467 results
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2. APPLICATION CORNER: THE WRONG COIL IN A MAGNETIC FLOWMETER?
- Author
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Spitzer, David W.
- Subjects
ELECTROMAGNETS ,PAPER mills ,BODY size ,FLOW meters ,MANUFACTURING industries - Abstract
This article discusses a case involving a magnetic flowmeter used to measure the effluent flow from a paper mill. The flowmeter failed calibration after 40 years of service, and the treatment facility alleged that it measured only half of the actual flow. The treatment company's expert suggested that the wrong size coil was installed in the flowmeter, but it was not possible to present evidence at arbitration. The article is written by David W. Spitzer, a principal at Spitzer and Boyes, LLC, who specializes in engineering and automation services. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2024
3. Review of Compensation Topologies Power Converters Coil Structure and Architectures for Dynamic Wireless Charging System for Electric Vehicle.
- Author
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Rajamanickam, Narayanamoorthi, Shanmugam, Yuvaraja, Jayaraman, Rahulkumar, Petrov, Jan, Vavra, Lukas, and Gono, Radomir
- Subjects
WIRELESS power transmission ,ELECTRIC charge ,MAGNETIC structure ,MAGNETIC materials ,ELECTROMAGNETS - Abstract
The increasing demand for wireless power transfer (WPT) systems for electric vehicles (EVs) has necessitated advancements in charging solutions, with a particular focus on speed and efficiency. However, power transfer efficiency is the major concern in static and dynamic wireless charging (DWC) design. Design consideration and improvements in all functional units are necessary for an increase in overall efficiency of the system. Recently, different research works have been presented regarding DWC at the power converter, coil structure and compensators. This paper provides a comprehensive review of power converters incorporating high-order compensation topologies, demonstrating their benefits in enhancing the DWC of EVs. The review also delves into the coupling coil structure and magnetic material architecture, pivotal in enhancing power transfer efficiency and capability. Moreover, the high-order compensation topologies used to effectively mitigate low-frequency ripple, improve voltage regulation, and facilitate a more compact and portable design are discussed. Furthermore, optimal coupling and different techniques to achieve maximum power transfer efficiency are discussed to boost magnetic interactions, thereby reducing power loss. Finally, this paper highlights the essential role of these components in developing efficient and reliable DWC systems for EVs, emphasizing their contribution to achieving high-power transfer efficiency and stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Enhancing Wireless Charging for Electric Vehicles: Active Load Impedance Matching and Its Impact on Efficiency, Cost and Size.
- Author
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Allali, Nicolas
- Subjects
LOAD transfer (Vehicles) ,IMPEDANCE matching ,ELECTRIC charge ,ELECTRIC vehicle charging stations ,ELECTROMAGNETS ,WIRELESS power transmission - Abstract
This paper presents an advanced Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) system for electric vehicles (EVs) featuring Active Load Impedance Matching (ALIM) at the rectification stage. Unlike traditional synchronous rectification, ALIM dynamically adjusts load impedance, optimizing energy transfer efficiency and reducing thermal stresses, system costs, and mass. The system incorporates two circuits optimized for distinct frequency bands: one operates below 10 kHz using standard copper wiring for cost-effectiveness, and the other at 85 kHz, which significantly reduces the mass of the onboard coil and magnetic circuit while ensuring interoperability according to SAE J2954 standard. Our approach enhances charging efficiency across various operating conditions, improves thermal management, and minimizes maintenance costs. Additionally, it enables partial compensation for vehicle misalignment and ground assembly impedance, further boosting efficiency and interoperability. Experimental results demonstrate a notable increase in efficiency and reduction in system mass, confirming the superiority of the ALIM-equipped WPT system over conventional solutions. This paper underscores the potential of ALIM to advance the scalability, efficiency, and economic viability of wireless EV charging technology, promoting broader adoption and sustainability in EV infrastructures. By providing a comprehensive solution that addresses key challenges in wireless charging, our work paves the way for more efficient and cost-effective EV charging systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Numerical Simulation of Thermal Therapy for Melanoma in Mice.
