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Purpose: The conclusion section of a radiology report is crucial for summarizing the primary radiological findings in natural language and essential for communicating results to clinicians. However, creating these summaries is time-consuming, repetitive, and prone to variability and errors among different radiologists. To address these issues, we evaluated a fine-tuned Text-To-Text Transfer Transformer (T5) model for abstractive summarization to automatically generate conclusions for neuroradiology MRI reports in a low-resource language. Methods: We retrospectively applied our method to a dataset of 232,425 neuroradiology MRI reports in Spanish. We compared various pre-trained T5 models, including multilingual T5 and those newly adapted for Spanish. For precise evaluation, we employed BLEU, METEOR, ROUGE-L, CIDEr, and cosine similarity metrics alongside expert radiologist assessments. Results: The findings are promising, with the models specifically fine-tuned for neuroradiology MRI achieving scores of 0.46, 0.28, 0.52, 2.45, and 0.87 in the BLEU-1, METEOR, ROUGE-L, CIDEr, and cosine similarity metrics, respectively. In the radiological experts' evaluation, they found that in 75% of the cases evaluated, the conclusions generated by the system were as good as or even better than the manually generated conclusions. Conclusion: The methods demonstrate the potential and effectiveness of customizing state-of-the-art pre-trained models for neuroradiology, yielding automatic MRI report conclusions that nearly match expert quality. Furthermore, these results underscore the importance of designing and pre-training a dedicated language model for radiology report summarization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural Language Processing (NLP) is the computerized approach to analyzing text using both structured and unstructured data. NLP is a simple, empirically powerful, and reliable approach. It achieves state-of-the-art performance in language processing tasks like Semantic Search (SS), Machine Translation (MT), Text Summarization (TS), Sentiment Analyzer (SA), Named Entity Recognition (NER) and Emotion Detection (ED). NLP is expected to be the technology of the future, based on current technology deployment and adoption. The primary question is: What does NLP have to offer in terms of reality, and what are the prospects? There are several problems to be addressed with this developing method, as it must be compatible with future technology. In this paper, the benefits, challenges and limitations of this innovative paradigm along with the areas open to do research are shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Automatic text summarization is an emerging field of research in Natural Language Processing. This work is a novel attempt to include a low-resource language to the domain of Automatic Text Summarization. We use supervised machine learning algorithms to perform single document extractive automatic text summarization on documents in a low-resource language, Konkani. In particular, we propose using language independent features to train supervised machine learning algorithms using a Konkani dataset, specifically devised for the experimentation using books on Konkani folktale literature. We approach the automatic text summarization task as a binary classification problem, and the algorithms, once trained, classify the sentences based on their relevance to generate a summary. Thereafter, the performance of popular linear and non-linear supervised machine learning algorithms is evaluated using K-fold cross-validation. The summary generated by the systems is compared with human-generated summaries to verify its effectiveness. The results show that the linear models exhibit better performance in comparison with the non-linear models; however, all the models could beat the baselines. The output produced by the proposed methodology generates promising summaries without the need for any language-specific domain knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In this study, we introduce and evaluate a novel extractive text summarization methodology, “SummarEyes,” based on the visual interaction of the user with the text, using eye-tracking data, as opposed to the traditional approaches based on analysis of textual content only. We conducted a large-scale user study aiming to collect eye-tracking data while reading the text to be summarized. We utilized various user’s implicit attention metrics to generate novel eye-tracking-based text summarization models and compared them both to eye-tracking models typically using only a single feature of the gaze duration and to traditional, as well as state-of-the-art summarization methods, based solely on textual features. The models’ quality was evaluated in terms of ROUGE scores using intrinsic evaluation on the datasets we had generated, relating gaze behavior to personalized and DUC gold-standard summaries. The experimental results showed that “SummarEyes” significantly outperformed the other summarizers in predicting both the user’s personalized summarization and the generic gold standard summaries. With the increasing availability of eye-tracking technology, this research can lead to a new generation of effective user-centric text summarization tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem solving applications require users to exercise caution in their data usage practices. Prior to installing these applications, users are encouraged to read and comprehend the terms of service, which address important aspects such as data privacy, processes, and policies (referred to as information elements). However, these terms are often lengthy and complex, making it challenging for users to fully grasp their content. Additionally, existing transparency analytics tools typically rely on the manual extraction of information elements, resulting in a time-consuming process. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a novel approach that combines information visualization and machine learning analyses to automate the retrieval of information elements. The methodology involves the creation and labeling of a dataset derived from multiple software terms of use. Machine learning models, including naïve Bayes, BART, and LSTM, are utilized for the classification of information elements and text summarization. Furthermore, the proposed approach is integrated into our existing visualization tool TranspVis to enable the automatic detection and display of software information elements. The system is thoroughly evaluated using a database-connected tool, incorporating various metrics and expert opinions. The results of our study demonstrate the promising potential of our approach, serving as an initial step in this field. Our solution not only addresses the challenge of extracting information elements from complex terms of service but also provides a foundation for future research in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Initiated