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• Bicycle helmet use has increased in Denmark without helmet legislation. • An observational study has monitored helmet use in Denmark since 2004. • From 2004 to 2022, helmet use among all cyclists has increased from 6% to 50% • From 2004 to 2022, helmet use among school children rose from 33% to 79% • Non-legislative means and social processes could have been important factors. Introduction : Using a bicycle helmet reduces the risk of serious head injuries among cyclists substantially. This makes it highly relevant to increase the use of helmets and to measure the prevalence of bicycle helmet use over time and across different groups. Method: Since 2004, the use of bicycle helmets in Denmark has been measured observationally in two nationwide time series: one among cyclists in city traffic across all age groups, and one among cycling school children (aged 6–16) around schools. The observations have been conducted on a regular basis in different parts of the country following the same methodology over the years. Results: Bicycle helmet use among cyclists in city traffic in Denmark has increased from 6% in 2004 to 50% in 2022. Among cycling school children, helmet use has increased from 33% in 2004 to 79% in 2022. Throughout the years, helmet wearing rates have been highest among young children and lowest among young adults. Since 2015, female cyclists in city traffic have had a slightly higher helmet use than male cyclists. Discussion : Several factors might have affected bicycle helmet use in Denmark. One possible factor is a nationwide focus on traffic safety education and behavior change campaigns to encourage helmet wearing. Furthermore, among stakeholders on cycling safety there has been consensus on recommending bicycle helmet use and supporting the promotion of helmets while not recommending or promoting helmet legislation. Finally, more safety-oriented behavior in road traffic in general, and self-reinforcing effects of increased helmet use have plausibly been important factors. Practical Applications : Increasing bicycle helmet use in a country where cycling is popular is possible in the absence of mandatory bicycle helmet legislation. Persistent behavior change campaigning and education, stakeholder consensus, higher levels of road safety-oriented behaviors, and self-reinforcing processes could potentially be important factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Road traffic injuries occurred more than 1.25 million lives each year and have a huge impact on health. According to World Health Organization, in the South East Asian region India is one of the accounted for 73 percent of these Road traffic accidents. Traffic signs and regulations is most essential part for all person. Any person who takes a driving license and deserve to drive a vehicle should have proper knowledge of traffic signs and regulations. If the signs and regulations of traffic are imitating correctly, the becoming accident are very much reduced. Road traffic injuries are currently estimated to be the eight-leading cause of death across all age groups globally, and are predicted to become the seventh leading cause of death by 2030.So, there is a strong need for giving this safety education regarding road traffic signs and regulations. Aims: The current study is aimed to assess the effectiveness of safety education on knowledge, attitude and practice towards road traffic signs and regulations among those who are studying in college. The researcher wants to scrutinize the positivity through the research result to reduce the road traffic accidents. Objective: To assess the pre-test and post-test knowledge, attitude and practice towards road traffic signs and regulations among college students. To compare the pre-test and post-test knowledge, attitude and practice. To find out the association between the knowledge, attitude and practice towards road traffic signs and regulations with their selected demographic variables. Methodology: Design and Setting Quasi Experimental research design was used and Probability (simple random) sampling method was used to drawn samples. Then after tool validation from various subject experts, all questions were given to the students and inform consent form also has been conducted for data collection from the samples. Prior to data collection written setting permission obtain from Principals of various college, for the data collection researcher were selected colleges at Nadiad city. The total sample size was 100 students. The tool consists of following Section A: Socio-demographic variables. Section B: Knowledge questionnaire related to road traffic signs and regulations. Section C: Likert's attitude scale related to road traffic signs and regulations Section D: Practice checklist related to road traffic signs and regulations. Statistical Analysis: used Inferential and Descriptive statistics applied where, data were analyzed by using SPSS software, and Frequency, percentage, tables etc. were used to represent the statistical data in the tables and graph and figure. Paired -t test was used for assess the significant difference between the pre-test and post-test. Chi-square test was used to assess the significant association between the demographic and level of knowledge, attitude and practice towards road traffic signs and regulation among college students. Results: Data reveals that majoritystudents, 41 (41 %) of college students belongs to 18-20 years age group, 33 (33%) belong to 21-23 Years, 26 (26%) belong to 24-26 Years. The most of the samples belongs to the Hindu community 60(60%). The