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Context: Coping with high levels of cold stress should be beneficial to survival of lambs, given the high mortality rate associated with severe winter storms. The Elsenburg Merino selection experiment involved divergent selection for reproduction. Phenotypic results comparing the positively selected H-Lines and negatively selected L-Lines suggested that cold-stress adaption could have contributed to the favourable genetic trends for survival of H-Line lambs. However, observing the genetic merit of better adapted animals depends on the presence of cold stress at the time of recording. A genotype by environment component (G × E) could, thus, be important when assessing survival/mortality phenotypes. Aim: This study proposed the genetic analysis of this possible G × E component and compared the H- and L-Lines in this regard. Methods: The sire model allowed the use of progeny phenotypes for neonatal mortality recorded during different levels of cold stress, and the possible G × E could be investigated through the reaction-norm approach. Genetic parameters were evaluated as random regression components by implementing a Gibbs sampling approach. A data set of 5723 individual lamb records was analysed as the progeny of 213 sires. Results: A modelled G × E component played an important role in mortality outcomes, with the mean estimate (and 95% confidence interval) for the slope ( σ s b 2 = 0.113 [ 0.0019 – 0.28 ] AN22464_IE1.gif) only marginally smaller than the corresponding estimate for the intercept ( σ s a 2 = 0.124 [ 0.003 – 0.26 ] AN22464_IE2.gif). The reaction-norm model showed a higher heritability (h 2 ± posterior standard deviation) for mortality at 3 days of age during high cold-stress (0.22 ± 0.16 at ~1100 KJm−2h−1) than during mild (0.13 ± 0.10 at ~960 KJm−2h−1) conditions, suggesting a greater ability to discriminate between sires at increasing stress levels. Conclusions: Failure to account for this G × E component putatively contributes to the low h 2 commonly reported for survival traits. The higher h 2 at increased levels of cold stress could have played an important part in the higher survival of the H-Line progeny, who were better at coping with cold, wet and windy conditions. Implications: Larger studies representing a wider environmental trajectory are recommended. This should be very feasible since cold stress can be derived from commonly available weather-station data. Animals better adapted to cope with cold stress conditions should have higher survival rates, but the merit of these animals would not be visible under mild conditions. Accounting for the level of cold stress in the earliest days after birth allows for new ways to evaluate the genetic merit of survival or mortality traits. Cold-stress adaption is likely to have been an important part of the very favourable survival rate of the Elsenburg Merino H-Line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Genetic evaluation of Australian sheep is conducted for millions of animals for more than 100 traits. Currently, the Australian sheep genetic-analysis software (OVIS) applies a pre-adjustment of phenotype for fixed effects rather than fitting all fixed and random effects jointly in a linear mixed model to estimate breeding values. However, the current correction factors might be outdated and potential interactions among fixed effects not accounted for, which could lead to bias in estimated breeding values (EBVs). Aims: This study aimed to assess whether correction factors used in OVIS for early bodyweights recorded in meat sheep breeds are appropriate, so as to explore whether the pre-adjustment method is still suitable and how this compares with a linear mixed model, and to estimate the significance of interactions between fixed effects. Methods: Correlations between EBVs from different models and regression slopes from forward prediction were calculated, using weaning-weight data on 365 956 White Suffolk and 370 649 Poll Dorset sheep and post-weaning weight data on 292 538 White Suffolk and 303 864 Poll Dorset sheep. Key results: The current OVIS procedure resulted in regression slopes of progeny performance on sire EBVs (averaged over breeds) of 0.37 and 0.35 for weaning and post-weaning weights respectively. Updated pre-adjustment factors improved the regression slopes to 0.40 and 0.38 respectively. Analysis with a linear mixed model produced significantly better regression slopes than did pre-adjustment (0.47 and 0.44 respectively). Further, regression slopes obtained from the linear mixed model with flock by sex by age interaction averaged over breeds were 0.48 for weaning and 0.46 for post-weaning weight respectively, which was a moderate improvement over the current OVIS model. Including a flock by sex by age interaction produced significantly better improvement in Poll Dorset sheep and modest improvement in White Suffolk sheep than did linear mixed model without interaction. Conclusions: Using a linear mixed model with a flock by sex by age interaction significantly improves the utility of estimated breeding values for weaning and post-weaning weight in predicting the performance of future progeny. Implications: To account for systematic environmental effects, a linear mixed model should be used in OVIS to jointly estimate the fixed effects and EBVs. Genetic evaluation of Australian sheep is conducted for millions of animals for more than 100 traits. Prediction of genetic merit of animals includes correcting observed phenotypes for environmental effects to allow fair genetic comparisons among animals, and is conducted by using old sheep data solutions because it was hard to fit these effects in each analysis. In the current scenario with more computing power, fitting all effects together and accounting for flock by sex by age interaction improves the utility of the model in predicting the performance of future progeny for weight traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context. Genotype by environment interaction or sire re-ranking between measurements of methane emission in different environments or from using different measurement protocols can affect the efficiency of selection strategies to abate methane emission. Aim. This study tested the hypothesis that measurements of methane emission from grazing sheep under field conditions, where the feed intake is unknown, are genetically correlated to measurements in a controlled environment where feed intake is known. Methods. Data on emission of methane and carbon dioxide and uptake of oxygen were measured using portable accumulation chambers from 499 animals in a controlled environment in New South Wales and 1382 animals in a grazing environment in Western Australia were analysed. Genetic linkage between both environments was provided by 140 sires with progeny in both environments. Multi-variate animal models were used to estimate genetic parameters for the three gas traits corrected for liveweight. Genetic groups were fitted in the models to account for breed differences. Genetic correlations between the field and controlled environments for the three traits were estimated using bivariate models. Key results. Animals in the controlled environment had higher methane emission compared to the animals in the field environment (37.0 ± s.d 9.3 and 35.3 ± s.d 9.4 for two protocols vs 12.9 ± s.d 5.1 and 14.6 ± s.d 4.8 mL/min for lambs and ewes (±s.d); P < 0.05) but carbon dioxide emission and oxygen uptake did not significantly differ. The heritability estimates for methane emission, carbon dioxide emission and oxygen uptake were 0.15, 0.06 and 0.11 for the controlled environment and 0.17, 0.27 and 0.35 for the field environment. The repeatability for the traits in the controlled environment ranged from 0.51 to 0.59 and from 0.24 to 0.38 in the field environment. Genetic correlations were high (0.85-0.99) but with high standard errors. Conclusion. Methane emission phenotypes measured using portable accumulation chambers in grazing sheep can be used in genetic evaluation to estimate breeding values for genetic improvement of emission related traits. The combined measurement protocol-environment did not lead to re-ranking of sires. Implication. These results suggest that both phenotypes could be used in selection for reduced methane emission in grazing sheep. However, this needs to be consolidated using a larger number of animals and sires with larger progeny groups in different environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]