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The rise and growing prevalence of juvenile delinquency is a matter of concern for many parties. This study aims to establish a research instrument in the form of a questionnaire that can be deployed to assess the learning environment perceived by high school students. This research endeavor constitutes a developmental study, wherein the outcomes are a single survey instrument encompassing six variables, nineteen indicators, and forty questions. The data-collecting process involved the utilization of a Google Form across five schools in five districts, containing a total of 1615 participants. The analysis of expert data was conducted utilizing V. Aiken and field trials employing confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) Second Order. The findings of this study indicate that the diagnostic survey instrument used to assess the learning environment's impact on the mental health of high school students demonstrated validity, as evidenced by loading factor values exceeding the established minimal threshold. The reliability of the instrument remains insufficient. This survey can be utilized to detect adolescent persistent tendencies carried out by students or other school members that interfere with mental health: the emergence and significant raising of juvenile delinquency.

The aim of this study is to develop a theoretically sound, valid, and reliable scale to examine seventh and eighth grade students' attitudes towards so-called skill-based mathematics questions (SBMQ). The sample of the study was 820 seventh and eighth grade students at three different middle schools in Etimesgut District of Ankara Province. A draft item pool was crafted after a detailed literature review and the scale was finalized for the implementation after receiving expert opinions. This version of scale was administered shortly before the national examination which included skill-based questions in the 2022-2023 academic year. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis methods were used to examine the construct validity of the scale. The analysis resulted in 16 items in three factors (affective, cognitive, and motivational) which explained 46% of the total variance. Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability scores were above 0.70 for each factor and whole scale. The results indicated that the Attitudes Towards SBMQ Scale developed for seventh and eighth grade students is valid and reliable.

Despite growing interest in evaluating the social and emotional learning of students and the development of standardized assessment tools for this purpose, there remains a dearth of validated instruments for evaluating teachers' social and emotional skills. We set out to address this knowledge gap by investigating the psychometric characteristics of the Social-Emotional Competence Teacher Rating Scale (SECTRS) questionnaire, an instrument originally developed and validated in North America. Participants were 572 teachers from Italy (n=324), Latvia (n=139), and Portugal (n=109) ranging from 40 to 59 years of age. We performed confirmatory factor analysis procedures to validate a four-factor model measuring Teacher-student relationships, Emotion regulation, Social awareness, and Interpersonal relationships. The data supported this factorial structure, with a total of 14 items included in the final model. The outcomes of a multi-group comparison indicated that the model exhibited partial invariance, up to and including metric invariance, across the three cultural settings. We discuss these findings in relation to selecting appropriate instruments for assessing the social and emotional skills of teachers in different cultural contexts.

Sense of coherence (SOC) is a relevant contributor and predictor of the individuals' mental and physical health. There are a number of studies about SOC, but only two validation articles of the sense of coherence scale (SOCS) were found on adolescents and none on children. The aim of this research was to validate the SOC scale in youth under 18. We hypothesized that younger children and children without psychiatric problems will have higher SOC than older ones, and children with psychiatric symptoms. We also wanted to examine the factor structure of both the 13 and the 29 item versions of the scale to study which is more valid in child and adolescent population. 199 children and 198 adolescents were included in the study; the mean age was 14.3 (SD 2.1) years. The sample included average youth from schools and youth under psychiatric treatment. Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and Inventory of Life Quality (ILK) were used for validation of the SOCS. SOCS-13 was applied to compare SOC of children and adolescents. Children had higher SOC than adolescents in both samples. Males had higher SOC than females in children but not in adolescents. Psychiatric and behavioral symptoms were associated with a lower SOC regardless

This study involves translating, cross-culturally adapting, and validating the "Literary Response Questionnaire" (LRQ) for 413 Spanish adolescents. It explores the evolution of literary education in Spain and its alignment with the Reading Responses paradigm. The LRQ, adapted across various locations, is validated in Spanish through Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. The research analyzes reading responses in dimensions like Leisure Escape, Insight, Empathy, Story-driven Reading, Concern with Author, Imagery Vividness, and Rejecting Literary Values. Findings reveal widespread indifference and rejection toward literary reading among the adolescents, along with a clear disapproval of the historicist-authorial approach to literary education. Significant variations were identified based on students' gender, enrollment in a bilingual program, and notably, the number of books read per year. This underscores the significance of introducing literary reading practices in secondary education that align with the leisure preferences of adolescents, encouraging personal and experiential engagement with texts. This could materialize in the classroom the shift from a historicist to a reader-centered approach suggested by the current Spanish curriculum.

Sexual and gender minoritized (SGM) adolescents negotiate their outness in various social contexts as they navigate a heteronormative system. For many SGM adolescents, outness is associated with peer victimization, while for others, it is associated with increased feelings of connectedness. To support SGM adolescents in their outness journey, researchers and practitioners often use various tools to measure outness. Specifically, the outness inventory (OI) is the oldest and most widely used outness measure to date. However, while the OI appears to be a vigorous inventory to measure outness among SGM adults, it has never been validated with an SGM adolescent population. This study tests the psychometric defensibility of the OI among an SGM adolescent population. Results provide evidence that a two-structure model of outness to family and world, represents the social contexts in which SGM adolescents negotiate outness.

Student engagement is a central construct in education research, as it is a strong predictor and/or mediator of both cognitive and non-cognitive student outcomes. However, there remain questions among researchers about how to properly measure student engagement during lessons. Our study contributes to this discussion by presenting the development and validation of a theoretically grounded questionnaire of students' lesson engagement, which is based on an experience sampling methodology. To validate this questionnaire, we issued it to 410 fifth- and sixth-grade students (10-12 years old). The results of both an exploratory and multilevel confirmatory factor analysis approved construct validity of the measure. Adequate within-person variability across time points was also found, which makes the questionnaire suitable for capturing fluctuations over time. Furthermore, partial scalar measurement invariance for questionnaire administration across time points and between fifth- and sixth-grade students was found.