by the University Consortium of Geographic Information Science (UCGIS), the GIS&T Body of Knowledge (BoK) is a community‐driven endeavor to define, develop, and document geospatial topics related to geographic information science and technologies (GIS&T). In recent years, GIS&T BoK has undergone rigorous development in terms of its topic re‐organization and content updating, resulting in a new digital version of the project. While the BoK topics provide useful materials for researchers and students to learn about GIS, the semantic relationships among the topics, such as semantic similarity, should also be identified so that a better and automated topic navigation can be achieved. Currently, the related topics are either defined manually by editors or authors, which may result in an incomplete assessment of topic relationships. To address this challenge, our research evaluates the effectiveness of multiple natural language processing (NLP) techniques in extracting semantics from text, including both deep neural networks and traditional machine learning approaches. Besides, a novel text summarization—KACERS (Keyword‐Aware Cross‐Encoder‐Ranking Summarizer)—is proposed to generate a semantic summary of scientific publications. By identifying the semantic linkages among key topics, this work guides the future development and content organization of the GIS&T BoK project. It also offers a new perspective on the use of machine learning techniques for analyzing scientific publications and demonstrates the potential of the KACERS summarizer in semantic understanding of long text documents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eliciting informative user opinions from online reviews is a key success factor for innovative product design and development. The unstructured, noisy, and verbose nature of user reviews, however, often complicate large-scale need finding in a format useful for designers without losing important information. Recent advances in abstractive text summarization have created the opportunity to systematically generate opinion summaries from online reviews to inform the early stages of product design and development. However, two knowledge gaps hinder the applicability of opinion summarization methods in practice. First, there is a lack of formal mechanisms to guide the generative process with respect to different categories of product attributes and user sentiments. Second, the annotated training datasets needed for supervised training of abstractive summarization models are often difficult and costly to create. This article addresses these gaps by (1) devising an efficient computational framework for abstractive opinion summarization guided by specific product attributes and sentiment polarities, and (2) automatically generating a synthetic training dataset that captures various degrees of granularity and polarity. A hierarchical multi-instance attribute-sentiment inference model is developed for assembling a high-quality synthetic dataset, which is utilized to fine-tune a pretrained language model for abstractive summary generation. Numerical experiments conducted on a large dataset scraped from three major e-Commerce retail stores for apparel and footwear products indicate the performance, feasibility, and potentials of the developed framework. Several directions are provided for future exploration in the area of automated opinion summarization for user-centered design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the evolution of technology has led to an increase in text data obtained from many sources. In the biomedical domain, text information has also evidenced this accelerated growth, and automatic text summarization systems play an essential role in optimizing physicians' time resources and identifying relevant information. In this paper, we present a systematic review in recent research of text summarization for biomedical textual data, focusing mainly on the methods employed, type of input data text, areas of application, and evaluation metrics used to assess systems. The survey was limited to the period between 1st January 2014 and 15th March 2022. The data collected was obtained from WoS, IEEE, and ACM digital libraries, while the search strategies were developed with the help of experts in NLP techniques and previous systematic reviews. The four phases of a systematic review by PRISMA methodology were conducted, and five summarization factors were determined to assess the studies included: Input, Purpose, Output, Method, and Evaluation metric. Results showed that 3.5 % of 801 studies met the inclusion criteria. Moreover, Single-document, Biomedical Literature, Generic, and Extractive summarization proved to be the most common approaches employed, while techniques based on Machine Learning were performed in 16 studies and Rouge (Recall-Oriented Understudy for Gisting Evaluation) was reported as the evaluation metric in 26 studies. This review found that in recent years, more transformer-based methodologies for summarization purposes have been implemented compared to a previous survey. Additionally, there are still some challenges in text summarization in different domains, especially in the biomedical field in terms of demand for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional Encoder-Decoder model with attention mechanism has such problems as text redundancy, inconsistent representation and out of vocabulary (OOV) in the application of the summary task, resulting in low accuracy of the generated summary. The transformer model with ambeddable text location information was improved, pointer network was introduced to help with decoding, and take advantage of pointer network to generated text to generate summary. The effectiveness of the transformer model was verified on the LCSTS Chinese short text summary data set. The results show that the model outperforms the benchmark model by an average of two points in ROUGE scores, and the prominence of the generated content and the fluency of the language are significantly improved while ensuring the consistency of the summary with the input text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the problem that the model in the generative text summarization doesn’t fully understand the semantics of the text and the generated summary lacks key information, this paper proposed a Key-BERT-Pen model that integrated keywords in Chinese abstract generation. The KBPM first used the TextRank method to extract the keywords in the text, and then obtained a more accurate contextual representation through the BERT pre-training model using the extracted keywords and the original text. Finally, it input the obtained word vector into a pointer model with a dual attention mechanism, and the pointer model took vocabularies from the vocabulary or original text to generate the final abstract. Experimental results show that the KBPM can generate text summaries with better readability and higher ROUGE scores. The comparative analysis