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This work correlates the impact of robotization on employment and households' income at the regional scale with the level of investment in R&D and education policies. This kind of policy, by raising the qualitative and quantitative levels of human capital, contributes to improving the complementarity effect between humans and robots, thus mitigating the substitution effect. To this end, we compute the Adjusted Penetration of Robots (APR) (a metric used to measure the extent to which robots are being used in a particular industry or sector) at the sectoral level, combining the International Federation of Robotics database for the stock of robots, EUROSTAT Regional database, and the STructural ANalysis database on 150 NUTS-2 regions of the Euro area. We then perform a spatial stacked-panel analysis on the investment in R&D and education level. Results supports the idea that regions that invest more in R&D and have higher levels of human capital can turn the risk of robotization into an increase in both income and "quantity of work," by enhancing complementarity between robots and the labor force. On the contrary, regions investing less in R&D and having lower levels of human capital may suffer a reduction in households' disposable income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The outbreak of COVID-19 epidemic has been having a great impact on the job market, so that graduates from all over the world are facing a more complex employment environment. Unemployment of the educated labor force often results in a waste of human capital and leads to serious economic and social problems. In the face of the impact of COVID-19, the Chinese government quickly introduced a series of employment policies for college graduates to relieve their employment pressure and create opportunities of career development. How did these employment policies for college graduates spread rapidly under the unconventional state of the COVID-19 epidemic? What are the diffusion characteristics? What are the core issues and measures? What are the differences between governments at all levels? These problems with rich connotation and research value needed to be further clarified. Based on the 72 employment support policies collected from the Chinese government network, this paper conducted a text analysis of the policies and found that in the process dimension, the employment policies of college graduates accumulated and exploded from bottom to top in the short term, and the policies diffusion followed the gradual model of "east–middle–west". In the content dimension, there were five core issues: financial subsidies, innovation and entrepreneurship to drive employment, public institutions to absorb, optimizing public services, and lowering the support threshold. Meanwhile, there were obvious differences in the choice of policy tools, policy intensity, and implementation ideas in each region. The findings are of important significance for developed and developing countries to better respond to the impact of various emergency situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ekwusigo local government council is a bureaucratic organization that ought to implement essential public policies while maintaining professionalism and other attributes of bureaucracy. However, poor staff training and development culture affected this function. The specific objective of this research was to identify the necessary strategies for effective manpower training in Ekwusigo local government council of Anambra State, Nigeria. The research adopted survey research design. The research submitted that the purpose of manpower training in Ekwusigo local government area should center on improving quality of workforce, improving employee growth, preventing obsolescence, assisting new comer, bridging the gap between planning and implementation, enhancement of health and safety measures, and increasing workers morale cum enthusiasm. Regarding the specific objective, result shows that the appropriate strategies towards manpower development in Ekwusigo Local Government Council are significant. In conclusion, the findings predicate that the optimal performance of Ekwusigo local government is dependent upon the adoption of these identified strategies for training and re-training of the council's employees. It recommended that manpower development should be encouraged by the council leadership for the members of staff of Ekwusigo local government council. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immigration policy debates currently focus on restricting immigration in favor of the highly skilled with the assumption that highly skilled immigrants will be better able to join the labor market and contribute to the economy. However, few studies empirically test the impact of immigrant selection policy by comparing labor market outcomes of immigrants from a single origin in multiple destinations. Fewer still address how race (specifically blackness) may impact the utility of these selection policies. This paper fills this gap by determining Ethiopian immigrants' labor force participation, occupational status, and self-employment in the United States and Israel—countries with and without immigrant selection policies respectively. We find that Ethiopians experience similar labor market disadvantages relative to the native-born in both countries. These results indicate that rather than selection policy being the driver of labor market success, racial discrimination likely plays the largest role in determining Ethiopian (black) African immigrants' labor market incorporation in both places. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bibliometric analysis is an effective method to gain a detailed overview of trends in the labor force, with a focus on active aging. This approach examines relevant scientific publications to identify trends, key authors, frequently used terms and, last but not least, important contributions to the field. The specific area of workforce and active aging focuses on the relationship between the process of population aging and its impact on the workforce. The focus here is on how older people can remain active and productive in the labor market, including by adapting skills and implementing policies and practices that facilitate employment and retention. In order to carry out this study, articles on workforce and active aging were identified using data available on the Web of Science. Although the results of the study show that, unlike other topics, a relatively small number of studies were identified in the Web of Science for workforce and active aging, research in this area is increasing, particularly in the USA and Spain. This approach provides a basis for the analysis and interpretation of workforce developments in the context of active aging. It enables a deeper understanding of workforce work with a focus on active aging and can serve as a basis for sound research and policy decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With outsourcing of work having become ubiquitous, and more importantly, given its potential to become controversial, the need for such outsourcing decisions to be drafted carefully, managed effectively and controlled accurately cannot be underscored. In this context, this paper has constructed a mathematical model of organizations with 'outsource' employees to study the problem of the monitoring and control of the extent of outsourcing, and the number and distribution of outsource manpower. Control policies for maintaining desired blends of internal and outsource manpower have been mathematically derived, thereby obviating the need for further statistical validation. The cost savings that could be expected to accrue due to outsourcing, as also the problem of optimal outsourcing have been investigated and illustrated with numerical examples. This paper thereby studies a problem of contemporary relevance and importance, and organizations could use the suggested models as a decision-making tool, to generate alternative trade-off scenarios between cost savings due to outsourcing on the one hand, and the need to restrict the extent of outsourcing on the other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People are forced into taking jobs that don't match their skills and needs, trapped by both a lack of progression opportunities within their current workplace, but also a lack of alternative jobs that offer a better future. If policymakers are serious about getting us out of this low-pay, low-productivity rut, they need to start backing up these sentiments with real action on the range of policy areas that currently work to undermine, rather than empower, workers, and help them to thrive in the UK labour market. More of the same: a "work first, then work more" approach, which simply requires workers to take on more work, while at the same time doing nothing about the quality of jobs available, just places more pressure on precarious workers. [Extracted from the article]

Regional Competitiveness Operational Programme (RCOP) is one of the policies which aims to increase the competitiveness of the poorest regions of Turkey by supporting enterprises and creating employment opportunities. This study aims to investigate whether RCOP has generated more employment opportunities in the "East-Central Anatolia Region" compared to its neighbor called "West-Central Anatolia Region". As an identification strategy, we implement Difference-in-Differences (DiD) methodology, and for the robustness check, we apply DiD with Propensity Score Matching (PSM). The entire analysis relies on data derived from the Household Labor Force Survey between 2004 and 2017. Our findings show that RCOP increased only the employment rate of young people aged between 15–24. We find no evidence of a positive effect for people over 24 years old. Governments in other countries which are also concerned about unemployment and vulnerability among youth could implement similar policies. Even though the programme has been effective in increasing the youth employment rate, the employment gap between men and women persists in favor of men in all age groups, including the youth. This finding offers an insight into the necessity of additional policies to increase female employment and close the gender gap in employment opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The employment effects of family policies depend on the mother's labor market attachment and on the age of the child. We study the effects of child home care (cash-for-care) and private day care allowances on mothers' return to employment after childbirth. Our identification strategy exploits changes in municipal-level subsidies. We find that higher private day care allowances have no effect while higher home care allowances increase the length of home care. A 100-euro higher level of home care allowance prolongs home care by 2–3 months, on average. The home care allowance combined with low labor market attachment and low earnings potential pre-birth delay the return to employment. However, the effect of the allowance diminishes over time. Higher subsidies have no impact by the time a child turns two. Reductions in subsidies stimulate a faster return to employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]