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Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a cumulative progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized mainly by impairment in cognitive functions accompanied by memory loss, disturbance in behavior and personality, and difficulties in learning. Although the main causes of AD pathogenesis are not fully understood yet, amyloid-β peptides and tau proteins are supposed to be responsible for AD onset and pathogenesis. Various demographic, genetic, and environmental risk factors are involved in AD onset and pathogenesis such as age, gender, several genes, lipids, malnutrition, and poor diet. Significant changes were observed in microRNA (miRNA) levels between normal and AD cases giving hope for a diagnostic procedure for AD through a simple blood test. As yet, only two classes of AD therapeutic drugs are approved by FDA. They are classified as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists (NMDA). Unfortunately, they can only treat the symptoms but cannot cure AD or stop its progression. New therapeutic approaches were developed for AD treatment including acitretin due to its ability to cross blood-brain barrier in the brain of rats and mice and induce the expression of ADAM 10 gene, the α-secretase of human amyloid-β protein precursor, stimulating the non-amyloidogenic pathway for amyloid-β protein precursor processing resulting in amyloid-β reduction. Also stem cells may have a crucial role in AD treatment as they can improve cognitive functions and memory in AD rats through regeneration of damaged neurons. This review spotlights on promising diagnostic techniques such as miRNAs and therapeutic approaches such as acitretin and/or stem cells keeping in consideration AD pathogenesis, stages, symptoms, and risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Premature ovarian failure (POF) is a disorder that occurs before the age of 40 among women and characterized by amenorrhea. POF usually occurs due to autoimmune disorders, X-chromosome disorders, viral infections, or after chemotherapeutic treatment. POF can be discovered either by histopathology or by using molecular techniques such as real-time PCR to measure the expression of miRNAs that has a role in POF development. Cyclophosphamide (CP) is a well-known chemotherapy used in the treatment of leukemia, lymphoma, and breast cancer, but it has many harsh side effects on many body organs such as the heart, liver, and gonads, especially after high doses administration. Cyclophosphamide-induced POF usually ends with a loss of follicles and granulose cell damage. Herbal medicine is the promising therapeutic approach of POF especially because of its great safety, availability, and low cost. Moringa oleifera (MO) is a plant distributed all around the world; cultivated in tropical and subtropical areas. It has antioxidant and antimicrobial activity and high nutritional and medicinal values and it is also used in different industries as cosmetics and lubricants for machines. Different parts of its plant are used in the treatment of edema, skin infections, inflammations, rheumatism, fever, anemia, bronchitis, and digestive problems. Furthermore, MO has a great promising effect on treating the toxicity of ovaries caused by chemotherapy or heavy metals. On the other side, Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) is also a herb with great medical importance that is cultivated in tropical and sub-tropical countries, and it has anti-cancer activities, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities. It plays a role in regulating the hormonal balance and enhancing the gonads activity by increasing the ovaries' weight. It enhances immunity due to its high antioxidant activities. Ashwagandha can reduce stress, anxiety, and depression. Furthermore, it can reduce the symptoms of COVID-19. The leaves and roots are used in treating fever and joint inflammation, and roots have also been nominated among the drugs that neutralize the effect of snake venom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]