Despite the acknowledged importance of integrating creativity into school curricula, students with learning disabilities often lack the skill of creativity, due to its absence in classroom instruction. To address these gaps, the authors developed a needs analysis questionnaire assessing the necessity of a creativity module for primary school students with learning disabilities, focusing on Torrance's four creativity elements: (a) Originality, (b) Fluency, (c) Flexibility, and (d) Elaboration. This study, emphasizing content validity and reliability testing, comprised rigorous validation by a panel of nine special education experts, resulting in high content validity scores. In Part II, all items were accepted, yielding an overall S-CVI score of 0.97, indicating a 'very suitable' construct. In Part III two items were rejected; the overall S-CVI score remained at 0.80, signifying 'very suitable'. A pilot test with 30 special education teachers demonstrated Cronbach's Alpha values 0.87, indicating high reliability for all questionnaire parts. The study emphasizes the questionnaire's efficacy in assessing teachers' understanding of creativity skills and their perspectives on the importance of a customized creativity module. This tool holds substantial potential for educators and curriculum developers, providing insights to address specific student needs, foster creativity in classrooms and enhance overall educational experiences.

Stage fright is a natural and very common phenomenon that affects everyone who must present themselves in public. However, it has a negative impact on the health and voice emission of children and adolescents, which is why it is important to study and measure it. Unfortunately, there are no appropriate tools for examining public presentation anxiety intended for children and adolescents, and that would also include the context of voice production. The main aim of this study was to describe stage fright and to present the stages of creating a tool based on the three-factor theory of stage fright constructs. The text describes the steps of developing the questionnaire, Confirmatory Factor Analysis, reliability, and convergent and discriminant validity. The results of the conducted analyses confirmed the three-factor structure of the tool and suggest that the Stage Fright Scale--Children & Youth is a reliable and consistent questionnaire for measuring stage fright in children and adolescents.

The aim of the study was to explore same-sex and opposite-sex friendship functions among 12 to 13- and 16 to 17-year-old Hungarian adolescents (n = 304). To explore perceptions of friendship functions, the McGill Friendship Questionnaire (MFQ, 30 items, 6 factors: stimulating companionship, help, intimacy, reliable alliance, self-validation, emotional security) was used. The confirmatory factor analysis did not support the theoretical structure of MFQ. Based on the exploratory factor analysis, the 26-item Hungarian version of MFQ can be used to measure adolescents (the original 6 factors were retained). The internal reliability indices of the MFQ versions (same and opposite sex) were adequate (Cronbach's [alpha]: 0.69-0.88). The results only partially confirmed the age and gender hypotheses. Based on the results, the older students are more likely to acknowledge the achievements and positives of a friend for both same-sex and opposite-sex friends, as well as intimacy for opposite-sex friends. Also among older students, we identified several significant gender differences: for girls, all features of friendship were more important, except self-validation in same-sex friendship. In the opposite-sex relationship, only stimulating companionship and reliable alliance are more important for girls. The results raise the possibility that friendship functions build on and reinforce each other with age.

This methodological study aimed to assess the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Evaluation of the Impact of Hearing Loss in Adults (ERSA) questionnaire for individuals with treated hearing loss. The study involved 200 participants, and both exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were used to examine structural validity. External validity was assessed by correlating ERSA scores with the Abbreviated Profile of Hearing Aid Benefit (APHAB). Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were evaluated using Cronbach's alpha and the intraclass correlation coefficient, respectively. The Turkish ERSA demonstrated strong psychometric properties, with significant correlations between APHAB and ERSA scores and excellent internal consistency and test-retest reliability. The findings suggest that the Turkish ERSA is a valid and reliable tool for evaluating the impact of hearing loss in individuals.

In today's fast-paced ICT-driven world, understanding the factors influencing the effectiveness of online teaching and learning is paramount, especially during the Movement Control Order (MCO) when physical educational activities are restricted. Assessing the efficacy of undergraduate students under these circumstances can be particularly challenging, and the resulting conclusions may vary depending on the context. Consequently, this study is driven by three primary objectives. Firstly, this study seeks to employ factor analysis as a robust method for validating the selected online teaching and learning instruments. Secondly, it endeavors to categorize the survey instruments into distinct core variables using Principal Axis Factor analysis. Additionally, the study aims to harness multiple regression analysis to uncover the factors influencing the efficiency of online teaching and learning. To achieve these objectives, an online questionnaire was administered to 107 students enrolled in a university in Malaysia. The collected data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The results of the multiple regression analysis revealed that lecturer roles and student attitudes have significant positive relationships with the success of online teaching and learning. In contrast, flexibility exhibited a significant but inverse association. Despite the global transition into the endemic phase of COVID-19, this study aspires to furnish valuable insights for lecturers, students, and university administrators regarding the ongoing practices of online teaching and learning. Ultimately, these insights can empower policymakers to formulate optimal strategies thereby benefiting all stakeholders involved. In conclusion, this study acknowledges its limitations and offers recommendations for further research.

The purpose of this study was to assess the validity of School-Level Environment Questionnaire (SLEQ) in the Vietnam context. The study tested the nomological validity of the main measurement model and a competing model. The participants included 29 interviewees and 408 Vietnamese high-school teachers in Ho Chi Minh City. Interview data were used to seek preliminary support for the measurement model and indicators. Survey data were analyzed employing Exploratory Factor Analysis, Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Structural Equation Modelling. A 9-dimension SLEQ with 38 indicators was validated. The dimensions of school climate have various effects on teachers' job satisfaction.

Conceptualizing and testing factors that contribute to the success of community-academic partnerships are critical to understanding their contributions to the health and well-being of communities. Most measures to date focus on factors that contribute to the development of new partnerships, and only a few have been adequately tested and validated. Methods. The Measurement Approaches to Partnership Success (MAPS) study followed a community-based participatory research (CBPR) approach and a multiphase process that included the construction and pilot testing of a questionnaire, and a national survey to validate the psychometric properties of the questionnaire in long-standing CBPR partnerships (existing [greater than or equal to] six years). All members within partnerships were recruited to complete the survey (55 partnerships with 563 partners). We used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), Cronbach's alpha statistics, and a pairwise correlations approach to assess discriminant and convergent validity, and assessed internal consistency, and test-retest reliability. Results. All MAPS Questionnaire dimensions demonstrated strong validity and reliability and demonstrated agreement over time. Conclusion. The MAPS Questionnaire includes seven dimensions and 81 items related to the MAPS conceptual model and provides a scientific, in-depth measurement tool that allows long-standing CBPR partnerships to evaluate their work toward achieving health equity.