- Author
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Zhang, Yunfei and Lu, Mai
- Subjects
MAGNETIC flux density ,ELECTROMAGNETIC induction ,ELECTROMAGNETS ,ELECTROMAGNETIC fields ,MAGNETIC nanoparticles - Abstract
In recent years, the progressively escalating incidence and exceptionally high fatality rate of cutaneous melanoma have drawn the attention of numerous scholars. Magnetic induction hyperthermia, as an efficacious tumor treatment modality, has been promoted and applied in the therapy of some tumors. In this paper, the melanoma atop the mice's heads was chosen as the research subject, and a magnetic induction hyperthermia approach based on Helmholtz coils as the magnetic field excitation was investigated and designed. The influence of the electromagnetic field and thermal field on organisms was addressed through modeling by COMSOL simulation software. The results showed that the maximum values of induced electric field and magnetic induction strength in mouse tumor tissues were 63.1 V/m and 8.5621 mT, respectively, which reached the threshold value of magnetic field strength required for magnetic induction hyperthermia. The maxima of the induced electric field and magnetic induction intensity in brain tissues are, respectively, 35.828 V/m and 8.57 mT. Approximately 93% of the tumor tissue can reach 42 °C, and the maximum temperature is 44.2 °C. Within this temperature range, a large quantity of tumor cells can be successfully induced to undergo apoptosis without harming normal cells, and the therapeutic effect is favorable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Fault-Tolerant Control of D-PMSG Demagnetization Based on Linear Active Disturbance Rejection Controller.
- Author
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Bing Luo, Bozhong Liu, Sicheng Peng, Zhi Yu, and Yang Zhang
- Subjects
FAULT-tolerant control systems ,DEMAGNETIZATION ,TORQUE control ,SYNCHRONOUS generators ,ELECTROMAGNETS ,FAULT tolerance (Engineering) ,PERMANENT magnet generators - Abstract
When demagnetization occurs, direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous wind generator exhibits problems of poor dynamic performance, weak immunity to disturbances and speed fluctuations. Aiming at these problems, this paper proposes a cascaded linear active disturbance rejection control method. First, the mathematical models of the generator during normal operation and demagnetization are described. Second, the linear active disturbance rejection controller (LADRC) for the speed and current loops is designed. The compensation for demagnetization disturbances at the speed loop's input is enabled by the control approach. The current output of the speed loop is imported as a rated value into the LADRC of the current loop. At the same time, the current is compensated at the input. Compensated speed and current accurately track the given values, and the goal of achieving demagnetization fault tolerance is met. Finally, this method is compared with dual-loop Proportional Integral (PI) control. The experimental results affirm that, under this control method, when demagnetization occurs, the speed fluctuation is reduced by 95.7%, the current response time decreased from 0.01 seconds to 0.001 seconds, and the electromagnetic torque ripple amplitude reduced by 50%. These experimental results fully validate the heightened fault tolerance and resistance to interference exhibited by the method advocated in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Optimization Design of Variable Reluctance Resolver Based on Three-phase Symmetrical Winding.
- Author
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Li, Xinmin, Chen, Jiannan, and Zhang, Zhen
- Subjects
PERMANENT magnet motors ,OPTICAL shaft encoders ,RELUCTANCE motors ,ELECTROMAGNETS ,MANUFACTURING processes - Abstract
In order to ease the structure and manufacturing process of the variable reluctance (VR) resolver, the three-phase symmetrical single-layer winding commonly used in the stator winding of permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) is applied to the VR resolver in this paper. The proposed resolver has the same winding direction and number of turns on all teeth. And the non-overlapping distribution of the three-phase windings of the resolver is ensured. For this novel resolver, the resolver-to-digital conversion (RDC) method references the ultra-high-frequency (UHF) signal injection method used when a PMSM is powered off and restarted. Instead of the need for the orthogonal envelope RDC required by conventional resolvers, the absolute position of the rotor can be obtained. In this paper, the prototype of the proposed resolver and the peripheral circuits are fabricated and compared with the position detected by the optical encoder, and the validity of the proposed resolver and the accuracy of the RDC are verified by the results of the comparison experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Special Issue "Nanomaterials for Biomedical and Biotechnological Applications".
