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Cooperative Vehicular Platooning (Co-VP) is a prime example of Cooperative Cyber-Physical Systems (Co-CPS), offering great potential for enhancing road safety by reducing human involvement in driving. However, this domain presents significant challenges, incorporating control theory, communications, vehicle dynamics, security, and traffic engineering. This survey explores recent advancements in Co-VP, covering control strategies, communication infrastructures, and cybersecurity. It also examines testing and validation methods, such as simulation tools, hardware-in-the-loop setups, and vehicular testbeds. Lastly, it outlines open challenges within the Co-VP field. This comprehensive overview serves as a guide for further developments in this complex and critical area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Level 3 automated driving systems could introduce challenges to traffic systems as they require a specific lead time in their procedures to ensure the safe return of vehicle control to the driver. These processes, called 'transitions of control', may particularly pose complications in accelerating traffic flows when regulations mandate control transitions due to an operational speed limitation of 60 km/h as established in recent certification processes based on UNECE regulations from 2021. To investigate these concerns, we conducted a comprehensive simulation study to examine potential safety implications arising from control transitions within mixed-autonomy traffic. The simulation results indicate adverse safety impacts due to increased safety-relevant interactions between vehicles caused by transitions of control in dynamic traffic flow conditions. Our findings also reveal that those effects could become stronger once string unstable ACC controllers are deployed as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data mining techniques, specifically spatial clustering methods, are used to analyse crash data and find their spatial patterns. In the present study, a grid and density-based clustering algorithm called GriDBSCAN was utilised for injury crash data. Other clustering methods such as nearest neighbour hierarchical and kernel density estimation were also applied to validate the results of the GriDBSCAN algorithm. Crash points recorded for Gebze and Izmit (in Turkey) were clustered through these methods. The findings revealed that GriDBSCAN had the highest value for hit rate. In addition, the GriDBSCAN algorithm placed data points into a grid mesh to decrease the runtime and could estimate the clusters with a higher accuracy due to the recognition of the noise points. Furthermore, the proposed approach allowed the detection of unique crash factors for both cities. The factors contributing to injury crashes in both cities included collision and junction types, along with speed limit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monocycles have become a means of micromobility and an environmentally friendly alternative in urban environments, but their design and operation challenge traditional traffic rules intended for conventional vehicles. There is a need for clear and adapted traffic regulations in the modern landscape of transport systems that consider the unique characteristics of unicycles. The research aims to explore the specifics and justify the importance of establishing road safety rules specifically for monowheels based on a comparative analysis of the laws and best practices of the United States, the European Union and Ukraine. The necessity of creating comprehensive guidelines that would consider the presence of monowheels on roads, bicycle paths and sidewalks is discussed in the article. The absence of special rules creating safety problems for both monowheel users and pedestrians is noted. The problems are identified, and potential solutions are proposed. The crucial role of adapted traffic rules in promoting safe and efficient coexistence in the modern transport ecosystem is emphasised. The author analyses the regulatory documents of the USA, the European Union and Ukraine regarding the legality of using electric unicycles and the responsibility of their owners and compares them. The problems encountered by monowheel users and other road users are identified and their comprehensive solution is proposed. The author highlights the areas which can be influenced to improve road safety for monowheel users in Ukraine and also suggests specific options for possibly borrowing of practical experience of the USA and the European Union countries regarding the traffic rules for monowheel users. The practical significance of the article lies in promoting the safe and informed use of electric unicycles by streamlining the legislative framework, establishing clear rules of operation, and conducting fiscal discussions and educational activities. The study can be a valuable asset for owners and users of electric unicycles, as well as for government agencies and legislators [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The safety of student pedestrians on suburban roads is an issue that is mainly overlooked. Numerous studies have been carried out on pedestrian crossing safety in developing countries. However, a study to identify factors that affect the gap acceptance behaviour of student pedestrians on suburban roads is still lacking. Consequently, it is crucial to understand how factors influence pedestrians' decisions. This motivated an investigation into student pedestrian crossing behaviour at a crosswalk near a university campus located on suburban roads in Babol city, Iran. A video recording of the case study was conducted to provide a database for the analysis. Following data extraction, a logistic regression method was used to examine gap acceptance behaviour based on influential variables. Results indicated that waiting for time, the mean speed of the flow, headway between vehicles, available gap size and the type and speed of the approaching vehicle were significant. In addition, the gender and age of pedestrians did not significantly affect gap acceptance