Community impacts of service-learning have gone largely unexamined by researchers, partly because of the absence of a well-established feedback tool. This study is a step toward filling this research gap by developing and validating the Community Impact Feedback Questionnaire (CIFQ) as a means for collecting feedback from partner organization representatives (PORs) on the impacts of particular service-learning projects on community partner organizations (CPOs) and, where applicable, end-beneficiaries. The CIFQ contains items about three categories of impact on CPOs, corresponding to a conceptual model developed by Snell & Lau (2022). These are: (1) achieving project goals to further the CPO's mission; (2) augmenting resources of the CPO; and (3) acquiring knowledge, insights, ideas, and techniques. There are also items on impacts for end-beneficiaries, overall impact evaluations, and future engagement. The CIFQ was validated with the Delphi method by inviting 16 practitioner panelists, mainly from CPOs, with prior involvement in service-learning. Three Delphi survey rounds helped refine the CIFQ as a tool for capturing the community impacts on CPOs and end beneficiaries arising from service-learning. Possible reasons for controversy and non-retention are discussed.

The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (SEQ), a self-reported questionnaire using Rasch analysis, a one-parameter logistic probability model based on scientific measurement principles. Rasch analysis was completed using the rating scale model. The various analyses allow researchers to examine the item-level psychometric properties of the SEQ, which result in measures that provide evidence for validity, reliability, and sensitivity of the instrument. Rasch analysis demonstrated that the latent trait established by the SEQ, Perceived Self-efficacy (called self-efficacy from here on), was a unidimensional construct that could be measured on a linear scale. The instrument demonstrated sound item-level psychometric properties, including a wide span of item difficulty, along with limited ceiling and no floor effects. Person reliability was good, and the SEQ separated raters into at least three statistically different levels of self-efficacy. These results provide evidence for the SEQ's validity, reliability, and sensitivity. Based on this preliminary analysis, the SEQ demonstrated more than adequate item-level psychometric properties for use, although more research needs to be done. Further, instructors could use the SEQ to give preliminary information on whether or not a class assignment leads to increased self-efficacy in undergraduate and graduate students.

A questionnaire was recently developed for the use with the Spanish-speaking, and evidence have been provided about the construct internal validity by means of structural equation modelling. In this paper, two research questions were considered: (i) What new evidence does application of the Rasch model provide regarding the validity of this construct?; (ii) What cutoffs should be applied to the constructed scales in order to differentiate between acceptable and insufficient levels of the construct being measured? Participants were 1,272 Spanish at both high-school and college level. The instrument is a pencil and paper questionnaire written in Spanish, comprising 20 items (5-point Likert-type scale) distributed evenly across four scales: beyond exact replicas, purpose of models, multiple models, and changing models. Students' responses were coded on an ordinal scale from zero to four. We then conducted a Rasch analysis using both a multidimensional approach and a consecutive unidimensional approach for each dimension. Data provided new evidence regarding the internal validity of the four scales of the questionnaire. The Rasch analysis also allowed us to establish cutoffs for the constructed scales. The evidence provided by this, and the previous study suggest that the questionnaire may be useful as a diagnostic tool when applied to groups or populations of students. In addition, the identified cutoffs could, hypothetically, serve to differentiate between students with an adequate versus an insufficient understanding of the nature of models. [Note: The page range (344-359) shown on the PDF is incorrect. The correct page range for this article is 344-361.]

Integrating educational assessment tools, such as the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ), into university classrooms can help students and faculty gain insight into areas of strength and challenge for students. The present study adapted and integrated the MSLQ into a set of first-year communication courses for Faculty of Arts students at the University of Waterloo. This adaptation allowed us to better situate the scale within the writing and communication course context. Through exploratory and confirmatory analysis, a shortened questionnaire (MSLQ-AF) with six subscales (motivation, academic self-confidence, performance anxiety, critical thinking, planning for optimal learning, and peer learning) was created. MSLQ-AF proved to have stable factor structure, adequate and stable internal consistency, and construct validity (correlation with grades) when assessed across four samples spanning four university terms. We discuss the role of this new scale in helping students transition into university.

The present study adapted the "questionnaire of Internet use motives" (MUI) into Turkish based on data collected from 638 adults. Results showed that the Turkish version of the MUI has a high internal consistency ([alpha]= 0.88) along with convergent and discriminant validity. The confirmatory factor analysis results supported the five-factor structure of the original MUI. Internet Addiction Test Short Form (IAT-SF) was used to test concurrent validity. The results indicated a significant positive correlation between the MUI and IAT-SF (r= 0.83), suggesting that individuals having higher levels of MUI may also tend to have higher levels of Internet addiction. The findings indicated that the adapted scale is a reliable and valid instrument to measure motives for Internet use in the Turkish population.

