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Copyright of Academica Turistica is the property of University of Primorska, Faculty of Tourism Studies - Turistica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper explores the activities offered by local governments in the entrepreneurial ecosystem concept perspective. This paper aims to determine the role of the local governments' assistance in the dependencies between institutions supporting entrepreneurship and new enterprises. The activities, such as (i) intentional activities, (ii) favourable conditions for the local entrepreneurial environment, and (iii) the local governments' relations with local entrepreneurs have been distinguished. To confirm the theoretically assumed three-factor structure, confirmatory factor analysis was performed. In the course of the study, the Spearman's correlation and structural modelling methods were applied. The results showed the relation between the local governments' activities and the entrepreneurship indicators at the local level. Additionally, the impact of the institutions supporting entrepreneurship on the number of newly registered entities, with a mediating role of favourable conditions for the local entrepreneurial environment and the local governments' relations with local entrepreneurs, was presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of the present paper is to assess the impact of technology entrepreneurship on the entrepreneurial behavior of employees (which translates into the development of technology entrepreneurship of the organization) in the context of new presentday challenges. Design/methodology/approach: The mentioned purpose was achieved by conducting qualitative research on selected photonics industry enterprises using the case study method. A comparative analysis of appropriately selected organizations allowed for formulating conclusions and recommendations concerning those organizations’ further activity under conditions of heightened uncertainty. Research limitations/implications: This paper contains the characteristics of technology entrepreneurship, academic firms, high-technology sector and case studies of three photonics firm in Poland. Finally, the conclusions and recommendations of discussed Polish photonic firm in Poland are evaluated. Practical implications: The increased uncertainty resulted in a greater consolidation of employee teams, and also generated additional resources of entrepreneurial opportunities and behaviors, in addition, employees were inclined to build more flexible relations with employers. Social implications: "Black swan"-type events forced the organizations to dynamic adaptation actions, which in turn intensified entrepreneurial activities both at the level of owners and employees. The senior management together with the owners of the companies was determined to undertake entrepreneurial activities in the area of reorganization of relations with employees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper was to examine the differences in using agricultural entrepreneurship support and how it relates to characteristics such as the agrarian structure, socioeconomic development level, and land use across the Polish territory. The analyses were carried out at the district (poviat) level which is an intermediate administrative unit. This study found that the decisions on co-financing the measures dedicated to non-agricultural economic activity heavily depended on the agrarian structure. The highest levels of activity were witnessed in districts where the agrarian structure was particularly fragmented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The development of entrepreneurship is associated with both the activity of entrepreneurs and with the involvement of public authorities. Through its decisions the public administration can influence the building of a business-friendly environment. The aim of this research paper is to present the competences of public authorities in the field of entrepreneurship development and the business environment, as well as to indicate the most important factors related to running a business from the perspective of entrepreneurs. Design/methodology/approach: The main method used in the writing of this article is the analysis of source materials. It covers the achievements of public authorities in the field of entrepreneurship development in Poland since 1989. The criteria related to the appropriate conditions for running a business are also considered. Findings: The research examines reports and rankings run by editorial staff of prestigious business magazines and international organizations in terms of criteria as well as actions of countries for the development of entrepreneurship. The tools and methods of public administration that influence the economy through the development of entrepreneurship were also analysed. Originality/value: The article demonstrates the instruments of public authority in Poland, both at the national and regional level, in terms of their potential to nurture a business-friendly environment. The paper can be valuable both for managers and investors, as well as for managers at various levels of public administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: When examining women's economic activity, it should be emphasised that related issues are a relatively new research direction, and an understanding of the specifics of the subject seems particularly important given that the number of women starting businesses in recent decades has been characterised by a permanent upward trend. The aim of this article is to present - against the background of the literature on the subject and empirical data collected by governmental institutions operating in the European Union - the entrepreneurial activity rate of women in Poland over a ten-year period (2012-2021). Materials and Methods: The article is based on reports and working papers published by Eurostat and the Central Statistical Office (CSO). To calculate the data presented in the publication, mathematical analysis tools were used in the field of comparative research, the occurrence of trends and the indication of existing trends and noticeable increases. Results: Poland's twenty-first position compared to other EU Member States points to unlimited development opportunities and the need to support this economic space at every level of economic activity. This conclusion is reinforced by the statistics achieved by the opposite sex - men - which showed an upward trend over the period studied (2012-2021). This is also confirmed by the value of the calculated median female gross salary, which is lower by EUR 126.2 than the median male gross salary in Poland. Practical implications: A defined indicator of female entrepreneurship will allow recommendations to be tailored for state bodies and local government institutions supporting women's economic activity in Poland as well as in other EU countries with a similar economic structure. Conclusion and summary: Visible discrimination against women appears in the analysis of the average gross salary at different organisational levels in Poland, which can be used as an argument to support and create additional aid programmes to support women's economic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theoretical background: Human capital is one of the key factors in the development of entrepreneurship, production and services. The goal of each enterprise is to make a profit, the realization of which requires investment. When developing investment projects, it is crucial to choose the most promising ones, at the same time, it is necessary to take into account the existence of “bottlenecks”, and investment activity should be directed to liquidate them. So, the optimal values of the enterprises’ investments in the situation of sufficient and insufficient levels of human capital are found and the factors influencing them are analyzed. The study of the issue of human capital today cannot