behaviour. Generally, traffic-related variables were observed as significantly influencing gap selection behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purposes of this paper are to better understand the design and impact of left turn lane offset and provide state transportation agencies recommendations on best practices and alternative design options to address left turn sight line obstruction issues. Research studies and existing guidelines on left turn lane offset were reviewed and summarized to offer insights in driver sight distance and behavior, intersection safety and operations, as well as design elements related to left turn lane offset. Studies showed that at both unsignalized intersections and signalized intersections with permitted left turns, obstructed sight line could cause higher possibilities of collisions between left turning vehicles and oncoming vehicles from the opposing direction. Existing evaluations of left turn lane offset, with data from multiple states in the United States, reported that positive left turn lane offsets were beneficial in terms of safety and operations. Most agency guidelines provided very limited discussions about left turn lane offset. This review demonstrated that positive left turn lane offsets are beneficial to intersection safety and operations. Based on the review of research and guidelines, recommendations were provided for transportation agencies for left turn lane offset implementation. A discussion on new left turn design concepts was also included to point out directions for future research and practice.

The European Union has an ambition to achieve zero road deaths by 2050. It is an ambitious target, but not an unachievable one. The installation of a front brake light, which provides information to other road users that the vehicle is braking, can help to achieve this goal. Today, this information is available to road users who can see the rear of the vehicle. Because the brake lights are located at the rear of the vehicle. The information that the vehicle is braking is also important when looking at the front of the vehicle. Whether it is other drivers or other road users such as pedestrians and cyclists. The aim of this paper is to conduct a research among professional road transport drivers on what their opinion about the front brake light is. From their opinion, we will conclude whether such light has the potential to improve road safety or not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surrogate safety measures have been recognised as suitable tools for a warning strategy. As one such measure, the time to collision (TTC) is the time remaining to a collision if the collision course and speed remain unaltered. To apply the TTC in discriminating dangerous situations, a critical threshold (TTC*) must be determined. However, a method for calculating this threshold is yet to be presented. Previously, the critical threshold has been considered as a constant value, but the value of TTC* changes the calculated probability for a crash at each time instant. In this work, a method was developed for calculating TTC* based on driver characteristics, environmental conditions, the type of preceding object and the microscopic traffic parameters of the subject vehicle based on an adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system and motion mechanics. For this purpose, data were first collected from a driving simulator. Then, to compare the collision probability calculated based on a dynamic TTC* (DTTC*) and a static TTC* (STTC*), microscopic traffic data were obtained from Modares highway in Tehran, Iran. Assessments indicated that, statistically, there is a significant difference between DTTC* and STTC* results. This finding might help to enhance the capability of in-vehicle collision-avoidance systems to prevent rear-end collisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates a driving behavior referred to as the cooperative safety concept that assumes for strings of conventional vehicles traveling in nighttime or conditions with reduced visibility during a stable flow condition, the leading vehicles would bear much of the navigational challenges and risks while the following vehicles enjoy reduced driving workload and improved navigation safety. The study includes a comprehensive investigation of the safety risk levels and driver behaviors at intersections and freeway ramp locations in an attempt to verify this phenomenon using data from the large-scale Second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP 2) naturalistic driving study database. Overall, the driver behavior analysis showed that drivers following other vehicles tended to travel at lower speeds but with more acceleration activities than other vehicles. In addition, lighting during nighttime appeared to help alleviate the behavioral differences between the two types of travelers and resulted in more dispersed merging, diverging, and lane-changing behaviors. The safety event data analysis showed that higher traffic levels tended to correlate with more safety events in general but significantly fewer single-vehicle events. In addition, higher traffic levels correlated with a significantly lower likelihood of crashes in general when a safety event occurred. In the SHRP 2 data, safety events included crashes, near crashes, and statistically selected baseline events recorded during the data collection. The findings of this study, including in particular the event analysis, indicated that vehicles following other vehicles in a free-flow condition tended to drive slower and have lower safety risks in terms of crashes in general and single-vehicle crashes in particular. This knowledge can have significant implications for applications such as advanced lighting systems, cooperative vehicle features, and smart traffic control strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pedestrian injury has become a national traffic-safety concern as the share of pedestrian fatality continues to increase in the last decade. Pedestrian injury severities are influenced by many factors that include driver, pedestrian, vehicle, roadway, temporal, and