The aim of this study is to conduct a validity and reliability study for adaptation of the scale of learning strategies (the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire) to Turkish, which was developed by Pintrich, Smith, Garcia and McKeachie (1991) and adapted by Meijs et al. (2019) for distance education students. The Scale of Learning Strategies for Distance Education Students is a scale consisting of 25 items and 5 factors (management of time and effort, complex cognitive strategies use, simple cognitive strategies use, communication with others, and academic thinking). After testing equivalance of Turkish form, the validity and reliability studies of the Scale of Learning Strategies for Distance Education Students were conducted with participation of 411 students studying in different departments of Kocaeli University in the fall semester of the 2021-2022 academic year. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) method was used for the adaptation of the scale, the significance of the differences between item average scores of the groups over and below 27% were examined with Cronbach's alpha internal consistency coefficients, corrected item-total correlations, and t-test in order to determine the relability. As a result of normality test and first CFA, the 2nd and 6th items in the time and effort management sub-dimension were excluded from the scale in accordance with expert opinions due to fact that their standardized regression coefficients were not significant (p>0.05). When the fit indices were examined as a result of the analysis, the findings were as follows X[superscript 2]/sd =2.594, RMSEA= 0.064, SRMR= 0.0616, GFI= 0.894, NFI= 0.879, TLI= 0.908, CFI= 0.921 and IFI=0,922. The corrected total correlations of the scale items ranged between 0.37 and 0.68. The results of t-test applied to the scores of the groups over and below 27% were found to be significant for all items. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the reliability of the overall scale was calculated as 0.915. Reliability for sub dimensions: Management of time and effort [alpha]=0,69; Complex cognitive strategy use [alpha]= 0,82; Simple cognitive strategy use [alpha]=0,87; Contacts with others [alpha]=0,76; Academic thinking [alpha]=0,88. A significant correlation was determined between the sub-dimensions of the scale and between the subdimensions and the total. According to these findings, adaption of the scale to Turkish is valid and reliable.

Background: Dyslexia is a learning disability that affects children of school-going age and exists in all cultures and backgrounds. Dyslexic children are deficient in phonological awareness, which makes the children to fail to attain the skills of reading, writing and spelling commensurate with their intellectual abilities. Inadequate knowledge about the nature of dyslexia by primary school teachers results in poor categorisation of at-risk children. Aim: This study sought to achieve two objectives. The first was to develop and validate the Teachers Awareness Questionnaire (TAQ), while the second goal was to use the validated TAQ to assess primary school teachers' level of awareness about dyslexia. Setting: Primary school teachers in Nsukka and nearby rural communities filled the TAQ and the Scale of Knowledge and belief about Developmental Dyslexia. Nsukka is called the university town and it is a slow-paced environment that is devoid of the usual hustle and bustle of most major towns in Nigeria. Methods: The cross-sectional design was employed to gather data for the measurement process. Data were analysed using bivariate correlations and descriptive statistics. Results: The TAQ has good internal consistency (r = 0.77) and an adequate convergent validity (r = 0.74, p < 0.01). Results also reveal that primary school teachers possessed low level of awareness about dyslexia. Conclusion: The study findings show that primary school teachers in Nigeria lack the requisite knowledge about dyslexia. The study suggests psycho-education for primary school teachers to empower them with information about the condition. Contribution: This study measured primary school teachers' level of awareness about dyslexia. The results showed that primary school teachers' awareness about dyslexia is poor, and this suggests that the use of labels (e.g., dullard) by some primary school teachers to describe their pupils may be incorrect. The study recommend to School Management Boards to take action to improve the teachers level of awareness about dyslexia, which would promote early identification of dyslexic pupils and possible intervention.

Numeracy and digital skills are among the most crucial skills that any graduate should possess before entering the workforce, regardless of their field of study. Therefore, both skills should not be treated as an "add on" skill but viewed as essential graduate attributes needing to be purposefully incorporated into the curriculum instead of mere chance. By understanding the learners' numeracy and digital skills abilities, educators can create suitable learning outcomes, activities, and assessments, enabling them to acquire the skills. The objective of this study is to create a framework for testing numeracy (NSI) and digital skills (DSI) using a cross-sectional design and quantitative methodology. The research entails generating a questionnaire, verifying it via a rigorous procedure of expert content validation, and focusing on sufficiency, clarity, coherence, and relevance. A pilot study involving 218 students from various disciplines was conducted to measure the reliability of the framework using Cronbach Alpha. Feedback from experts was then used to enhance the questionnaire, resulting in the finalisation of five components for the Digital Skills Instrument (DSI): information literacy, computer and technology literacy, digital communication and collaboration skills, digital identity and well-being, and digital ethics. Meanwhile, the five components of the Numeracy Skills Instrument (NSI) encompassed operation and calculation, graphical representation, quantitative reasoning and logical thinking, complex number (advanced concept), spatial visualisation and geometric reasoning. The results indicated a strong internal consistency across all components for both tools, with alpha values ranging from 0.847 to 0.958 for DSI and 0.916 to 0.964 for NSI. Corrected item-total correlations also depicted intercorrelation between items for both instruments. To sum up, the findings demonstrate that the DSI and NSI have high reliability and validity. Because both tools are reliable and valid for measuring digital and numeracy skills in the Malaysian context, they can be confidently used for future research.

K-8 science teacher candidates often struggle with the difficult learning tasks in multiple science courses in their teacher-training program. One of the major parts of these science courses is biology. Student learning in biology depends on their motivational and affective variables as much as their cognitive abilities. As one of the theories of motivation, the achievement goal theory seeks how individuals pursue academic study by focusing on mastery or performance goals. In addition to goal settings, achievement emotions also influence learners' academic performance. The authors suggested a theoretical model integrating achievement emotions into the construct of achievement goal theory. The present study has potential provide more insight into individual differences in goal preferences. This model was examined with K-8 science teacher candidates (n = 581). To test the theoretical model, the "Achievement Goal Questionnaire for Biology Learning" (AGQ-BL) was devised. According to the theoretical model, the AGQ-BL consisted of six subscales which are Mastery Goals-(affective-cognitive), Performance Goals-Approach (Affective-Cognitive), and Performance Goals Avoidance-(affective-cognitive). The explanatory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were utilized to verify the construct validity of the AGQ-BL. The results of EFA showed and CFA confirmed that the AGQ-BL was composed of six factors, as proposed by the theoretical framework. Internal consistency of the subscales of the AGQ-BL computed by Cronbach's alpha revealed high reliability for each. This study empirically demonstrated the integration of cognitive and emotional goals in achievement settings regarding biology learning. Thus, it can be asserted achievement goals' structure could have more predictive potential on affective and cognitive variables in biology education.