also verifies that the KBPM effectively solves the problem of the lack of key information in the generated abstract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is essential to provide a structured data feed to the computer to accomplish any task so that it can process flawlessly to generate the desired output within minimal computational time. Generally, computer programmers should provide a structured data feed to the computer program for its successful execution. The hardcopy document should be scanned to generate its corresponding computer-readable softcopy version of the file. This process also proves to be a budget-friendly approach to disengage human resources from the entire process of record maintenance. Due to this automation, the workload of existing manpower is reduced to a significant level. This concept may prove beneficial for the delivery of any type of services to the ultimate beneficiary (i.e., citizen) in a minimal time frame. The administration has to deal with various issues of citizens due to the pressure of a huge population who seek legal help to resolve their issues, thereby leading to the filing of large numbers of pending legal cases at several courts of the country. To assist the victims with prompt delivery of justice and legal professionals in reducing their workload, this paper proposed a machine learning based automated legal model to enhance the efficiency of the legal support system with an accuracy of 94%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Having control over your data is a right and a duty that every citizen has in our digital society. It is often that users skip entire policies of applications or websites to save time and energy without realizing the potential sticky points in these policies. Due to obscure language and verbose explanations majority of users of hypermedia do not bother to read them. Further, sometimes digital media companies do not spend enough effort in stating their policies clearly which often time can also be incomplete. A summarized version of these privacy policies that can be categorized into the useful information can help the users. To solve this problem, in this work we propose to use machine learning-based models for policy categorizer that classifies the policy paragraphs under the attributes proposed like security, contact, etc. By benchmarking different machine learning-based classifier models, we show that artificial neural network model performs with higher accuracy on a challenging dataset of textual privacy policies. We thus show that machine learning can help summarize the relevant paragraphs under the various attributes so that the user can get the gist of that topic within a few lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of factual incorrectness in machine-generated abstractive summarization has received widespread attention in the past few years. Although large-scale neural models show excellent capability in generating fluent and coherent summaries, they still struggle with factual inconsistency, in which the named entity incorrectness is the most frequent and notable one, especially for the character-based languages, such as Chinese. Since abstractive summaries are mostly generated character by character in Chinese, the problem of hallucinated entities is more severe than that of other word-based languages. In this paper, we propose CC-Gens, a novel approach for Correctness Checking based on a Generative negative sampling strategy. Considering that the problem is due to the uncertain nature of the language generation process, we leverage fine-tuned generative language models, i.e., UniLMv2 and mT5, to generate summaries with incorrect entities, thereby constructing a synthetic binary classification dataset for the factuality discriminative model. We propose three strategies: Entity Sampling, Sequence Sampling, and Cloze Sampling, to generate summaries with incorrect entities. With such strategies, the negative samples are much more similar in nature to the output of the neural summarization model. We then train a BERT-based discriminator to identify factually incorrect machine-generated summaries with entity errors based on these generative negative samples. We further propose a novel PU learning algorithm to improve the performance of our approach by iteratively training the discriminator to select high confident negative samples from the unlabeled model generated summaries to replace the former artificially constructed ones. By generating multiple candidate summaries and selecting the one with the highest factual correctness score among them, our approach can significantly reduce the probability that an output summary contains factual errors. According to a comprehensive evaluation, the CC-Gens we proposed outperforms previous works in identifying faithless summaries as well as providing faithful ones. [Display omitted] • Named entity error ratio in Chinese abstractive summaries is as high as 58.1%. • We propose generative negative sampling strategies for training the discriminator. • We apply PU learning to improve performance by selecting high-confident samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstractive text summarization (ATS) often fails to capture salient information and preserve the original meaning of the content in the generated summaries due to a lack of background knowledge. We present a method to provide the topic information based on the background knowledge of documents to a deep learning-based summarization model. This method comprises a topic knowledge base (TKB) and convolutional sequence network-based text summarization model with knowledge-powered topic level attention (KTOPAS). TKB employs conceptualization to retrieve the semantic salient knowledge of documents and the knowledge-powered topic model (KPTopicM) to generate coherent and meaningful topic information by utilizing the knowledge that represents the documents well. KTOPAS obtains knowledge-powered topic information (also called topic knowledge) from TKB and incorporates the topic knowledge into the convolutional sequence network through a high-level topic level attention to resolve the existing issues in ATS. KTOPAS introduces a tri-attention channel to jointly learn the attention of the source elements over the summary elements, the source elements over topic knowledge, and topic knowledge over the summary elements to present the contextual alignment information from three aspects and combine them using the softmax function to generate the final probability distribution which enables the model to produce coherent, concise, and human-like summaries with word diversity. By conducting experiments on datasets, namely CNN/Daily Mail and Gigaword, the results show that our proposed method consistently outperforms the competing baselines. Moreover, TKB improves the effectiveness of the resulting summaries by providing topic knowledge to KTOPAS and demonstrates the quality of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]