bypass the question of refugees. As a result of the war in Ukraine, a large wave of migration processes is taking place in Poland, and, therefore, there is a problem and need for adaptation of people fleeing from the war. The social problem that arose due to the large number of refugees in Poland requires a comprehensive solution that would aim not only to help the refugees, but also the Polish economy. The best possible solution to the problem of refugees, both for themselves and for the host countries, is to involve them in an egalitarian society and equal economic life. The study highlights the possibility of using technical capabilities for the development of human capital on the example of a mobile application “Pszukaj” developed by the authors. Purpose of the article: The aim of this paper is to build and analyze optimization models of investments in the field of production of goods and provision of services and in the development of human capitalin the situation of sufficient and insufficient levels of human capital development. The practical research question of this study is to consider the case of the “Pszukaj” mobile application as a communication tool for refugees wishing to function independently in Polish society. Research methods: The role of human capital in the enterprises’ activities will be evaluated based on constructed investment optimization models. The importance of technological opportunities for human capital development will be evaluated based on the case of the “Pszukaj” mobile application. Main findings: This study contributes to the existing research by offering the analysis of constructed investment optimization models in situation of sufficient and insufficient levels of human capital. The dependence of the optimal values of investments in the development of the sphere of production of goods and provision of services and in human capital on both efficiency indicators of investments in the corresponding directions is shown and analyzed. From the practical perspective, the value of technological opportunities for human capital on the example of “Pszukaj” is shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the paper is to examine the significance of the war in Ukraine for patriotic entrepreneurship in both Poland and Ukraine. The methods are semi-structured interviews with entrepreneurs and an online survey conducted among participants coming from both countries, who were introduced to the main elements that make up the concept of patriotic entrepreneurship. Both quantitative and qualitative research indicated that there is no significant impact of the Russian-Ukrainian war on inclinations related to patriotic entrepreneurship among Polish entrepreneurs, while there is such an impact among Ukrainian entrepreneurs. While patriotic entrepreneurship can be one of the important motivations for managerial and employee actions, the noticeable impact of war on it was only in the country where hostilities are taking place. The research limitation was the lack of representativeness of the sample. The research should be repeated after the war. It would also be useful to continue the research on the representative study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The objective of the present paper is to evaluate the relationships between intelligent polymer materials and the development of technological entrepreneurship as well as the role of intelligent polymer in sustainable development in Poland. Design/methodology/approach: The research concerned the impact of modern smart materials on the development of technology entrepreneurship in high-tech companies in Mazovia and its importance for increasing the competitiveness of enterprises. The survey research method was used as part of the lustration procedure, characteristic of the so-called nomothetic research approach used for quantitative research in management sciences. Findings: A problem encountered during the research was the fact that it was difficult to pinpoint the number of high-technology (HT) enterprises in the Masovian province, mainly due to the fuzzy border between medium-tech and high-tech organizations. Research limitations/implications: The research results show that advanced technology sector enterprises in the Masovian province acquire new smart materials mainly from external sources, primarily due to possessing limited resources and insufficient competences in this area. Practical implications: Technology entrepreneurship, in connection with the using of design thinking and the concept of sustainable enterprise will able to prepare and commercialize interesting and technology advanced materials which cause that many enterprises, not only high-technology firms, the building of high competitive position on international market. Originality/value: This article shows the importance of smart polymer materials in the development of technology entrepreneurship in high-tech companies in Mazovia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the female gender as a one of the factors that may influence product and process innovativeness of small enterprises. The data discussed come from an empirical study of 1017 small enterprises from the Kujawsko-pomorskie region in central-northern Poland. The theoretical framework suggests three areas of factors that may influence small enterprises innovativeness: the entrepreneur's gender, innovation management capability, and firm characteristics. The results of the study suggest that the female gender of the entrepreneur has a positive impact on the product and process innovativeness of small enterprises. In the group of small enterprises managed by female entrepreneurs the chances of introducing product innovation are higher by 83.7%, process innovation by 56%, and product and process innovation together by 82.1%., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

This paper explores the phenomena of entrepreneurial activities of local governments such as the availability of local zoning plans, entrepreneurship support programmes or promotion of investments' benefits in specific locations. The investigation is based on a research sample of 329 local regions from Poland selected in stratified random sampling. However, only 114 local governments (formal authorities of local regions) who responded to the mystery stakeholder communication are subject to a more detailed analysis. The findings show the differences in the potential investment attractiveness of local regions with different levels of entrepreneurial activities of local government. Moreover, local governments with higher potential investment attractiveness engage more in entrepreneurial activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenon of entrepreneurship has various perspectives - economic, financial, social, and psychological. The aim of this paper is to present entrepreneurship from a perspective merging both financial and non-financial aspects of this phenomenon. The article presents two (complementary) aspects related to the phenomenon of entrepreneurship. One of the aspects described by author is the availability of financing for businesses in Poland (showing the issue in response to the most important obstacle to running a business), the other is shaping entrepreneurial attitudes. The section on sources of financing give an answer to the question of whether (and if so - to what extent) the problem of access to financing is a real barrier to starting a business in Poland. Presenting the perspective of students gives a new view on the subject and enables us to recognize factors that determine the decision to start a business among young people, knowledge of which may contribute to a change in attitudes towards setting up a business in Poland. Among the conclusions, the author mentions, inter alia, the need to strengthen entrepreneurial attitudes among students, especially due to the growing number of companies operating in Poland for reasons of positive motivation (such as improvement of the standard of living or independence). Moreover, the conducted analyses lead to the conclusion that new companies are financed primarily from their own resources, which discourages many from starting their own business. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management & Innovation is the property of Wyzsza Szkola Biznesu-National Louis University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present paper deals with issues related to activities undertaken by local government. The article focuses on the identification and assessment of the significance of local government's different bottom-up initiatives that support development of local entrepreneurship. The article also indirectly discusses the importance of activities referring to energy efficiency. Through the digitization process and by using digital tools, LGs realize projects, improve local actors' awareness, and finally achieve new challenges such as a higher proportion of gross final energy consumption being from renewable sources. The aim of the paper is to present the relationship between the LGs' entrepreneurial activities, which we call bottom-up initiatives, and the local entrepreneurship level, understood as the number of entrepreneurs active on the territory of a LG. This paper presents the results of research carried out on the bottom-up initiatives undertaken by Polish local governments to support entrepreneurship. The research was based on survey and statistical tools and stepwise regression analysis. In the paper, bottom-up initiatives undertaken by local governments (such as organizing events at the national or regional scale that enable networking among entrepreneurs or establishing departments for supporting local entrepreneurship that offer cooperation with local entrepreneurs) were found to influence the number of entrepreneurs active in local government territories. The paper concludes that local governments and their bottom-up activities are an important factor influencing local entrepreneurship development. The presented research results have implications for policy makers and may be useful for local governments in Poland and in other countries in the context of supporting entrepreneurship by undertaking bottom-up initiatives at the local level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theoretical background: Economic processes, the COVID-19 pandemic, evolving technology and aspects of demographic change including, above all, an “ageing population” remaining on the labor market have brought about dynamic changes in many canons, beliefs and areas of activity for businesses and economic organizations. In line with the idea of humanocentrism and nurturing human capital (its knowledge and experience), companies are looking for new organizational and technological solutions, whose main objective is to ensure safety and quality of work. One of the techniques/sciences that integrate the achievements of many sciences humanizing the working and living environment so that it is friendly to the psychophysical and social needs of the user is ergonomics. Ergonomics is the science that deals with the adaptation of technology (machines and tools) and working conditions to the specific needs of the user, and through its multidisciplinary and multifaceted nature has many meanings, roles and characteristics. Purpose of the article: The aim of this article is to answer questions related to the ergonomic activities of Polish enterprises and its application in practice. What does ergonomics give them? What is the source of inspiration in carrying out ergonomic activities? What is the purpose of conducting ergonomic activities? What is the essence and role of ergonomics in their business operations? Research methods: In this article, based on literature research conducted by the European Statistical Office (Eurostat), Social Insurance Institution (ZUS), National Labour Inspectorate (PIP) and Statistics Poland (GUS), two authoritative questionnaires were created (under expert supervision) to investigate ergonomic activity in the Polish business arena. The first questionnaire was sent to 15,000 enterprises and searched for ergonomic activity in the business arena. The second questionnaire was sent to a narrower group of ergonomically active enterprises, which provided answers to 100 open and closed questions. The survey was conducted between 2020 and 2022. Main findings: All three research assumptions were successfully achieved. Businesses were found, investigated and conclusions reached. Selected results from the questionnaire survey are presented in tabular form. The surveyed respondents, representatives of various business sectors of micro, small, medium and large enterprises, unequivocally stated that, in their opinion, ergonomics helps to modernise machinery and technology. In addition, ergonomic activity brings them closer to complying with current standards and legislation, thus, having a positive impact on quality, health and safety aspects. Ergonomic activity also gives entrepreneurs the opportunity to increase productivity, efficiency and work performance. Seeking ergonomic inspiration also contributes to increasing the potential of the knowledge economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The main purpose of the article is to examine and understand the specific role that social lending plays in financing enterprises in Poland. The article also aims to shed light on the benefits and drawbacks of social lending. Design/methodology/approach: The article uses the prevailing literature as well as analysis and evaluation of documents, reports, and the websites of social lending platforms. Findings: The obtained results will help to indicate the role of social lending in financing enterprises in Poland. Research limitations/implications: The results cannot be generalised, but can form a basis for further deliberations. They shed certain light on the role of social lending in financing enterprises in Poland. Originality/value: The article shows the role of social lending in financing enterprises in Poland. This article is mainly aimed at people who plan to start a business. Information on the role of peer to peer lending can be valuable for them, helping them to understand what opportunities they have and how they can use it to raise funds to develop their business. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of the article is to explore the concept of business growth aspirations and identify its determinants at an early stage of the entrepreneurial process. In this exploratory study, I focused on the underexplored approach to entrepreneurial process i.e. to study the growth aspirations and its determinants alongside entrepreneurial intentions. Studying growth aspirations and their determinants provides valuable insights into how these aspirations form. This contributes to the literature and future empirical studies on the entrepreneurial process. Research Design & Methods: On the basis of a literature review, I identified the potential determinants of growth aspirations with a focus on understudied individual and sociocultural dimensions. I tested them empirically using binomial logistic regression on data obtained from 757 students from three universities in northern Poland. The proposed model includes growth aspirations as an endogenous variable and eight exogenous variables. Firstly, I described the sample with descriptive statistics and correlation matrix using appropriate correlation coefficients (Spearman for variables using ordinal scale and Yule's phi for binary variables), which I followed with the collinearity checks with the use of variance inflation factors (VIFs). Finally, I discussed the goodness of fit with the discussion of prediction accuracy. Findings: The results show that entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intention proved to be statistically insignificant. Eventually, I found six of the variables to influence the declared growth aspirations of respondents