environmental characteristics. Results indicate that some of the factors affecting pedestrian injury severity at intersection and non-intersection locations are statistically different and using the same model to perform the estimate at both locations may result in biased results. However, few studies have been conducted to explore different contributing factors at such locations. Mixed logit models are developed to independently identify the contributing factors to pedestrian injury severity resulting from crashes at intersections and non-intersections. The estimation shows factors such as male driver, alcohol, pedestrian above 65, truck, and higher speed limit significantly increase the probability of pedestrian serious injury severities in both locations. However, the impacts tend to be more severe at intersections. Urban and wet road surfaces decrease the likelihood of suffering fatal injury at intersections. Furthermore, crash time only has impacts at intersections, while traffic control, severe weather, and day-of-week only have impacts at non-intersections. The results provide insights on developing more effective countermeasures to promote pedestrian safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The autonomous vehicles emergence is a significant step forward in the development of safe and dependable intelligent transportation systems. In vehicular automation, digital connectivity has been one of the most critical specifications. In this paper, we focus on the autonomous train, which is one of the most rapidly growing applications of autonomous vehicles. In this context, we address the issue of safety by the proposition of Enhanced Train-centric Communication-Based Train Control (ETcCBTC), which provides efficient control of rail traffic. To ensure the operation's safety, we've implemented a new safety-checking approach based on process algebra, which aims to track and correct in real time the train behavior. The proposed ETcCBTC system's performance is tested using extensive simulations and compared to CBTC and TcCBTC. In terms of checking success, transmission load, and response time, the obtained results demonstrate that ETcCBTC outperforms the concurrent systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India is a fast Developing Country in the World. During Construction or development of Road Projects occurs a Accidents for Labours, Traffic Vehicles in sometime Environmental problems are created due to Unscientific or Unsafe Highway Construction Management Technique's. In the Highway Construction involves Physical, Chemical, Electrical, and Machineries Hazardous to the labours or Workers in Road Construction Site. And also includes Risky Operations and Occupational Unhealthy Operation, Unskilled labours Causes Deaths, Minor or Major Health issues, Accidents, delay of work, Cost affect to Contractors, losses of Construction Company Reputation. For the most important the Ergonomic injuries due to the High or Low illumination of light, High levels of Sound (db) Toxic Substances are causes the Accidents are occurred from the Ergonomic factors, Such as Exertion, Physical Contact with Pressure, Exposure to vibrating Machineries, Expose the body to Extreme Heat or Cold Environment have create major problems on Work and Safety of the Road Construction. Mainly the workers or Labors Suffering from the Muscular Skeletal Disorders, Strain & Stress Due to the hard work, Collision with Equipment, Vehicle related Accidents. Mainly the Labours and workers behavior Plays a very important role in the Road or Highway Construction Site. The Occupational Safety and Health Act (1970) defines Protect the Employers, have a legal obligation provide with a Safe Environment with Safety Precautionary Measurements in Highway Construction. The main agenda of this Paper is to Educate and Awareness for the labors, how and why to use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) at Highway Construction Site, Safety Regulations, Traffic Control Systems, Safety Culture adopted in Highway Construction, Identifying the Hazard Materials, First Aid Treatment, Causes of Accidents and Hazards, Environmental Awareness and Health Awareness Programs, Covid-19 Pandemic's etc. And Mainly the Paper Concluded that Create a Awareness among Highway Construction Workers and Educate to Adopt the Various Safety Related Equipments, Measurements, and Protection in Highway Construction Site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the traffic management plan during the execution of works from the aspect of traffic safety. All necessary elements that need to be done in the form of study documentation will be presented, which will include elements of public traffic regulation during the works, elements of movement within the construction site, elements of access to the construction site, and procedures and checklists for daily verification of all plan elements traffic management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to explore the influence of electric vehicles on the traffic flow characteristics of traditional fuel vehicles, this paper proposes an improved cellular automata model considering the physical properties of vehicles, such as, the acceleration and deceleration amplitude, relative speed and safety distance etc. Based on the sensitivity analysis of the randomization probability, combined with the actual data, the model parameters are quantified to simulate the electric-fuel vehicle mixed traffic flow. Through numerical simulation, the results show that compared with NS (Nagel–Schreckenberg) model and VE(Velocity Effect) model, the improved model can reproduce rich traffic phenomena and is closer to the measured data. With the increase of electric vehicle permeability, the flow rate and speed are increased, the congestion near the critical density is reduced and the traffic safety is improved. At high density, the congestion shows a trend of decreasing first, then increasing and then decreasing again, and the safety is lower than that of homogeneous traffic flow. The speed fluctuation of fuel vehicles is enlarged, and the