- Author
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Ferraro, Angelo
- Subjects
NANOSTRUCTURED materials ,IRON oxide nanoparticles ,ELECTROMAGNETS ,NANOCOMPOSITE materials ,SUPERPARAMAGNETIC materials ,IRINOTECAN - Abstract
The work of G. Banis et al. [[1]] focuses on the advantages presented by the superparamagnetic feature of iron oxide nanoparticles, highlighting that they are magnetic only when surrounded by a magnetic field. The paper showed how to use two different functionalized nanoparticles, citrate-stabilized and lipid-coated magnetic nanoparticles, in the formation of dehydropeptide-based supramolecular magnetogels. Sánchez et al. [[2]] performed an interesting study on how to produce cubic magnetic nanoparticles with sizes lower than the monodomain critical value while maintaining the supermagnetism critical value, which guarantees no agglomeration and, thus, nanoparticles remain in a colloid state when in solution. The clinical implications of these achievements are several, indeed it is now possible to hypothesise tissue and organ-specific drug administration by conjugating medications to magnetic nanoparticles and subsequently using tuneable magnetic fields to reach the internal target sites. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Improving the Efficiency of Spark-Ignition Internal Combustion Engine Using a Novel Electromagnetic Actuator and Adapting Increased Compression.
- Author
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Mamala, Jarosław, Tomczuk, Bronisław, Waindok, Andrzej, Graba, Mariusz, and Hennek, Krystian
- Subjects
ELECTROMAGNETIC actuators ,INTERNAL combustion engines ,INLET valves ,SPARK ignition engines ,ELECTROMAGNETS ,MAGNETIC fields - Abstract
This paper presents an empirical study of a spark-ignition internal combustion engine with modifications made to increase its effectiveness. The modification was implemented bi-directionally in terms of changes to the compression ratio and changes to the engine's valve train. The compression ratio was increased by 2.3 units by design and a hybrid intake valve opening control was used in the engine's valve train. The hybrid control involved autonomous control of one of the inlet valves with a dedicated electromagnetic actuator. The designed electromagnetic actuator was mounted downstream of the single-cylinder engine's intake system's modified camshaft to control the effective compression pressure build-up. Field calculations were carried out for the electromagnetic actuator's design variants and its current characteristics were determined. The multivariate calculations were carried out in order to find the quasi-optimal geometry of the actuator. The width and height of magnetic field coils and the dimensions of the stator poles were changed, while maintaining the same external dimensions of the actuator to enable its mounting in the cylinder head system. In the next step, the prototype of the actuator was made and placed on the combustion engine in order to conduct the experimental investigations. The work was aimed at improving the internal combustion engine's efficiency at the low load range, as this is load range in which it has low efficiency despite it being the most often used during normal vehicle operation. The original measurement stand was prepared, and many tests were carried out in order to investigate the influence of the electromagnetic valve on the combustion engine characteristic. This improved the internal combustion engine's efficiency at its low-load range by up to 25%. Both calculation and measurement results are presented in form of graphs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. An Adaptive Learning Co-Evolutionary Variational Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm for Parameter Identification of PMSWG.
- Author
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Yang Zhang, Mingfeng Zhou, Wenxuan Luo, and Zhun Cheng
- Subjects
PARTICLE swarm optimization ,PARAMETER identification ,PERMANENT magnet motors ,COEVOLUTION ,PERMANENT magnets ,ELECTROMAGNETS - Abstract
Targeting the problems of traditional particle swarm algorithm easily falling into local optimum and low recognition accuracy, an adaptive learning co-evolutionary variational particle swarm optimization algorithm (ALCEVPSO) is proposed in this paper to identify the parameters of permanent magnet synchronous wind generator (PMSWG). At first, an adaptive learning strategy is adopted for the inertia weights of the PSO, and the global optimization seeking ability of the PSO is improved. After that, multiple swarm co-evolution strategies are introduced to share the best positions within sub-populations, and by this method, the algorithm’s falling into local optimality is avoided. Finally, Cauchy Gaussian mixed variants are introduced, and the population diversity is enriched. The proposed method has the advantages of strong optimization ability and high search accuracy compared with the traditional particle swarm algorithm, which is shown by simulated and experimental results. By this method, the motor parameters of the permanent magnet synchronous motor can be accurately identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Design of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Wind Power Control System.