This research article focuses on the design and validation of a questionnaire to analyse future teachers' perceptions of professional skills through the use of Augmented Reality (AR) in higher education, specifically for students in the field of Educational Sciences. The sample consisted of 575 students of Early Childhood Education, Primary Education and Pedagogy during the academic year (2021/2022). The focus of this study is to authenticate a questionnaire that measures the influence of Augmented Reality (AR) on aspects such as situated learning, motivation, and the necessary instructional preparations for the successful integration of AR within classroom educational encounters. The questionnaire is an online Likert-type scale developed based on three dimensions: situated learning, motivation and training. The data were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25 and JASP 0.17.1. The questionnaire met the standards recommended for validation. However, improvements to the instrument are suggested. In conclusion, validation of instruments is necessary to gain a rigorous understanding of the impact of new learning environments.

Communication style refers to the distinct ways individuals exhibit verbal, paraverbal, and nonverbal communication patterns in social interactions. It involves receiving, interpreting, and delivering feedback and messages. Factors like culture and personality affect communication styles, and tools like communication styles inventory (CSI) help evaluate and improve individuals' communication skills. Cultural differences significantly impact communication styles, so it's important to adapt and validate measurement instruments for diverse cultural settings, such as adapting CSI for the Russian context. This study aims to adapt CSI for use in the Russian context. The research follows a quantitative approach, collecting data from 407 undergraduate and graduate students across different universities. CSI is a questionnaire assessing six distinct communication patterns with 96 items. The researchers conducted exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses to examine CSI's validity and reliability in the Russian context. The analyses yielded an eight-factor model explaining 59.5% of the total variance. Although two factors from the original scale were preserved, other factors were newly named. The confirmatory factor analysis tested the relationship between the original sub-dimensions and the new dimensions, resulting in a better-adapted model with significant relationships between items and factors. The findings indicate the scale's suitability for different cultures and sample groups, supporting its validity and reliability. Further research should adapt the scale to other cultures and utilize it in studies in the Russian context.

In the context of improving the quality of teacher education, the focus of the present work was to adapt the Mentoring for Effective Primary Science Teaching instrument to become more universal and have the potential to be used beyond the elementary science mentoring context. The adapted instrument was renamed the Mentoring for Effective Teaching Practicum Instrument. The new, validated instrument enables the assessment of trainee teachers' perceived experiences with their mentors during their two-week annual teaching practicum at elementary and high schools. In the first phase, the original 34-item Mentoring for Effective Primary Science Teaching instrument was expanded to 62 items with the addition of new items and items from the previous works. All items were rephrased to refer to contexts beyond primary science teaching. Based on responses on an expanded instrument received from 105 pre-service teachers, of whom 94 were females in their fourth year of study (approx. age 22-23 years), the instrument was reviewed and shortened to 36 items classified into six dimensions: personal attributes, system requirements, pedagogical knowledge, modelling, feedback, and Information and Communication Technology due to outcomes of Principal Component and Confirmatory Factor analyses. All six dimensions of the revised instrument are unidimensional, with Cronbach alphas above 0.8 and factor loadings of items above 0.6. Such an instrument could be used in follow-up studies and to improve learning outcomes of teaching practice. As such, specific and general recommendations for the mentee, mentors, university lecturers, and other stakeholders could be derived from the findings to encourage reflection and offer suggestions for the future.

In this study, we regard co-creation as a collaborative process where students, lecturers and working field professionals from outside the university jointly develop innovative products, processes or knowledge. In co-creation all stakeholders equally contribute to the collaborative process and aim to create beneficial outcomes for each participant. Co-creation can be used as a valuable pedagogical method to support continuous interaction between learning and working in higher education to foster innovation. However, this process is not necessarily mastered by co-creation groups. In order to identify which components of this collaboration process can be further improved, we developed a questionnaire to assess co-creation processes in higher education. Students, lecturers and working field professionals participating in co-creation projects completed the questionnaire. We validated the questionnaire using a principal component analysis. The seven extracted scales proved to be sufficiently reliable. The final questionnaire consists of seven components: positive interdependence, individual accountability, collaboration, shared mental models, safe and supporting conditions, creative community, and group evaluation. We described how the tool can be used in practice.

The aim of this study was to adapt the Turkish version of the Questionnaire on Attitudes towards Disability in Higher Education (QAD-HE) developed by Fuentes, Pérez-Padilla, Fuente, and Aranda (2021) into the national literature by conducting validity and reliability studies. In this context, this study included findings related to the validity and reliability of the adapted scale. A total of 606 individuals from a state university participated in this study. Of the participants, 535 were students and 71 were teachers. The findings revealed that the Questionnaire on Attitudes toward Disability in Higher Education (QAD-HE), which was adapted within the scope of the research, contains 27 items and has a two-dimensional structure as "egalitarian attitudes" and "prejudiced attitudes." The findings showed that the Questionnaire on Attitudes toward Disability in Higher Education can be used to determine attitudes toward individuals with disabilities studying or working in higher education in Turkey.

Working with approximations is a common practice in physics. This paper presents an exploratory study of student understanding of some of the elementary aspects of approximations encountered in college physics. For this purpose, a questionnaire (a set of 14 multiple-choice questions) was developed to probe how students dealt with these aspects in a variety of contexts. The questionnaire was finalized after a trial of its pilot version on 7 students on the basis of their written scripts and interviews. After content validation by three external experts, the test was administered to a sample of 141 senior undergraduate physics students from a diverse set of colleges and national institutes. Data analysis reveals several significant student pitfalls in the topic related principally to (i) the identification of a dimensionless ratio to characterize an approximation, (ii) the notion of the order of approximation and consistent handling of a problem up to the required order, and (iii) the notion of the order of infinitesimal in calculus-based derivations. The findings are of direct pedagogic relevance.