speed of the overall traffic flow shows an upward trend. In addition, it is found that the TIT curve can identify the state change of traffic flow, and electric vehicles in high-density mixed flow cause greater disturbance to the speed of traffic flow and reduces traffic safety. The results of this paper can provide a basis for further research of electric-fuel vehicle hybrid traffic flow. • A heterogeneous traffic flow model mixed with EVs considering the amplitude of acceleration and deceleration is proposed. • Under medium and high density, the greater the penetration rate of EVs, the greater the vehicle speed and flow rate. • Near the critical density, the threshold of congestion occured increases with the proportion of electric vehicles. • The speed fluctuation of EVs decreases with the increase of its permeability, while fuel vehicles is the opposite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The study explored the difference in mobile phone use while driving across the time of day. • The impact of roadway design, traffic operation, and traffic control were different across morning, evening, and off-peak, investigated by structural equation modeling (SEM) in a naturalistic and big data environment. • High roadway design level increased the participation of mobile phone use while driving in the morning peak. • Strong traffic control encouraged drivers to engage in mobile phone use while driving. Mobile phone distracted driving (MPDD) is one of the most significant and common factors in distraction-affected crashes. In previous studies, MPDD has been described as a self-selected behavior that affects driving performance, rather than a multidimensionally impacted behavior. In this study, the researchers hypothesized that external environmental features significantly impacted MPDD and tested this hypothesis by structural equation modeling (SEM). Three external latent variables (road, operation, and control factors) were measured at different times during weekdays in urban areas of Texas by integrating a large number of mobile phone sensor data and roadway inventory data. A structural model was developed to test the relationship between the latent variables and the rate of drivers involved in MPDD (MPDDR) on the roadway during different time periods. Finally, the data summary and model results revealed significant temporal effects. Standardized estimates from the SEM results revealed the positive impact of roads factors in the morning peak that broader shoulders, wider medians, and smaller curve radians were correlated with higher MPDDR in the morning peak hours; the negative impact of operation factors that higher average annual daily truck traffic (truck AADT) were associated with lower MPDDR significantly. And the impact of control factors on MPDDR is positive. In other words, the road segments with a large number of traffic signals in urban areas had a higher MPDDR than those without traffic signals. These findings could assist transportation and legislation agencies in the development of appropriate countermeasures or enforcement tactics and implement them effectively to reduce the occurrence of MPDD. In addition, this study provides a novel perspective close to the actual consideration of drivers about using mobile phones while driving, in the context of MPDD research, rather than comparing driver groups and vehicle performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Factors affecting motorcycle crash casualty severities at intersections are explored. • The analysis is performed using the association rules mining algorithm. • Chains of factors influencing severity outcomes differ by type of intersection. • Nighttime and no shoulders are related with fatalities at unsignalized intersections. • Daylight and road shoulder are associated with fatalities at signalized intersections. Despite the countless benefits derived from motorcycle usage, it has become a significant public health concern, particularly in developing countries, due to the plateauing number of fatal/serious injuries associated with them. Although it has been well documented that the frequency and fatality rates of intersection-related motorcycle crashes are high, little research efforts have been made to explore the contributory factors influencing motorcycle-involved crashes at these locations. Interestingly, no study has investigated the latent patterns and chains of factors that simultaneously contribute to the injury severity sustained by motorcycle crash casualties at intersections under different traffic control conditions in developing countries. Since motorcycles are mostly used as taxis in developing countries, it is imperative to consider the injury severity sustained by all crash casualties in the motorcycle safety analysis. This study bridges the research gap by employing a plausible data mining tool to explore hidden rules associated with motorcycle crash casualty injury severity outcomes at both signalized and non-signalized intersections in Ghana's most densely populated region, Accra, using three-year crash data spanning 2016–2018. Besides, a binary logit regression model was also employed to explore the impact of crash factors on casualty severity outcomes using the same dataset. The results from both analysis techniques were consistent; however, the data mining technique provided chains of factors which provided additional insights into the groups of factors that collectively influence the casualty injury severity outcomes. From the rule discovery results, while full license status, daytime/daylight, and shoulder presence increased the risk of fatal injuries at signalized intersections, factors such as inattentiveness, good road surface, nighttime, shoulder absence, and young rider were highly likely to increase casualty fatalities at non-signalized intersections. By controlling all or some of these risk factors, the level of injury severity on the roadways could be reduced. Based on the findings, we provide enforcement, education, and engineering-based recommendations to help improve motorcycle safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]