- Author
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Huajun Ran, Wenjin Wei, and Yue Gao
- Subjects
ELECTROMAGNETS ,WIND power ,PERMANENT magnets ,PERMANENT magnet motors ,SLIDING mode control ,WIND speed ,PERMANENT magnet generators ,SYNCHRONOUS electric motors - Abstract
To tackle the slow response and insufficient interference resistance exhibited by permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) under traditional field-oriented control (FOC). This paper proposes an integral sliding mode controller (SMC) to improve the speed loop, and adaptive law is also developed using a nonlinear smooth function to eliminate the chattering phenomenon of the sliding mode control. Meanwhile, an extended state observer is designed to estimate and compensate for the disturbances caused by wind speed uncertainty and system's internal disturbances. Then, model predictive control (MPC) is employed for the current loop to eliminate the overshoot and achieve fast tracking. Finally, a step-by-step model reference adaptive scheme (MRAS) is proposed to identify the parameters and eliminate the internal disturbances in addressing parameter perturbation in the motor during operation. The simulation results demonstrate that the enhanced system exhibits almost no overshoot, superior steady-state performance, quick dynamic response, and resistance to both internal and external disturbances, ultimately validating the efficacy of the approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Optimization Design of DC Electromagnet Coil Considering the Power Consumption and Cost.
- Author
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Song, Yanhe, Yang, Liu, Chen, Xin, Zhou, Wentao, Qiu, Tiechao, Hao, Yueyue, Ai, Chao, and Kong, Xiangdong
- Subjects
- *
ELECTROMAGNETS , *ELECTRICITY pricing , *SUPERCONDUCTING coils , *COPPER wire , *VALUE engineering , *ELECTRICAL engineers - Abstract
Electromagnet coil is mainly composed of enameled wire which wound on the coil skeleton, and the function is to convert the electrical signal into a magnetic signal, which is a very important electric‐magnetic conversion element. When designing the electromagnet coil, usually only the total winding turns and winding inner diameter can be calculated, and the specific design parameters such as the diameter of copper wire, paint layer thickness, and winding turns of each layer can only be selected through experience, indicating that the design method should be improved. In addition, the unreasonable design parameters will seriously affect the power consumption and cost of coil, so it is highly necessary to improve the optimization design method. In order to solve the above problems, an optimization design method for DC electromagnet coil is proposed in this paper. This method simultaneously takes into account both power consumption and manufacturing cost, and can achieve the optimal matching of design parameters. In this paper, the structure of electromagnet coil is introduced, and the theoretical calculation model of resistance is improved first. Then, according to the expected requirements of electromagnet coil for steady current, the optimization design method is proposed and the optimal design parameters are obtained. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed optimization design method is verified by the test platform of electromagnet coil. The results show that the electromagnet coil designed by the optimization design method fully meets the expected requirements. The relevant research results can provide reference for the optimization design of electromagnet coil, which has a certain engineering practical value. © 2024 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. On Neural Observer in Dynamic Sliding Mode Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Wind Generator.
- Author
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Karami-Mollaee, Ali and Barambones, Oscar
- Subjects
PERMANENT magnet generators ,SYNCHRONOUS generators ,PERMANENT magnets ,ELECTROMAGNETS ,WIND power - Abstract
The captured energy of a wind turbine (WT) can be converted into electricity by a generator. Therefore, to improve the efficiency of this system, both the structures of WTs and generators should be considered for control. But the present challenge is WT uncertainty, while the input signals to the generator should be smooth. In this paper, a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) is considered. The dynamics of the PMSG can be described using two axes, named d-q reference frameworks, with an input in each framework direction. To obtain the maximum power and to overcome the uncertainty by means of a smooth signal, the dynamic sliding mode controller (D-SMC) is implemented. In the D-SMC, an integrator is placed in the control scheme in order to suppress the chattering, because it acts like a low-pass filter. To estimate the state added by the integrator, a new observer-based neural network (ONN) is proposed. The proof of the stability of the D-SMC and ONN is based on Lyapunov theory. To prove the advantages of the D-SMC, a comparison was also carried out by traditional sliding mode control (T-SMC) with a similar ONN. From this comparison, we know that the advantages of the D-SMC are clear in terms of real implementation, concept, and chattering suppression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Design and development of electronic switching inelectro magnetic engine.