pretest knowledge score of samples was majority 98(98%) in inadequate, 02 (02%) sample had moderate knowledge score. In attitude score, 31(31%) samples had moderate attitude, 64(64%) had favorable attitudeand05(05%) had unfavorable attitude. In the practice score of samples, 48(48%) had average practice, 52(52%) had good practice. After administration of safety education towards road traffic signs and regulations the posttest knowledge score was majority 42(42%) had adequate knowledge, 56 (56%) sample had moderate knowledge. In the attitude score of samples was majority samples had favorable attitude 75(75%), 20(20%) had moderate attitude and in the practice score of samples was most of the samples had good score 80(80 %)and 20(20%) had average practice score. Conclusion: This study reveals that 98(98%) had inadequate knowledge regarding road traffic signs and regulations. After administration of safety education, 42(42%) had gain adequate knowledge regarding road traffic rules. So, this study is very effective tool for increasing knowledge attitude and practice on traffic sign and regulation and reduce the road traffic accidents. Government should also start to give the safety education to the college students for the reduce the chances of road traffic accidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Reviewed 13 studies on road users' engagement in prosocial and altruistic behaviour. • Both personal and contextual factors influenced engagement in prosocial behaviour. • Review provided some support for school-based injury prevention programs. • Outcomes may guide the development of future road safety public education messages. Introduction: Engagement in prosocial and altruistic on-road behaviors is a new area of research with potential safety benefits for road users. This paper systematically reviewed studies on road users' engagement in prosocial and altruistic behaviors to provide guidance regarding the next steps in this area of research, particularly to inform targeted interventions. The objective was to identify the types of on-road prosocial and altruistic behaviors that have been studied, and the factors associated with these behaviors. Road users were defined as drivers, passengers, or vulnerable road users (e.g., pedestrian, motorcyclists, and bicyclists). Method: The database search was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRIMSA) guidelines and was conducted in June 2021. A total of 23,090 articles were identified in four databases including APA PsycINFO, Embase, Web of Science, and the Transportation Research Information Database. Eleven articles (13 studies) published between 2004 and 2021 met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Results: Six studies focused on intervening behaviors, specifically relating to passengers' willingness or intentions to speak up to a driver engaging in unsafe driving behaviors, four studies focused on drivers' yielding behaviors at crosswalks, and one study each focused on altruistic driving behaviors, prosocial driving behavior at long-wait stops, and prosocial behavior towards cyclists. Studies typically examined characteristics of the prosocial road user, including self-esteem, efficacy, and subjective norms, as well as contextual factors, such as other road users' behaviors and on-road messaging. Conclusions: This review highlights specific factors that may predict road users' engagement in prosocial and altruistic on-road behaviors. Practical Applications: The outcomes from this review may be used to guide the development of future road safety public education messages designed to encourage greater participation in prosocial and altruistic on-road behaviors that act to benefit all road users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to develop a public traffic safety awareness questionnaire and explore the factors influencing public traffic safety awareness in China. A questionnaire survey was conducted with 5200 people in Jiaozuo, China, to assess their public traffic safety awareness. Based on 5029 effective samples, the developed public traffic safety awareness scale passed the reliability and validity tests and identified three factors: traffic safety behaviour, traffic safety attitude and traffic accident cognition. The Chinese version of the Traffic Climate Scale (three factors: external affective demand, internal requirements and functionality) and the Ten-Item Personality Inventory in China (five factors: extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability and openness) were also used in the questionnaire. The results of correlation analysis, difference analysis and multiple linear regression analysis show that in terms of individual factors, public traffic safety awareness is significantly related to age, education level, number of children and personality traits, and there are significant differences between genders and across occupations. In terms of environmental factors, public traffic safety awareness is significantly related to traffic safety education, traffic violation records, approval of traffic violations and traffic climate. Internal requirements, external emotional demands, conscientiousness and agreeableness can effectively explain and predict public traffic safety awareness. The research results provide a strong reference to help road traffic safety management departments formulate policies and play a positive role in preventing and reducing traffic accidents and ensuring public safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Risky driving behavior (RDB) can cause panic and anger among other drivers. Under the influence of