in a statistically significant way, namely: gender, family business background, entrepreneurial role model, declared resistance to stress, and perception of higher income and prestige as the most attractive features of entrepreneurship. Moreover, I identified a gender gap in growth aspirations. Finally, I verified five out of eight proposed research hypotheses and discussed the conclusions. Implications & Recommendations: The most important finding shows the presence of a gender gap in growth aspirations as early as at the time of studies. Therefore, it is advised that policymakers focus on this gap while designing entrepreneurship courses and take it into account. Secondly, it is important to accurately measure stress resistance among students, to show it as a potential advantage, and to teach safe coping strategies. Furthermore, it is recommended to promote the high social status of entrepreneurs, both in the financial (potentially higher income) and non-financial sense (prestige and satisfaction) while at the same time consciously educating about potential dangers. Contribution & Value Added: The study makes an original contribution to the literature on growth aspirations by answering the call to further explore their potential antecedents and is one of the first to do so at the earliest stage of the entrepreneurial process. It is achieved by studying determinants pertaining to sociocultural and individual dimensions which - according to some studies - require further investigation. Moreover, it is done in an unexplored context of students in a developing country in Europe. Finally, the article recognises the ambiguity in defining growth aspirations and suggests a clear distinction to be included in the literature and future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Economic & Regional Studies/Studia Ekonomiczne i Regionalne is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Nowadays photovoltaic trade in Poland is growing rapidly due to contemporary challenges in sustainable energy. The first Polish photovoltaic firms were established in the second decade of XXI century. It was the answer of looking for new innovative energy sources including solar energy. It was necessary to change the structure of energy sources in Poland mainly based on carbon and oil & gas. The aim of this article was the identification and assessment the key opportunities and barriers to photovoltaic industry enterprises in Poland in the context of technology entrepreneurship under conditions of information asymmetry. The paper was prepared based on the results of qualitative research using the case study method. A comparative analysis was performed based on results of a study of four purposefully selected enterprises. All of them are SMEs. The research was done in 2021. The case study method allowed for comparing the analysed enterprises in pairs, which is discussed more extensively further on in the text. The research performed will lead to conclusions and recommendations for the photovoltaic sector enterprises in Poland which will allow them to act more effectively and efficiently in conditions of competing on the global market. This paper contains the characteristics of photovoltaic trade in Poland, its macro and micro environment, the opportunities and threats of this trade and key strengths and weaknesses of characterized photovoltaic enterprises in Poland. Finally, the conclusion and recommendations of discussed Polish photovoltaic trade firms in future are evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Rozwój Regionalny & Polityka Regionalna is the property of Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza (IH UAM) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: The article aims to identify the main determinants affecting the creation of entrepreneurial attitudes among university students in non-economic fields during times of high uncertainty (such as the Covid-19 pandemic). Research Design & Methods: We based the research model on the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and surveyed university students in non-economic fields in Poland (N=355). Statistical analysis provided an opportunity to confirm the research hypotheses. Findings: Positively confirmed hypotheses: entrepreneurial attitudes are shaped by a number of internal and external factors (H1); entrepreneurial knowledge is related to the formation of entrepreneurial attitudes (H2); formal education can be an important source of entrepreneurial knowledge among university students in non-economic fields (H3); well-established entrepreneurial attitudes influence positive attitudes towards entrepreneurship in times of uncertainty related to Covid-19 (H4). This led to an indirect positive answer to the RQ: Entrepreneurial education among university students in non-economic fields is linked to the intention to establish their businesses. Implications & Recommendations: The survey's conclusions suggest the necessity to intensify efforts at the higher education level to supplement programs with entrepreneurial education for university students in non-economic fields, which scholars seldom analyse in this context, particularly in the Central and Eastern European region. Contribution & Value Added: The study fills the gap in research on the relationship between entrepreneurial education and entrepreneurial attitudes, which are key factors influencing the creation of new business ventures. Existing literature highlights the lack of analysis in Central and Eastern Europe with particular emphasis on Poland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia is the property of Wydawnictwo SGGW and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article comprises an analysis of academic entrepreneurship, from the perspective of innovation and sustainability. It aims to identify and assess the innovation and eco-innovation support programs implemented by academics at higher education institutions. The paper presents the typology of innovation and associated concepts, including the notion of innovation for sustainable development (eco-innovation). It also reviews the existing literature in the field of academic entrepreneurship, which is a broad concept, requiring a unique and geographically specific approach. The following research methods were adopted - case study (the subject of the study was the Center for Knowledge and Technology Transfer), based on document analysis, and structured interviews with a purposively selected group of academic innovation developers. The analysis conducted allows a conclusion that one of the main barriers to the implementation of innovation is the lack of adequate funds for research task implementation. The analyzed Innovation Incubator program, despite its significant contribution to the sustainable support of innovation, requires certain changes and improvements to ameliorate the cooperation between the academic circles and business. • The analysis indicates a lack of financial resources for the implementation of innovation from academic entrepreneurship. • Enterprises are interested in sustainable innovation. • Academic entrepreneurship in Poland has been gaining international recognition. • The Innovation Incubator Program is analyzed and found to require certain changes and improvements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The main purpose of the article is to examine and understand the specific role that crowdfunding platforms play in financing startups in Poland, using the case study of wspieram.to. The article also aims to shed light on the benefits and challenges of using crowdfunding platforms. Design/methodology/approach: The article uses the prevailing literature as well as analysis and evaluation of documents, reports, and the website of crowdfunding platform – wspieram.to. The analysis was conducted in 2023. Findings: The obtained results will help to indicate the role of crowdfunding platforms in financing start-ups in Poland on the example wspieram.to. Research limitations/implications: The results cannot be generalized, but can form a basis for further deliberations. They shed certain light on the role of crowdfunding platforms in financing startups in Poland. Originality/value: Studies have shown the role of crowdfunding platforms in financing startups in Poland. This article is mainly aimed at people who plan to start a business. Information on the role of crowdfunding platforms in funding can be valuable for them, helping them to understand what opportunities such platforms offer and how they can use them to raise funds to develop their business. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The issue of gender in analyzes concerning entrepreneurship is part of numerous items, most of which focus on showing the worse situation of women, often equated with discrimination. Qualitative analyzes are often directly linked to a clear predominance of men in the population of entrepreneurs. This study is of a theoretical-cognitive nature. By emphasizing the prevailing gender discrimination, structural inequalities, and lack of consensus within the scientific community, the article contributes to the ongoing discussion on women's entrepreneurship and the challenges they face. The quantitative nature of the study aims to determine the ratio of women to men engaged in entrepreneurial activities during the social, economic, and political changes that have taken place in Poland over the past three decades. The research problem was embedded in the conception of natural differences between the number of women and men as entrepreneurs wherein the criteria of sustainable development, with convergent entrepreneurial intentions of both sexes. Design/methodology/approach: The study is theoretical and cognitive in nature. The article uses statistical tools in benchmarking and regression to present a quantitative pattern of entrepreneurship in Poland. The quantitative analysis was preceded by a review of the literature. Findings: The obtained results indicate that the quantitative structure of the self-employed in terms of gender is quasi-constant. The dominance of men in the population of entrepreneurs does not change over time, and it remains in constant relative relation to the number of women entrepreneurs, regardless of changes in the external environment. Similar arrangements apply to entrepreneurs' decisions regarding liquidation, suspension, and resumption of economic activity. Research limitations/implications: The completed study has limitations related to the adopted time limit of the public reporting system. Research limitations are also present in quantitative terms that ignore the context. Practical implications: In practical terms, they constitute a considerable incentive to revise the formulated EU development strategies and the programs implemented as part of public policies that influence the Polish economy. he obtained results are part of the literature that undermines the effectiveness of interventionism, in this case related to the creation of preferences for women. Social implications: The gender issue in entrepreneurship is important. However, too often these issues are presented in public debate, where the arguments are belief, not science. The article is an important voice in current global discussions on inequality, including discrimination. Originality/value: The obtained results are supplemented by quantitative research on entrepreneurship, considering the gender of the entrepreneur. The applied research approach in the area of quantitative material and statistical tools is innovative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia is the property of Wydawnictwo SGGW and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: The article aims to identify market entrance barriers faced by migrant entrepreneurs and reasons for the attractiveness of specific places when starting a business in so-called peripheral regions. Research Design & Methods: This article presents the results of a qualitative study based on semi-structured interviews, for which 21 migrant entrepreneurs were interviewed in 2019 and 2020 in Opolskie Voivodeship. Findings: The findings suggest the respondents selected the Opolskie Voivodeship for business activities on the bases of socio-spatial embeddedness. Neither the entrepreneurial ecosystem nor the promising economic situation were identified as meaningful for starting or growing businesses. Implications & Recommendations: Drawing on the findings, the authors developed practical implications for policymakers. Attention should be given to tools attracting migrants to peripheral regions. Established migrant entrepreneurs in peripheral regions could be integrated into a regional attraction concept and make the local ecosystem more inclusive for this group of entrepreneurs. They may be turned into practice by giving them the right to member and participate in official networks of the economic development agency or the chamber of commerce. In general, the openness of migrants to reach out to support infrastructures for business creation should be actively addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary goal of this article is to examine the challenges faced by public administration and enterprises as they grappled with the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. The main objective is the presentation of a new attitude to the project management in a selfgovernment entity. These goals were achieved due to the presentation of the latest experience of the Małopolska Centre for Entrepreneurship during the implementation of the Małopolska Anti-Crisis Shield. The authors deployed in this article different techniques. The main method was a participant observation directed by the authors and a case study. The authors’ attention was focused primarily on the implementation by this public institution of the socalled “Entrepreneurship Package”. The "Entrepreneurship Package" was a component of the Małopolska Anti-Crisis Shield and was targeted specifically at entrepreneurs from the SME sector who suffered as a result of the introduction of the lockdown. For the purposes of this case study, previously unpublished data collected by the employees of the Małopolska Centre for Entrepreneurship were used. The main conclusion of this article is that public intervention was necessary to rescue a lot of small and medium enterprises during the pandemic time, but the public money should hit the target. In this context, it means that the biggest support should be directed at some enterprises who had serious economic problems, but despite that they want to provide for their workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zbigniew Horbowy (1935–2019), a graduate of the Faculty of Glass of the State Higher School of Fine Arts in Wrocław, conducted from the end of the 1950s, throughout the next several decades, exceptionally fruitful and original artistic, academic, design and managerial activities on the intersection of art and industry. His artistic achievements quickly found recognition in the national art circles and in the international arena. At the same time, as the only glass designer in the times of the Polish People's Republic, he managed to combine artistic and commercial success. The utility glasses designed by him and mass-produced and sold on a mass scale were a symbol of Polish glass in general in the public awareness. He carried out his entrepreneurial activity with amazing efficiency in spite of the conditions of the industry in the People's Republic of Poland. And this, in principle, was extremely difficult to effectively use innovation or design. As a lecturer at the PWSSP (State Higher School of Fine Arts), then a member of the university's management and at the same time the head of design units of the leading Lower Silesian glassworks, he played an extremely important role in educating design staff and development directions of Polish industrial design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the impact of local unemployment rate on new business registrations in different branches of service sector in Poland between 2003 and 2018. This relationship was verified using panel data methods (fixed effect Driscoll-Kraay estimators and panel VAR estimators). Additionally, the research approach involves considering local determinants which impact the relationship between unemployment and the entrepreneurship dynamic. The research results indicate a positive relationship between rising unemployment and the increase in the number of new operational and knowledge-based business-oriented service businesses in Poland between 2003 and 2018. Service sector, thus, is exposed to a relatively large presence of necessity entrepreneurship. Moreover, the study reveals the intra-regional territorial variation in terms of unemployment push effect with lower elasticity of the gross entry rate against unemployment in cities with poviat rights (where there are more incentives for entrepreneurial activity). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of unproductive entrepreneurs was introduced to science by Baumol, who pointed out the differences in business output between countries. Unproductive behaviour of entrepreneurs is often a consequence of ineffective institutions used by entrepreneurs for rent seeking. The aim of this article is to examine subjective norms (S.N.) and attitudes regarding specified types of unproductive entrepreneurship, which in many cases takes the form of unethical or even unlawful behaviour among entrepreneurs in Poland. Examples of such behaviour are: bribery and tax evasion, burdensome lawsuits, often unfounded or lobbying. The structure of the research was based on Baumol's work while the research model was based on Ajzen's theory of planned behaviour (T.P.B.). In this article we argue that unproductive entrepreneurship in transforming economies is often forced by inefficient institutions and the desire to avoid bankruptcy. The results of the survey carried out among 270 Polish entrepreneurs indicated a permissive and subjective standard regarding tax evasion when the existence of their business is endangered, and more negative behavioural beliefs (B.B.) regarding the effectiveness of tax evasion than regarding the effectiveness of paying bribes (P.B.). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Theoretical background: The article will help to answer the question what factors contribute to the emergence of new companies in medical, agri-food and creative sectors. Moreover, the aim of the article is to examine to what extent the budget policy of communes determines the creation of new enterprises in each of the analysed sectors separately. Purpose of the article: The aim of the article is to examine the factors affecting new firms formation in medical, agri-food and creative sectors in Poland, as well as the impact of budget policy of local government units at commune level on entrepreneurship in chosen sectors. Research methods: The study was conducted by means of a panel econometric model. In particular, the study was based on FEM estimation modelling based on 2,477 communes in the years 2010–2021. Main findings: The conducted research confirmed that different factors affect new firms formation in studied sectors. The research proved that budget policy of communes influences new firms formation. Moreover, the study confirmed that individual elements of the local budget policy have a different impact on each economic activity. Thus, local budget policy should be profiled in terms of type of activity supported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The article aims to investigate how patriotic entrepreneurship is understood by Polish and Ukrainian entrepreneurs. Research Design & Methods: Qualitative research was carried out as part of the research conducted on the opportunities presented by the development of patriotic entrepreneurship. As part of the qualitative research, in-depth individual inter-views were conducted with ten entrepreneurs doing business in Poland and Ukraine. Findings: The results showed that the concept of patriotic entrepreneurship was positively evaluated by the entrepreneurs and should be expressed in greater entrepreneurial independence. In their answers, the entrepreneurs paid attention to the need to 'humanise' entrepreneurship. They also showed understanding and strong support for consumer ethnocentrism, which is one of the dimensions of patriotic entrepreneurship. Patriotic entrepreneurship is also determined by preferences as to where a business is conducted. Respondents also indicated that the best place to do business was their own country of origin, empowering their own business, which increases independence from international consortia. Implications & Recommendations: Patriotic entrepreneurship can be one of the important motivations for consumer, managerial, and employee actions. Contribution & Value Added: The study was exploratory in nature. Due to the very scarce literature in the field of patriotic entrepreneur-ship, it will serve as a basis for future research in the mentioned area. By systematising the knowledge in this area, it will be possible to better prepare future research projects in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fact that personality traits play an important role when it comes to predicting people's entrepreneurial behavior is currently indisputable. However, so far, the majority of subject literature has focused on employee characteristics in developed countries. To address this gap, research was conducted, including 188 entrepreneurs of small and medium enterprises (SME) and 21 highest-level employees in Poland—one of the countries with the most hostile and turbulent environment for entrepreneurial operations in the world. The five personality traits (Big Five) were evaluated using the 60-item scale. There were three objectives of this study: to identify the differences between entrepreneurs and the most effective, highest-level employees, in the context of personality trait intensities, to determine the level of specific trait(s) intensities (OCEAN) of an effective entrepreneur. Finally, to determine whether it is possible to construct a model based on BIG5 to estimate the probability of success as an entrepreneur. The research results imply there are significant differences between successful entrepreneurs and highly effective employees and their personality trait intensities, described in the BIG5 model. Moreover, it is possible to distinguish trait intensity ranges, determining the success as an entrepreneur. Finally, we constructed the empirically based model, which allows us to estimate the chances of an individual succeeding as an entrepreneur with only a 5% error rate. The main factor and common denominator of entrepreneurial effectiveness is the trait of extraversion. The findings of our study are particularly important for the renewable energy sector in Poland, as the last part of green energy implementing blockchain (e.g., the installation and maintenance of wind turbines and solar panels) is being undertaken, in vast majority, by independent contractors and SME owners (entrepreneurs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes the key determinants of the importance and need for the activation of entrepreneurship and innovation for the effective development of economic entities in Poland and the improvement of market efficiency. The process of activating economic activity and creating innovation is possible primarily through the use of specific systemic solutions that improve the operation of economic entities, as well as various institutions functioning in their environment. In the context of effective development of economic entities, the issue of activation of innovativeness and entrepreneurship is a particularly important determinant, as in this way it is possible to significantly increase the economic effectiveness of a given entity, improve its