- Author
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Prabhu, L., Krishnamoorthi, Sangeetha, Kumar, Amal A., Mathew, Amith, and Babu, Brezen
- Subjects
MAGNETIC control ,MILD steel ,ELECTROMAGNETS ,ENGINES ,PRODUCTION planning ,AUTOMOBILES - Abstract
The electromagnetic piston engine is a kind of reciprocating engine that works on the principle of electromagnetism i.e like poles attract and unlike poles repel each other. The engine consists of the same basic parts as that of a conventional engine, the piston, the connecting rod, the cylinder and the crankshaft. The electromagnet used in this paper is an AC solenoid magnet and the crankshaft, connecting rod are made of mild steel. The piston has a neodymium magnet attached to the top as this magnet is extremely powerful. When the magnet and the solenoid are of opposite poles, the piston attracts moving the solenoid from BDC to TDC. Once the solenoid changes poles and become the same pole as that of the magnet, it repels and pushes the piston from TDC to BDC. The engine built in this paper is a 4 cylinder V4 configuration engine. The results of this experiment and project are that as of now, this engine cannot be used to lift high power loads and cannot be used for large vehicular aspects. However, this engine can be improved in all aspects and with sustainable developments to the engine; this can soon be used as a viable alternative to the actual engine. The advantage of doing so is that companies will not have to change any existing designs and principals in both the planning and manufacturing phases. With just a few updates to their existing manufacturing lines, They can move to an all electric engine setup in the car as the future of automobiles lie in electric vehicles and this engine will help the companies reduce the costs of manufacturing and setup by a huge margin hence increasing profits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. General overview of the device and physical component of a DC electromagnet.
- Author
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Abdurakhmonov, Sultonali, Xolmatov, Erkinjon, Sayitov, Shavkat, Otakulov, Bahromjon, Aliyev, Ibratjon, Abdullayev, Jamolitdin, and Oxunov, Dilshod
- Subjects
- *
ELECTROMAGNETIC forces , *ELECTROMAGNETISM , *ELECTROMAGNETS , *PHYSICS - Abstract
The paper considers issues related to the theoretical study of electromagnetic phenomena in a certain stationary coordinate system in various variations. The use of electromagnetic force, controlled, easy to handle, which is applicable in a wide variety of sites and devices. The main attention is directed to the analysis of a number of phenomena from the simplest electrical moments, and also in a more complex understanding are presented as the forces of the most powerful attraction, expressed as a very topical issue. It is these aspects that are considered in this study. Of course, the image of such a performance is precisely the electromagnetic design, the physics of which is built from the initial ideas about electromagnetism. The developed theoretical framework is also used to analyze a large number of phenomena, each of which requires its own analysis in all parameters. The description of the algorithm created at the moment is given in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Micro- and Nanosatellite Sensorless Electromagnetic Docking Control Based on the High-Frequency Injection Method.
- Author
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Ruan, Guangzheng, Wu, Lijian, Wang, Yaobing, Wang, Bo, and Han, Runqi
- Subjects
ELECTROMAGNETIC devices ,COMPUTATIONAL electromagnetics ,ELECTROMAGNETS ,NANOSATELLITES ,ROOT-mean-squares - Abstract
This paper proposes a sensorless electromagnetic docking method suitable for micro- and nanosatellites. Based on the circuit model of the electromagnetic docking device, an algorithm for calculating the distance between two satellites on the basis of the high-frequency injection (HFI) method has been developed. In the specific implementation, first, a high-frequency (HF) voltage is injected into one of the two electromagnets; second, the HF currents induced by both electromagnets are measured and their respective root-mean-squares (RMSs) are calculated; third, two RMSs are substituted into a specific formula to obtain a variable carrying distance information; finally, the variable is utilized to calculate the distance estimation using the look-up table interpolation method. This paper presents a closed-loop electromagnetic docking controller which includes an outer distance loop and an inner speed loop and adopts the distance estimation as the feedback. The proposed sensorless electromagnetic docking method is verified by the distance estimation tracking response test and the ground-based docking test. The results indicate that low-impact docking can be achieved under the initial condition that the two satellites have a certain degree of misalignment. The proposed method can be adopted as a primary or as a redundant electromagnetic docking solution for resource-critical micro- and nanosatellites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Dynamic characteristics and experimental study of double layer vibration isolation system.
- Author
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Wang, M. T., Chai, K., Liu, S. Y., Yang, Q. C., Zhang, T. F., and Shi, W. R.
