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While social determinants of health have been perennially linked to child survival in resource-limited countries, the precise and tested pathways to effect are not clearly understood. The objective of this study was therefore to identify the critical pathways as posited a priori in a model through which social factors (at maternal, household, and community levels) determine neonatal, infant, and under-five mortalities in Nigeria. Using a novel analytic approach (hierarchical path modelling for predicting accelerated failure time) to estimate (in)direct and total effects of social determinants of child survival, we analysed 30,960 live births (weighted data for representativeness), obtained from the 2016/2017 Nigeria Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey. There were three outcome variables: time until occurrence of neonatal, infant, and under-five mortalities. The independent variables were layered factors related to child, maternal, household and community. Geographical region, rurality of residence, infrastructural development, maternal education, contraceptive use, marital status, and maternal age at birth were found to operate more indirectly on neonatal, infant, and under-five survival. Child survival is due to direct effects of child's sex (female), gestational type (singleton), birth spacing (children whose mothers delivered at least two years apart), and maternal age at delivery (20–34 years). According to the path coefficients, the indirect effects of geographical regions are the most influential determinants of child survival, accounting for 30% (neonatal), 37.1% (infant) and 39.9% (under-five) of the total effects. This study offers comprehensive set of factors, and linked pathways, at the maternal, household, and community levels that are associated with child survival in Nigeria. To accelerate progress towards Sustainable Development Goal targets for child survival and reduce geographical inequities, stakeholders should implement more impactful policies that promote maternal education, contraceptive use and improve living conditions of women (especially in rural areas of northern Nigeria). Future research should focus on identifying the most effective interventions for addressing these social determinants of child survival in Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: the ravaging COVID-19 pandemic has worsened the levels of unmet need (UMN) for family planning (FP). A pulse survey showed that FP services were interrupted during the lockdown in 68% of countries. There is a need to investigate the demand gap for FP among women in the postpartum period. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and predictors of UMN of FP among women in the extended postpartum period attending immunization clinics. Methods: this was a facility-based cross-sectional study among 485 women recruited from 5 health facilities using a random sampling technique and proportional to size allocation. Data was collected using an interviewer-structured questionnaire. Analysis was done using IBM SPSS version 26. Adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were computed. The level of significance was 5%. Results: the total unmet need was 45.4% (95% CI: 40.2--50.7) with a higher need for child spacing (60.4%) compared to limiting pregnancies (39.6%). The mean age was 30.3 ± 6.1 years. The significant predictors included age [35-39 years (aOR=5.39, 95% CI: 1.61-18.06); ≥ 40 years (aOR= 32.48, 95% CI: 6.48-162.77)], lower education status (aOR= 5.21, 95% CI: 2.09-13.01), lower income (aOR =2.21, 95% CI: 1.10-4.46), rural residence (aOR= 4.27, 95% CI: 2.15-8.47), denomination [Pentecostal (aOR= 4.09, 95% CI: 1.77-9.43); Orthodox (aOR= 5.44, 95% CI: 2.03-14.58)] and poor knowledge of postpartum FP (PPFP) (aOR= 33.93, 95% CI: 13.21-87.12). The commonest reason for FP non-use was fear of side effects. Conclusion: close to half of the women in the extended postpartum period experienced UMN for PPFP. Policymakers should consider these factors when designing FP interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to assess the changes in neonatal and infant mortality rates in Nigeria over the period 1990 to 2018 using Nigerian Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) data, and assess their socio-demographic determinants using data from the most recent survey conducted in 2018. The infant mortality rate was 87 per 1000 live births in 1990, and this increased to 100 per 1000 live births in 2003 - an increase of around 15% over 13 years. Neonatal and infant mortality rates started to decline steadily thereafter and continued to do so until 2013. After 2013, neonatal morality rose slightly by the year 2018. Information for 27,465 infants under 1 year of age from the NDHS-2018 was analysed using bivariate and multivariate analysis and the Cox proportional hazard technique. In 2018, infant deaths decreased as wealth increased, and the incidence of infant deaths was greater among those of Islam religion than among those of other religions. A negative association was found between infant deaths and the size of a child at birth. Infant mortality was higher in rural than in urban areas, and was higher among male than female children. Both neonatal and infant death rates varied by region and were found to be highest in the North West region and lowest in the South region. An increasing trend was observed in neonatal mortality in the 5-year period from 2013 to 2018. Policy interventions should be focused on the poor classes, women with a birth interval of less than 2 years and those living in the North West region of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]