financial situation and, as a consequence, also increase tax revenues to the state and municipal budgets. On the other hand, it is also important to improve business-social relations between enterprises and state and local government bodies. Efficient implementation of programmes activating entrepreneurship and innovativeness is determined by the process of developing correlations and feedback in the area of cooperation between enterprises, local government units and other institutions of closer and further business environment, including state authorities. Economic growth in Poland is to a large extent determined by innovativeness and entrepreneurship of local and national economic entities. Apart from that, in this article a diagnosis of contemporary trends in teaching entrepreneurship in higher education has been conducted on the example of characteristics of applied didactic methods at the Academy of Entrepreneurship in Warsaw. The aim of the didactic methods used at the university described in this article is, among others, shaping entrepreneurial and pro-innovative attitudes of students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entrepreneurship is often found to be highly persistent over time. Although the historical roots of persisting effects of entrepreneurship are partially uncovered, their mechanisms remained largely unclear. To understand the historical roots of contemporaneous regional entrepreneurship, we exploit different types of historical self-employment in regions of Poland, a country that experienced different types of disruptive developments. In contrast to previous studies on other countries, we do not find a persistent effect of the general level of historical private sector self-employment. There is, however, a pronounced positive relationship between high regional levels of knowledge-intensive entrepreneurship in the 1920s and current start-up activity in general, even in areas where large parts of the local population were displaced after World War II. We find that the magnitude of this effect is independent of the mobility and an exchange of the local population. Our main conclusion is that the historical regional knowledge stock, as reflected by knowledge-intensive entrepreneurship, can be an important and stable historical root of modern entrepreneurship despite disruptive historical shocks and population discontinuities. Plain English Summary: Historical knowledge-intensive entrepreneurship is a major root of current entrepreneurship despite disruptive historical shocks and population replacement. We draw on Poland's turbulent history since the 1920s to investigate the regional roots of today's entrepreneurship. Compared to previous studies, we do not find a persistent effect of the general level of historical private sector entrepreneurship. Only historically high levels of high-quality entrepreneurship are positively related to current start-up activity, even in areas where much of the local population has been displaced. This suggests that the historical regional knowledge stock can be an important historical root of modern entrepreneurship despite disruptive historical shocks and population discontinuities. Therefore, entrepreneurship policy should seek to stimulate the regional knowledge stock and the creation of high-quality start-ups in a region. Examples of successful current and historical local entrepreneurs can provide important roadmaps on how to become successful entrepreneurs and potentially create a place-based collective memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses how economic change after 1989 was perceived and rooted in society through cultural representations, specifically in the film production of Poland and Czechoslovakia (and later the Czech Republic and Slovakia). The starting premise of this investigation is that popular commercial films, alongside the media and discourse of politicians and other key actors of the systemic transformation, also informed ideas about the free market circulating in the public sphere. Filmmakers, faced with the new realities brought about initially by the gradual liberalization of the economy in the late 1980s and later the systemic change of the economic transformation in both countries, immediately turned to capturing and fictionalizing the changes surrounding them. They presented audiences with role models of what it means to be a capitalist, but also tales of warning. This article investigates the "transformation cinema" of the 1990s, focusing on the figure of the entrepreneur and private enterprise. It examines how filmmakers searched for a visual language to critique or affirm the new social order, but also continued to work with inherited modes from the late socialist era. The article asserts that while the economic expectations conveyed through cinema focused largely on structuring the imagination of a new middle class in Poland, Czech(oslovak) cinema adopted a more sceptical outlook, suggesting that the promises of the free market were not available to "ordinary" working people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an approach to the diagnosis of the business area for new entities on the raw material market in Poland. In the face of the need for changes as a result of the assumptions of the Green Deal and the global transformation of production processes toward a sustainable approach and circular economy, a diagnosis was made of the area that can be explored by new entities in the raw material industry. After the diagnosis of this area, a PESTEL analysis was carried out, which may contribute to a better definition of business goals and the scope of activities for new entities on the market or those who want or need to change industries. PESTEL is an analysis aimed at assessing the macroeconomic environment of a company. It helps in making strategic decisions for the enterprise. The research results presented in this article are part of a project implemented as part of an international cooperation within the V4 countries. In each of them, there is a defined market of mineral resources that can be used by local or foreign entities. The business gap diagnosed in the mineral resource market in Poland, i.e., broadly understood activity in the IT area, may be an indication for potential investors to start new business activities. Additionally, the PESTEL analysis carried out allows the definition of the requirements for the determinants of the business under consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research background: Based on the literature, several ways of assessing the conduct of business and a number of factors influencing the growth and development of the companies can be identified. However, the diversity of business entities and their business environment raises the importance of considering the unique nature of the industry in the selection of performance measures. Our research focuses on real estate valuation firms that provide information and consulting services to real estate markets. Purpose of the article: As professional practice shows, there are different business models for property valuation. These businesses differ in their organisational and legal form and the type of valuations performed, the type of client served, or the scope of services provided. The main purpose of the research is to identify factors that significantly affect the development odds of valuation companies in Poland, especially the growth of income. Methods: The study was based on data collected from the survey of Polish real estate valuers. The analysis was conducted on a sample of 277 professionals who own valuation companies and were certified no later than the end of 2014. A quantitative analysis using a logistic regression model was conducted to identify the factors that influence the prospects for valuation business growth. Findings & value added: The research confirms the relationship between the way of conducting real estate valuation activities and its development chances. The