- Subjects
VIBRATION isolation ,VIBRATION (Mechanics) ,FREQUENCIES of oscillating systems ,RELIABILITY in engineering ,ELECTROMAGNETS ,DYNAMIC models - Abstract
To improve the isolation ability of the existing equipment for low-frequency line spectrum, this paper presents an electromagnetic double-layer vibration isolation system (ED-VIS) for the first time. The negative and positive stiffness values of the ED-VIS are provided by the electromagnet and the linear spring, respectively. To better analyze the vibration isolation system designed in this paper, the dynamic model of the ED-VIS is established, and the effects of damping ratio, excitation force amplitude, and mass ratio on the force transmissibility feature of the isolator are analyzed. Then, the ED-VIS test bench is built, and the low-frequency vibration isolation capability of the ED-VIS is measured by a frequency sweep test. According to the sweep test results, a method to improve the low-frequency vibration isolation capability of the isolator is proposed. Finally, the reliability of the system in isolating low-frequency vibration is verified. The results show that compared with the equivalent linear vibration isolation system, ED-VIS is more sensitive to low-frequency vibration and has a lower initial vibration isolation frequency. Therefore, this paper designs the ED-VIS has better low-frequency vibration isolation performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Investigating the electric field distribution in the human brain model induced by a high focality transcranial magnetic coil.
- Author
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Wang, Yong, Yang, Yonghui, Qi, Yihao, Gong, Enzhong, Zhang, Haiyang, Shi, Liantao, and Li, Zhengguo
- Subjects
ELECTROMAGNETS ,ELECTRIC fields ,SUPERCONDUCTING coils ,TRANSCRANIAL magnetic stimulation ,COMPUTATIONAL electromagnetics ,ELECTRIC coils - Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a noninvasive neuromodulation technique for treating various neurological disorders. The geometry of the TMS coil determines the focality, stimulation field strength, and stimulation depth of the induced electric field. In this paper, we introduce a novel coil, named the eccentric folding coil (EFC). We used Sim4Life, a three-dimensional human tissue medical electromagnetic simulation software, and the brain models of the subjects from the population head model repository to conduct finite element simulations of the eccentric folding coil, circular coil, and figure-eight coil, implying that the largest EFC has a focal area of 19.5 cm
2 less than the smallest circular coil, and the EFC of any size has a smaller focal area than the figure-8 coil of the same size. Furthermore, we stimulated the model from three directions with the coil and measured the electric field responses of the model, confirming that stimulation varied in different directions. Additionally, we applied EFC to four representative human models and found that the electric field in different subjects' brains differed by 3.03 mm in stimulation depth and 12.9 cm2 in focal area, suggesting that personalized human head modeling and electromagnetic analysis are essential for TMS treatment. In the future, we will explore using different types of TMS devices for patients with different conditions to achieve more precise and customized treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Finite Element Modeling and Optimal Design of an Electromagnetic Pneumatic Flow Servo Valve.
- Author
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Wang, Zedan, Guo, Zixuan, Zhu, Guangyu, Wang, Xin, and Li, Xiao
- Subjects
ELECTROMAGNETS ,PNEUMATIC-tube transportation ,FINITE element method ,ELECTRON tubes ,INDUSTRIAL robots ,VALVES ,AIR flow - Abstract
The electromagnet pneumatic proportional servo valve is widely used in industrial automation, medical equipment, scientific composition detectors, and other fields that require precise adjustment of high-pressure air flow due to its simple working structure, large output power, large working frequency response, and good control performance. However, the output pressure of the valve is small, making it vulnerable to the impact of the external environment. Based on the practical electromagnet-type pneumatic proportional servo valve, this paper establishes a finite element dynamic mathematical model, conducts finite element analysis on the electromagnet magnetic field in the valve, then improves the structural parameters of the original proportional valve through the analysis of the valve performance parameters and structural optimization, and finally, the physical experiment proves that the optimized electric proportional valve can effectively reduce the hysteresis within the working pressure range and has good response characteristics to step signals. This paper can provide support for performance analysis and structural parameter improvement of the electric proportional valve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Green and Sustainable Rare Earth Element Recycling and Reuse from End-of-Life Permanent Magnets.