The purposes of the present study were a) to evaluate the construct validity of a questionnaire measuring parental physical activity (PA) orientation, and b) to examine the association between constructs of parental PA orientation and parental explicit PA modelling in parents of young children with disabilities. One hundred and thirty-five participants completed an online questionnaire. Exploratory factor analysis was used to examine the construct validity of a questionnaire for parental PA orientation. Exploratory factor analysis for parental PA orientation revealed a four-factor solution, accounting for 59.02% of the variance with eigenvalues of 7.14, 6.88, 4.00, and 2.35 for factor 1 (parent-perceived motor performance of their child), factor 2 (parental enjoyment of PA), factor 3 (parental importance of PA), and factor 4 (parental awareness of accessible PA program), respectively. Two hierarchical multiple regression models were developed and used to examine the association between constructs of parental PA orientation and parental explicit PA modelling. Parental enjoyment and importance of PA were significant factors predicting parental explicit PA modelling, controlling for child's age and parent's age. The results of the current study may be used for resources when developing an intervention for parental explicit PA modelling in parents of children with disabilities.

The objective of this work is to create, and validate, a questionnaire aimed at assessing those actions undertaken by school management teams to promote inclusion in compulsory education sector in Spain. It is based on the perspective of teaching teams (members of management teams and teachers). To determine the psychometric properties of the questionnaire a descriptive, exploratory factorial and confirmatory factorial analysis was performed. In the pilot phase of the instrument, 243 members of teaching teams participated. The results obtained confirm that it is a valid and reliable scale with a bifactorial structure. The first of these factors includes actions carried out by the management teams to energise inclusive culture in their schools and thus turn them into inclusive communities. The other set of actions includes interventions with the aim of improving the training of students and creating professional learning communities.

The instruments for the evaluation of teachers' digital competence are abundant, however, there is still a lack of instruments oriented to the context of Special Education. In this sense, this study presents the validation process of an instrument that aims to determine the level of knowledge and digital competence of Special Education teachers with respect to the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) for the care of students with educational needs. Being an adapted instrument, it was subjected to content validation by means of 'expert judgement' in order to determine the coherence, relevance and clarity of the items. The redesigned questionnaire was subjected to a reliability analysis, using Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega, and the value obtained was considered to indicate that the instrument has an excellent level of reliability, giving scientific validity to the instrument designed to assess the level of digital competence of Special Education teachers to attend to students with educational needs.

Building upon self-determination theory and the circumplex approach, the objective of this study was to adapt the Situations-in-School-Physical Education (SIS-PE) questionnaire and to gather validity and reliability evidence in the Spanish PE context. Three samples of 1441 students (46.43% girls), 473 in-service teachers (35.73% women), and 654 pre-service teachers (50.31% women) participated. Multidimensional scaling analyses indicated that (de)motivating styles (autonomy support, structure, control, and chaos) were graphically depicted by a two-dimensional circular structure differing into need-supportiveness (horizontal axis) and teacher directiveness (vertical axis). Eight specific approaches (two per stye) were additionally identified (participative, attuning, guiding, clarifying, demanding, domineering, abandoning, and awaiting) drawing an ordered pattern of correlations. Bifactor exploratory structural equation modeling additionally supported four overarching styles and eight specific approaches. Reliability and external validity were met in the three samples. The Spanish versions of the SIS-PE questionnaire are valid and reliable measures to assess students', in-service, and pre-service teachers' perceptions of (de)motivating styles.

Given the dearth of technically adequate universal screening tools in the Greek language, the current study sought to examine the psychometric properties of a 67-item universal screener (i.e. Integrated Teacher Rating Form; ITRF), that was originally developed in American English and then translated and implemented in Greek primary schools. The ITRF, which was designed to identify students at risk and facilitate the planning of interventions targeting classroom behaviors that interfere with academic and social functioning, incorporates four constructs (i.e. Disorganized/Academic Performance Problems, Disruptive behavior, Anxious/Depressed behavior, Socially Withdrawn behavior). To test the classification accuracy of the ITRF, a multi-gated screening procedure was followed, consisting of a brief 4-item screening measure that Greek teachers completed for all students in classroom, followed by completion of the ITRF for those students whose first-gate ratings indicated concern. Results suggested that teachers reported the highest level of concern for students' academic performance problems, followed by oppositional/disruptive behaviors, socially withdrawn behaviors, and anxious/depressed behaviors. Classification accuracy was found to be excellent for the Disorganized/Academic Productivity Problems Gate 1 measure, good for the Disruptive/Oppositional measure, fair for the Socially Withdrawn measure and poor for the Anxious/Depressed measure.

"Research Findings": The Problematic Media Use Measure (PMUM) assesses young children's excessive or problematic media use. The current study aims to translate the original English version of PMUM into a Chinese version and validate it with Chinese preschoolers (ages 3 to 6). The instrument was translated, back-translated, pretested, and reviewed by a panel. The Chinese version of PMUM was administered to mothers of preschoolers (N = 1896). The results indicated that the construct validity of the PMUM was supported by the best-fit two-factor model: psychosocial problems and tolerance & withdrawal. Concurrent validity was established by demonstrating that: (1) the PMUM subscales scores were positively related to children's screen time and (2) the PMUM subscales scores were negatively related to parental mediation. The predictive validity of the PMUM subscales was also established: (1) the PMUM subscales scores were negatively correlated with prosocial behaviors, and (2) the PMUM subscales scores were positively correlated with emotional symptoms, hyperactivity/inattention, conduct problems, and peer relationship problems. Internal reliability and test-retest reliability were both satisfactory. "Practice or Policy": The findings support the further development and application of the PMUM to monitor children's media use and also emphasize the need for additional research on problematic media use.

This study aimed to develop and test MyPL, a questionnaire that measures self-reported physical literacy (PL) among children and adolescents. First, the item pool was developed and adapted, and face validity was tested with cognitive interviewing. Then, factor structures were identified through multidimensional scaling and exploratory factor analyses in a sample of 951 children (ages 7-13). Then, the identified models were tested using confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) within a sample of 2861 children (ages 7-12) and a sample of 1518 children (ages 13-15). Finally, measurement invariance and predictive validity were investigated. CFA showed that the identified physical activity (PA) environment-based models fitted better with the data than the domain-derived model. Reliability analyses showed that the internal consistency of the total PL scale was good and that, the reliability of the identified scales, except the cognitive scale, of the two models based on PA environments was satisfactory. Additionally, MyPL also showed measurement invariance across gender. This study suggests that the type of PA and the environment in which PA occur is important to consider when designing PL measurement tools. This study indicated that MyPL can be used to measure children and young people's PL in large surveys.