most important factors are a spatial and substantive range of services, cooperation and employment, and clients' profile. Demographic characteristics were also found to be significant. Although the results presented here are based on data from the real estate valuation industry, their relevance is much broader. The findings provide a better understanding of the factors that influence the performance and success of SMEs, particularly in the information and consulting industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of the article is an attempt to identify factors/determinants conditioning the development of enterprises in Poland in recent years. The author will also try to indicate the dominant behaviours related to the notion of entrepreneurship among the owners of the enterprises under study. In addition to the literature analysis, the author chosea survey in the form ofa structured interview with business owners as another research method - the survey was carried out in 2015 and 2017 and in 2019/2020 in 200 purposively selected enterprises from the SME sector, which are based in Poland and were established in the last 5 years. After the analysis of the literature and the results of the conducted survey, obviously bearing in mind its pilot character, the author clarified the names of the selected indicators/determinants and expanded their list by those he considered useful from the point of view of the general purpose of the survey - 9 indicators/determinants. In the author's opinion, the developed indicators/determinants make it possible to assess the level of enterprise development (direction and pace of changes) depending on selected factors of the local and institutional environment, internal factors, the level of achieved financial results, sources of financing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivation: Unemployment is an important entrepreneurship determinant which is captured by the unemployment push/pull hypotheses. Those issues remain underexplored, with only few studies investigating the relationship between unemployment and the sector structure of entrepreneurship, while considering the specificity of the local economy. Aim: The main goal of the study is to assess the impact of local unemployment rate on the number of newly registered service businesses in Poland, taking into account both the heterogeneity of that sector and the specificities of local economies in 2003-2018. Results: The research results show that in Poland growing unemployment contributed to the increasing registration of new service businesses, which empirically supports the unemployment-push hypothesis. Both the occurrence and the intensity of the unemployment-push effect were conditioned by territorial factors, with the higher elasticity of entrepreneurship in relation to unemployment changes in lagged local units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of the article is to determine the scope of the use of financial instruments to support entrepreneurship by communes in Poland. Research Design & Methods: The article is a quantitative study. The source of data was a survey carried out among Polish Local Government Units (LGUs). In the article several methods were used: descriptive statistics methods, variable classification and grouping, Pearson's chi-square coefficient, Cramer's V coefficient and comparative analysis. Findings: The research results indicate that LGUs conduct inefficient fiscal policies. LGUs do not measure the results of their policies and do not address their activities oriented on entrepreneurship support well. As a result, one in five of the surveyed units was exposed to negative budgetary effects because of the policy on the tax on means of transport and more than every fourth one in relation to the real estate tax. Implications & Recommendations: LGUs should diagnose local economic conditions in terms of individual needs and choose instruments that match the unique conditions of the local environment. LGUs should also pay more attention to measuring the effects of their activities in order to stop ineffective activities and reorient associated financial streams. Contribution & Value Added: Due to the scope, multifacetedness and uniqueness of the collected data, the article is a significant added value in terms of recognizing the scope and diversity of LGUs' use of financial instruments to stimulate entrepreneurship in Poland. The undertaken topic related to the widespread problems with LGU financing is an important contribution to the discussion on strengthening the effectiveness of the financial policy of Polish LGUs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research was to examine whether trust influences the functioning of various forms of collective entrepreneurship in rural areas. The study focused on organizations which are most common in rural Poland: agricultural producer organizations, rural women's circles, and local action groups. Hence, the survey sample included people engaged in these types of collective entrepreneurship. Data collection was based on a standardized questionnaire distributed online utilizing the computer-assisted web interviewing method. The statistical analysis of the empirical material obtained from 132 respondents involved Pearson and Spearman correlation and principal component analysis. The conducted research shows (1) the superior role of personal trust over institutional trust in the emergence and functioning of the studied forms of collective entrepreneurship in rural areas, (2) the greater importance of social than economic factors determining the functioning of rural collective entrepreneurship, (3) the positive impact of generalized trust on trust placed in the forms of entrepreneurship covered by the analysis, (4) the increase in trust over time of cooperation, and (5) the impact of trust on the functioning of collective entrepreneurship, in both the economic and the social dimensions, with a slight advantage of the latter. By focusing on trust, this article contributes to the literature on the role of trust in developing collective entrepreneurship in rural areas. The authors point out that this article only opens the space for a discussion on trust in the concept of the economics of trust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biogas production in Poland and Ukraine seems to be a good way to both reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase energy self-sufficiency by supplementing conventional energy sources. The aim of the research was to assess the potential of biogas production and the possibility of increasing it at the regional level of both studied countries and was conducted in 2018. The study included an analysis of seasonal heat demand, and the results showed biogas heat surpluses and shortages in each region. The financial side of the investment discussed using the example of the selected administrative unit showed that the construction costs of the biogas plant would be paid back after 7~9 years. The presented results also showed that Polish regions have much higher variation of biogas production potential (0.14~1.09 billion m3) than Ukrainian regions (0.09~0.3 billion m3). The analysis of the possibilities of increasing the potential based on the cultivation of maize in wastelands showed that in this respect, the Ukrainian regions have better opportunities compared to Polish regions. In the case of 20 regions, the maximum use of the potential of biogas should result in an increase in the share of renewable sources in the energy mix to above the level of 25%. Poland and Ukraine have comparable biogas production potentials of ~10 billion m3 annually, which results in a comparable number of biogas plants needed to consume that potential as well as the number of new jobs. The above analyses were also carried out at the LAU level (powiats and raions) where the potential of regional cooperation for four border regions is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]