irrational emotions, RDB can reoccur, resulting in a phenomenon known as risky driving behavior propagation (RDBP). RDBP is a dangerous phenomenon, which can easily lead to traffic conflicts and accidents. It is significant to determine the propagation mechanism of RDBP to road safety. Firstly, RDBP can be considered a type of disease because three essential components of RDBP share similarities with an epidemic. A stochastic SIR model for risky driving behavior propagation (SSIR-RDBP) is constructed to quantify the mechanism of RDBP. Additionally, a Lyapunov function is adopted to prove the existence and uniqueness of the model solution. Secondly, based on current moment risk and cumulative risk, a two-stage risk approach is adopted to quantify the risk of RDBP. The Conditional Value at Risk (CVaR) is used to quantify the current moment risk, and the probability of the Markov state transition matrix is introduced to describe the cumulative risk. Finally, sensitivity analysis of the model parameters is carried out to explore the intrinsic variables of the parameters. The results suggest that the risk of RDBP increases rapidly to its peak value within the first 5 s. As traffic saturation increases, the decline rate of sustainable drivers and the rise rate of recovered individuals grows cubically, and the rate of reaching peak infection increases linearly. Furthermore, the fluctuation range of risk and the maximum risk both increase quadratically. The driver's emotional control ability is strongest when the infection rate is set to 4, and the recovery rate increases linearly with road safety education. Improving the driver's emotional control ability, and increasing awareness of road safety education, can help to control the risk in RDBP. • A stochastic SIR model for risky driving behavior propagation is presented. • Two-stage risk quantification approach based CVaR and Markov chain is proposed. • Relationship between model parameters and traffic measures are analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Working memory capacity and working memory load while driving have a significant effect on driving-related parameters. • Working memory is closely related to self-reported driving outcomes, including tickets, driving accidents et al. • Working memory capacity training and load alerts enhance driving safety. • Working memory is closely related to an automated driver's interface perception, takeover, and roadside signage. In recent years, many studies have used poor cognitive functions to explain risk safety differences among drivers. Working memory is a cognitive function with information storage and attentional control that plays a crucial role in driver information processing. Furthermore, it is inextricably linked to parameters such as driving performance, driving eye movements and driving neurophysiology, which have a significant impact on drivers' risky behavior and crash risk. In particular, crash risk is a serious risk to social safety and economic development. For this reason, it is necessary to understand how risk-related working memory affects driving so that pre-driving safety pre-training programs and in-vehicle safety assistance systems for driving can be developed accordingly, contributing to the development of semi-autonomous vehicles and even autonomous vehicles. In this paper, a systematic search of the literature over the past 23 years resulted in 78 articles that met the eligibility criteria and quality assessment. The results show that higher working memory capacity, as measured neuropsychologically, is associated with more consistent and safer driving-related parameters for drivers (e.g., lane keeping) and may be related to pupil dilation during risk perception while driving, which is associated with driving outcomes (tickets, pull-overs, penalty points and fines,and driving accidents) is closely related to the perceived usefulness of the human–machine interface, reaction time, standard deviation of steering wheel corners, etc. when the autonomous driving takes over. In addition, higher working memory load interference was associated with more inconsistent and unsafe driving-related parameters (including but not limited to eye movements, electrophysiology, etc.), with higher working memory load being associated with easier driver concentration on the road, faster heart rate, lower heart rate variability, and lower oxyhemoglobin (OxyHb) and deoxyhemoglobin (DeoxyHb). Only a limited number of studies have simultaneously investigated the relationship between working memory capacity, working memory load and driving, showing an interaction between working memory capacity and working memory load on lane change initiation and lane change correctness, with working memory capacity acting as a covariate that mediated the effect of working memory load on braking reaction time. In addition, working memory-related cognitive training had a transfer effect on improving driving ability. Overall, working memory capacity determines the upper limit of the number of working memory attention resources, while working memory load occupies part of the working memory attention resources, thus influencing information perception, decision judgment, operational response, and collision avoidance in driving. Future effective interventions for safe driving can be combined with capacity training and load alerting. These findings contribute to our understanding of the role of working memory in driving and provide new insights into the design of driver safety training programs and automated driving personalized in-vehicle safety systems and roadside devices such as