Contribution: This article describes the process used to create a questionnaire to evaluate the usability of mobile learning applications (CECAM). The questionnaire includes specific questions to assess user interface usability and pedagogical usability. Background: Nowadays, mobile applications are expanding rapidly and are commonly used in educational institutions to support the learning and teaching process. But the possible deficient usability could decrease the utility of learning activities and the student's motivation. Therefore, careful planning and design by the developer are required, along with a usability evaluation of the applications. Research Questions: How could an instrument be developed to evaluate the usability of m-learning applications that combine technical and pedagogical aspects? How can the quality of the developed instrument be determined? Methodology: A structured questionnaire was created like a measuring tool to evaluate and design m-learning applications. Different statistical techniques, including reliability and validity assessments, were employed to evaluate the quality of the instrument, which is determined through the calibration of the CECAM survey. Findings: After the validity analysis of the questionnaire, a scale with 56 items was obtained, with an alpha reliability coefficient of 0.911 (an excellent measuring scale). It pretends to be used by teachers to design or evaluate m-learning applications, improve their usability, and enhance the students' learning experience.

Artificial intelligence (AI) literacy is at the top of the agenda for education today in developing learners' AI knowledge, skills, attitudes and values in the 21st century. However, there are few validated research instruments for educators to examine how secondary students develop and perceive their learning outcomes. After reviewing the literature on AI literacy questionnaires, we categorized the identified competencies in four dimensions: (1) affective learning (intrinsic motivation and self-efficacy/confidence), (2) behavioural learning (behavioural commitment and collaboration), (3) cognitive learning (know and understand; apply, evaluate and create) and (4) ethical learning. Then, a 32-item self-reported questionnaire on AI literacy (AILQ) was developed and validated to measure students' literacy development in the four dimensions. The design and validation of AILQ were examined through theoretical review, expert judgement, interview, pilot study and first- and second-order confirmatory factor analysis. This article reports the findings of a pilot study using a preliminary version of the AILQ among 363 secondary school students in Hong Kong to analyse the psychometric properties of the instrument. Results indicated a four-factor structure of the AILQ and revealed good reliability and validity. The AILQ is recommended as a reliable measurement scale for assessing how secondary students foster their AI literacy and inform better instructional design based on the proposed affective, behavioural, cognitive and ethical (ABCE) learning framework.

This study sought to propose the Undesirable Behavior Strategies Questionnaire--Physical Education (UBSQ-PE), based on Doyle, W. (1977). Paradigms for research on teacher effectiveness. "Review of Research in Education," 5(1), 163-198. classroom ecology paradigm, and validate its use within Physical Education. 289 physical educators participated in the study (80 of them in the pilot study) and completed a survey evaluating the strategies they used across the classroom ecology task systems. An exploratory factor analysis proposed a four-factor solution that measured teachers' strategies for "Differentiation of Instruction, Interaction for Students, Classroom Management," and "Interaction with Students" and explained a cumulative 47.45% of the total explained variance (KMO = 0.809, [chi-squared subscript 231] = 1,266, 684, p < 0.001). A confirmatory factor analysis indicated a good fit of the data to the four-factor solution ([chi-squared]/df ratio = 1.52, comparative fit index = 0.906, Tucker Lewis index = 0.890, standardized root mean square residual = 0.079, root mean square error of approximation = 0.05), providing evidence for the instrument's internal consistency. Multiple analyses of variance showed that there were differences in teachers' strategies based on their gender, age, studies, professional knowledge, and school level. The use of UBSQ-PE asserts that teachers use undesirable behavior (UB) strategies according to their personal and professional characteristics. Teacher education programs could use this information for supporting PE teachers to adjust their UB strategies in response to each classroom's interrelated task systems.

Massive open online courses (MOOCs) have emerged as an affordable way to distribute knowledge and democratize education. The examination of online courses calls for theoretical models and instruments that contemplate its particularities. The community of inquiry (CoI) framework has been used in several studies to analyze the effectiveness of online education and hybrid education, including MOOCs. This study aimed to translate and validate the Community of Inquiry Survey instrument (Arbaugh et al., 2008) into Brazilian Portuguese, and used a two-stage methodological design for translating and validating a questionnaire. In the first stage, we carried out translation, back-translation, and cross-cultural adaptation. We translated the 34 items while maintaining the survey's original format. In the expert evaluation phase, all items were considered understandable and essential for inclusion in the Brazilian Portuguese version of the CoI instrument. In the second stage, a prospective cross-sectional study was conducted to validate the questionnaire, and data was collected from participants completing the "Nursing Assessment" MOOC available on the Lúmina platform. A total of 690 responses were gathered. The resulting instrument produced excellent results, and the three presences achieved high reliability indexes, clearly indicating their adequacy. Furthermore, this study proved the validation of the CoI instrument, maintaining the three-factor structure previously reported in the literature corresponding to the three presences: teaching, social, and cognitive presence. We recommend further studies to evaluate the need for excluding or altering cognitive presence items.

Digital literacy is one of the essential teacher competencies in the twenty-first century. It is crucial for performing high-quality learning activities supporting science subjects, especially chemistry whereby there are many abstract concepts and limited visualization without digital tools. This study aims to validate the adapted digital literacy questionnaire and investigate pre-service chemistry teachers' ability to apply digital literacy in the learning context. The digital literacy questionnaire contains 14 items measuring digital technical, digital cognitive, and digital social-emotional aspects. Participants were 885 pre-service chemistry teachers from Kalimantan province in Indonesia selected randomly after finishing six months of the independent program for online learning. The analysis results showed that the partial credit model with the three-dimensional model has better fit parameters than the rating scale model with a three-dimensional model and unidimensional model. The differential item functioning analysis revealed no bias issues based on gender, confirming the measurement invariance statistics achieved. No significant gender differences were found based on pre-service chemistry teachers' abilities in subdimensions. Pre-service chemistry teachers performed better in the digital technical aspect than in the other aspects of digital literacy. Moreover, the pre-service chemistry teachers' competencies were categorized and discussed to offer a comprehensive evaluation.

