parameters including temperature, pH, salt, drought and metals. The Biolog FF MicroPlate method assessed the carbon utilization profile and reported the ability of the isolate in utilizing both carbohydrates and amino acids as a primary energy source. Moreover, in‐vitro colony growth inhibition assay performed with different agrochemicals (fungicides and insecticides) and the dyes determined their efficacy in suppressing the growth and development of the isolated pathogen. The dual culture assay of the isolate along with several fungal and bacterial strains confirmed the antagonistic potential of some tested microbes in delimiting the growth of the pathogen. Overall, the study provides a new sustainable, effective and eco‐friendly solution for controlling the root rot pathogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of hydrologic modeling of a watershed is to gain valuable information about the processes occurring within watershed. With increasing temperature of the earth atmosphere, the snow fed mountainous river basins are going to get impacted severely. Lack of adequate weather station limits the scope of researches in these mountainous basins which are critical source of water resource for the country. However, improvement of satellite-based weather products has been able to nullify this barrier to great extent. In this study, a semi distributed hydrologic model of Upper Alaknanda river basin has been developed using gridded meteorological input data sourced from India Meteorological Department (IMD), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Power, and The SWAT (Soil and water Assessment Tool) model. The calibration and validation of the model reflected satisfactory performance with the validation period (2013-2017) showing better match between simulated and observed flow than calibration period (2005-2012). The values of Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency, coefficient of determination, and Percent of bias for calibration period are 0.65, 0.67, and 14% respectively. Adoption of semi distributed approach for modeling enables to analyze the basin while preserving the heterogeneous nature of the basin. The spatiotemporal evaluation of snowmelt reveals that highest snowmelt was generated during month of April which also causes highest snowmelt contribution to runoff for April (59.76 %). The outcomes of this study reveals that satellite-based meteorological product can be adopted satisfactorily with SWAT model for estimation of snowmelt in upper Himalayan regions which gives a new direction of research in SWAT diaspora., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

We collected data from 89 international counselling students across the U.S. to test the role of counselling-related coursework, clinical experience, anxiety, and acculturation in predicting counselling self-efficacy among the students. Results from participants representing 34 countries across five continents revealed that counselling-related coursework, clinical experience, and acculturation significantly predicted counselling self-efficacy while anxiety was a nonsignificant predictor. Results are discussed, and implications for international counselling students, counsellor educators, and counselling supervisors are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A proper understanding of soil parameters under different production systems of the world is necessary for efficient soil management. We, therefore, carried out the present study to assess the status of some selected soil properties (soil pH and electrical conductivity (EC)), phyto-available nutrients (available nitrogen (AN), available potassium (AK), exchangeable calcium (Ex. Ca), exchangeable magnesium (Ex. Mg), available sulfur (AS), and soil organic carbon (SOC) pools (SOC, total organic carbon (TOC), very labile C, labile C, less labile C, and non-labile C) and to establish relationships among the measured soil parameters at different depths of Vertisols of India under various land uses. A total of 150 composite soil samples (from 25 plots including nine from agricultural land, nine from horticultural land, three from forest land, and four from grassland) were collected from 6 soil depths viz, 0-10, 10-20, 20-40, 40-60, 60-80, and 80-100 cm under agriculture, horticulture, forest, and grassland land uses present in Central India and analyzed. The values of soil pH, EC, AN, AK, Ex. Ca, Ex. Mg, and AS in various soil depths under different land uses varied widely. The values of SOC (0.19 to 1.00%), TOC (0.58 to 2.42%), very labile C (0.14 to 0.83%), labile C (0.05 to 0.25%), less labile C (0.05 to 0.26%) and non-labile C (0.23 to 1.42%) in various soil depths under different land uses also varied significantly. Forest and grassland land uses had higher levels of SOC, TOC, very labile, and non-labile C content in all the soil depths in comparison to SOC, TOC, very labile, and non-labile C content in different soil depths under agriculture and horticulture land use. The levels of SOC, TOC, very labile, and non-labile C content under all the land uses decreased with increasing soil depths. SOC was positively and significantly correlated with AN, AK, AS, and estimated SOC pools in surface soil layers. Principal component analysis (PCA) of soil parameters in different soil depths resulted in 5 principal components (PCs) with > 1 eigenvalue and accounting for > 75% variability. This information could be used for managing SOC status and phyto-available nutrients in Vertisols under different land uses., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

A new carbonatite body has been discovered from Gundlupet area, western Dharwar craton, southern India which is located at juncture of major shear zones namely, Kollegal shear zone to the east, Sargur shear zone to the west and Moyar shear zone to the south. The carbonatite and associated syenite have intruded into the peninsular gneissic complex. The southern margin of the syenite has a tectonic contact with the peninsular gneissic complex suggesting their emplacement is related to the splay shear of Moyar shear zone. The Gundlupet carbonatite is dominantly sövite with minor beforsite and iron rich carbonatite which are associated with phenocrystic magnetite, apatite, amphibole, pyroxene and monazite. Fenitisation is observed in local scale along the contact of carbonatite and syenite where metasomatic alterations took place to give rise to alkali amphibole and pyroxene rich rock. Geochemically, the carbonatite is characterised by high CaO content (48.86%–51.80%), P2O5 (0.35%–3.23%) and low SiO2 (3.09%–5.30%). The high Sr (5750–13445 ppm) content and low Ni, Cr, Zn and Cu content indicates that the melt has undergone some degree of fractionation before crystallization. Gundlupet carbonatite is enriched in LREE with values ranging from 5666 ppm to 7530 ppm and average LREE of 6248 ppm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]