signage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Jakarta: In comparison with teenagers, young employed adults perceive that vehicle type and driver behaviour influence on road safety. • Jakarta: In comparison with teenagers, young employed do not realise the importance of safety enforcement and education. • Hanoi: In comparison with teenagers, young and middle-age employed perceive that safety enforcement and infrastructure less likely to have influence on road safety. • Hanoi: In comparison with teenagers, young and middle-age employed do not realise the importance of driver behaviour on road safety. This study investigates drivers' attitudes towards road safety in Jakarta and Hanoi. A comprehensive analysis of two datasets was achieved by multi-faceted analytical approaches of Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA), Cluster analysis (Hierarchical and Two-step) (CA), Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Multinomial Logistic Regression (MLR). MCA and CA were used to segment the drivers based on their sociodemographic characteristics and driving related information where three clusters were identified from each dataset. There were 60+ attitudinal statements in the datasets, therefore dimension reduction process was conducted using PCA. Five Principal Components were generated from each dataset, four of them common to Jakarta and Hanoi ("Safe driving practices and behaviour", "Road safety enforcement and education", "Driver behaviour at signalised junctions", "Road infrastructure and roadside facilities"), the fifth component being unique to each city ("Road infrastructure design issues" for Hanoi and "Type of motorised vehicles" for Jakarta). Finally, MLR was used to investigate how the level of perception on the identified components varied across sociodemographic clusters in each city. Employed young adults in Jakarta perceive that " Driver behaviour at signalised junctions " directly influences road safety compared to teenage and young adults who are in education. The reverse is true for Hanoi. Employed young drivers in both cities are less likely to recognise the importance of " Road safety enforcement and education" compared to teenage and young drivers in education. The study shows that the perception of road safety among drivers varies based on various factors including their sociodemographic traits and driving experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The roadway infrastructure damage (RID) from expressway accidents is analyzed. • A Bayesian random parameters Tobit model is proposed for the analysis of RID. • Vehicle types are found to have heterogeneous effects on the RID. • The proposed model outperforms a fixed parameters Tobit model. This paper presents an empirical analysis of factors contributing to roadway infrastructure damage from expressway accidents, using a Bayesian random parameters Tobit model. The accident data collected from Kaiyang Expressway, China in 2014 and 2015 are used for the empirical analysis. The results of parameter estimation in the proposed model indicate that: the effects of vehicle types are significantly heterogeneous across observations, and that the effects of horizontal curvature, time of day, vehicle registered province, and accident type are also significant but homogeneous across observations. The marginal effects of these contributing factors are calculated to explicitly quantify their impacts on road infrastructure damage. According to the analysis results, some strategies pertaining to safety education, traffic enforcement, roadway design, and intelligence transportation technology are advocated to reduce road infrastructure damage from expressway accidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The aim is to explore the potential gaps in drivers' awareness regarding tunnel safety. • There exist several misconceptions in the knowledge of drivers about tunnel safety. • Drivers often adopt inappropriate habits and behaviors while driving through tunnels. • The tunnel environment also influences drivers' psychological conditions. • The results could be employed for designing adequate safety measures and education. Tunnels have a unique driving environment; thus, a small incident in a tunnel may result in severe consequences and a high probability of secondary crashes. Fortunately, studies have found that adopting safe driving behavior in a tunnel minimizes the severe outcomes of an incident. Therefore, implementing driver-oriented safety policies and conducting public awareness campaigns that emphasize safe behavior when driving through tunnels are essential. However, before devising policies and campaigns on the right issues, it is necessary to understand drivers' current level of knowledge regarding tunnel safety, their habits, behavioral intentions, and psychological condition while driving through tunnels. To achieve this objective, a sample of 841 responses was collected from China using a questionnaire survey consisting of fifty-two items. The results showed that several gaps exist in drivers' knowledge regarding tunnel safety and equipment. Drivers often adopt inappropriate habits and behaviors while driving through tunnels. Also, the tunnel environment has a significant influence on the psychological condition of the drivers. Moreover, drivers' demographic characteristics significantly affect their knowledge, reported habits and behavioral intentions, and psychological condition. The authorities and safety analysts could employ the suggestions highlighted in the present study for improving tunnel safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]