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Introduction Hospitalization is associated with acute changes in sarcopenia status in older people, but the influencing factors are not fully understood. Pre-admission care dependency level as a risk factor has not yet been investigated. Objective Evaluate if pre-admission care dependency level is an independent predictor of sarcopenia changes following hospitalization. Setting and subjects Data came from the Sarcopenia 9+ EAMA Project, a European prospective multi-centre study. For this study, 227 hospitalised older people were included from four different hospitals in Belgium, Spain and Poland, between 18 February 2019 and 5 September 2020. Methods Sarcopenia status at admission and discharge were calculated using a combined score (desirability value) based on muscle mass (calf circumference), strength (grip) and function (walking speed). Ratio of admission to discharge status was the outcome (desirability ratio; 1.00 meaning no difference). Predictor variable was the pre-admission care dependency level, classified into three groups: independent older people living at home, dependent older people living at home and older people living in a care home. Linear regression models were applied, considering potential confounders. Results Mean desirability ratio for dependent older people living at home ('middle dependent group') was lower (0.89) compared to independent older people (0.98; regression coefficient −0.09 [95% CI −0.16, −0.02]) and care home patients (1.05; −0.16 [95% CI −0.01, −0.31]). Adjusting for potential confounders or using another statistical approach did not affect the main results. Conclusion Dependent older people living at home were at higher risk of deterioration in sarcopenia status following hospitalization. In-depth studies investigating causes and potential interventions of these findings are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our study examines how laser dazzling affects human performance, specifically accuracy and reaction times, using a laser dazzling shooting simulator at the Royal Military Academy, Belgium. The research assesses the performance degradation under laser dazzling in a simple, baseline scene, including different target contrasts and the use of laser eye protection. Utilizing a 532 nm green laser for a safe yet effective dazzle, trained shooters' performances were measured and analyzed. The results align strongly with a live shooting trial and correlate with Adrian/CIE visibility levels. Additionally, electrical brain activity data, acquired via electroencephalography (EEG), provided insights into the shooters' mental states. EEG-derived metrics, particularly frontal alpha asymmetry and frontal alpha power, revealed that participants experienced heightened negative and avoidance emotions, coupled with increased cognitive load prior to shooting. These responses returned to baseline levels postshooting. Moreover, distinct cognitive and emotional states were observed in relation to different types of laser eye protection goggles, potentially correlating with variations in shooting performance. These findings pave the way for future research with more advanced simulation scenes and deepen understanding of the effects of laser dazzle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]