The objective of this study was to examine possible antecedents and consequences of teachers' emotions in the classroom. Based on a cognitive-social perspective and self-determination theory, we examined the relationship between basic psychological needs (BPNs), teachers' class-related emotions and teachers' life satisfaction. A sample of 595 teachers from Andalusia (Spain) participated in an online survey. A structural equation model was tested, in which BPNs predicted teachers' emotions ([beta] = 0.69; p < 0.001 positive emotions and [beta] = -0.42; p < 0.001 negative emotions). In addition, BPNs ([beta] = 0.36; p < 0.001) and positive emotions ([beta] = 0.23; p < 0.001) predicted satisfaction with life. The results show that the fulfilment of work-related BPNs is important to generate positive emotions and well-being in teachers. In addition, the study is the first to provide extensive details on the psychometric properties for assessing teacher emotions with the Achievement Emotions Questionnaire - Teachers (AEQ-T) in a Spanish sample.

Effective classroom management methods are well known, but effective ways of managing classes of beginner teachers remain elusive. Classroom management refers to the wide range of skills and techniques that teachers use to ensure that classes are conducted without destructive student behavior. The present study is applied nonexperimental research. The purpose of this study was to design a tool to measure the effective management of the virtual classroom from the perspective of professors and students in e-learning and evaluate its validity and reliability. The research sample was taken randomly from all universities that make use of e-learning in Tehran, Iran, during the 2019-2020 semesters. The results show that the professional development of online classroom management is necessary for preparing teachers to teach in digital environments. The results of this research in the form of a validated questionnaire can be considered as an indicator for educators and students working in online environments, and this tool can be used for effective teaching and learning in the digital age.

Self-determination can affect students to have a positive way of thinking and acting, also to make realistic choices so they can make a decision responsibly. This study aimed to develop a questionnaire to measure student self-determination and validate it. This study was conducted in 2019, involved 406 university students as participants consisting of 78 males and 328 females, aged 20-24 years in Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia. This study utilized the quantitative approach as its method and there are 18 questionnaires with a 7-point Likert scale as an answer choice. The data analysis used the Rasch model, "i.e." Winsteps software. Study results show that the Cronbach Alpha value, which measures the interaction between the person and items, is 0.96, which falls into the excellent category of performance. In addition, the Person Reliability of 0.94 demonstrates that the respondents have consistently correctly answered questions, even in the outstanding category. The items in the self-determination questionnaire have high reliability so that they can be used to measure the self-determination of university students.

The measurement of test-taking strategies and practices, mostly studied through qualitative methods, has been an important aspect of language testing and assessment research. The current study examines the test-taking strategies of International English Language Testing System (IELTS) test-takers and reports the process of designing and validating an IELTS test-taking strategy questionnaire. To achieve this aim, a questionnaire with 62 items was developed and piloted on 534 IELTS test-takers. To ensure its validity, the questionnaire results were analyzed through Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analyses (EFA and CFA). The final 49-item instrument with eight factors, "test-management (TM)" and "test-wiseness (TW)" strategies in each skill, had adequate psychometric properties. The findings revealed positive correlations between TM and TW strategies, representing strong correlations between Reading TM and Listening TM, Reading TW and Listening TW, and Listening TM and Speaking TM. The developed questionnaire can serve as a diagnostic tool to monitor test-takers' performance and strategies, mainly in high-stakes tests like IELTS.

Despite widespread use of the Student Course Engagement Questionnaire (SCEQ; Handelsman, Briggs, Sullivan, & Towler, 2005) for the purposes of measuring college student engagement in scholarship of teaching and learning (SoTL) contexts, few studies have been published regarding its psychometric validity. The current study examined the structural and criterion validity of models proposed in the original study and in a subsequent validation study. The results indicated that neither model provided adequate fit to the current data. Concerns regarding structural, criterion, and content validity are discussed, and recommendations regarding the use of the SCEQ are provided in the context of current psychometric evidence and relevant theories of student engagement.

The aim of this study was to adapt Shared-Metacognition Questionnaire (SMQ) into Turkish. The original version of the SMQ consisting of 26 items and two factors measures metacognition in online collaborative learning environments based on the Community of Inquiry (CoI) framework. The data were collected from 364 university students who had online learning experience. Confirmatory factor analysis was done on two-factor and three-factor model. The three-factor model was confirmed with satisfactory model fit indices. The value of AVE for each dimension verified the convergent validity. For verifying discriminant validity, the AVE estimates of three factors were compared with the square of correlation among the factors, and reported as greater than shared-variance of related row-column values. The factor loading values indicated very good to excellent loadings, as verifying the statistically satisfactory indicator reliability. For internal consistency, composite reliability and alpha reliability were found satisfactory. Thus, the Turkish version of the SMQ indicated a reliable and valid estimate for online collaborative learning environments. Moreover, an Independent Samples t-Test was performed to examine whether there is a significant mean difference between female and male groups, and revealed that females scored higher on total shared metacognition, individual monitoring, individual regulation and group regulation than males.

In the present work, the construction process, namely the design, elaboration and validation of a questionnaire-scale is described to evaluate the attitudes and interactions in the way of living in the digital world of social networks in primary and secondary students. The current aim was to analyse the means, uses and risks, as well as the sources of training and advice those students have to interact with the diverse range of devices with an internet connection that provide access to social networks. The participating sample for validation was 1073 students from the Primary and Secondary Education stages of centres with organic dependency: Private, concerted and public. The obtained results express the satisfactory metric quality of the questionnaire, thus presenting a theoretically based and operationally defined instrument, considering four relevant dimensions: Special, environmental, perceptual and motivational.