- Author
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Cherkezova-Zheleva, Zara, Burada, Marian, Sobetkii, Anca Elena, Paneva, Daniela, Fironda, Sabina Andreea, and Piticescu, Radu-Robert
- Subjects
RARE earth metals ,PERMANENT magnets ,WASTE recycling ,ELECTRONIC equipment ,ELECTROMAGNETS - Abstract
Rare earth elements (REEs) are key materials for the development of renewable energy devices such as high-power magnets for wind turbines, electric vehicles, or fuel cells for hydrogen generation, aiming to fulfill the objectives of the European Green Deal for a carbon-neutral economy. The increased demand for REEs and their criticality strongly require the improvement of their extraction technologies from primary resources and the enhancement of their circularity reuse rate from secondary resources. The aim of this paper is to focus attention on the possibilities offered by emerging methods such as microwave (MW) treatment and mechanochemistry in waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE) processing and the reuse of end-of-life (EoL) magnets, directed toward the tailoring of rational REE material flows. The discussed investigation examples explore some key features of conventional and new methods for efficient, environmentally friendly, and scalable REE extraction and reuse, with the final goal of producing recycled NdFeB powders, with potential use in the redesign and fabrication of new REE-based magnets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. GRU-ESO Strategy for a Distributed Coil Magnetically Levitated Planar Micromotor.
- Author
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Du, Chaofan, Ming, Zhengfeng, Ming, Yue, Liu, Ding, Li, Yongzheng, and Zhao, Yuhu
- Subjects
MAGNETIC suspension ,TRACKING control systems ,ELECTROMAGNETS ,STRUCTURAL design ,MICROMOTORS - Abstract
Traditional magnetic levitation planar micromotors suffer from poor controllability, short travel range, low interference resistance, and low precision. To address these issues, a distributed coil magnetically levitated planar micromotor with a gated recurrent unit (GRU)-extended state observer (ESO) control strategy is proposed in this paper. First, the structural design of the distributed coil magnetically levitated planar micromotor employs a separation of levitation and displacement, reducing system coupling and increasing controllability and displacement range. Then, theoretical analysis and model establishment of the system are conducted based on the designed distributed coil magnetically levitated planar micromotor and its working principles, followed by simulation verification. Finally, based on the established system model, a GRU-ESO controller is designed. An ESO feedback control term is introduced to enhance the system's anti-interference capability, and the GRU feedforward compensation control term is used to improve the system's tracking control accuracy. The experimental results demonstrate the reliability of the designed distributed coil magnetic levitation planar micromotor and the effectiveness of the controller. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Low-cost force-driven modular magnetic actuation system for microswimmer maneuvering.
- Author
-
Kanaparthi, Srikar, Sharanya, S., and Singh, T. Sonamani
- Abstract
Magnetically driven microswimmers have recently received substantial recognition because of their ability to navigate in complex narrow environments and perform micromanipulation and cargo transport. They are envisioned as potential candidates for minimally invasive targeted drug delivery, microsurgery, and in-vivo sensing. Researchers are investigating and developing different variants of magnetic actuation systems based on the types of applications intended, but still, many challenges and issues need to be addressed. In this paper, starting from the very underrated issue which is the total cost of the whole actuation setup, accessibility of the workspace, and modularity of the design are addressed. Beginning with the geometrical designs, 3D printing of the parts, and assembly of the electronic control unit, we proposed a low-cost modular magnetic actuation system. The proposed actuation unit has a flexible (expandable) workspace and a provision to upgrade to different forms of electromagnetic units (paired coils systems, saddle coils, distributed electromagnets, and hybrid design) and mode of actuation. The economical cost of the unit lies in the fabrication of the modular parts by using a low-cost 3D printer (Creality Ender-3 S1), and readily available electronic components. After developing the actuation unit, by using the Hanging drop method and utilizing basic laboratory apparatus (Petri dish and syringes) a 0.98 mm diameter microsphere is fabricated to test the maneuvering capability using a joystick unit on a predesigned narrow channel fluidic environment in low Reynolds number condition ( R e ≈ 10 - 2 ) . In addition, using simulation we demonstrate the control of identical microspheres on a planar workspace. The OBJ files of all the modular parts of the unit and details of the electronic components used are also made available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Design and Analysis of 5-DOF Compact Electromagnetic Levitation Actuator for Lens Control of Laser Cutting Machine.
- Author
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Zhao, Chuan, Zhang, Qinwei, Pei, Wenzhe, Jin, Junjie, Sun, Feng, Zhang, Hongkui, Zhou, Ran, Liu, Dongning, Xu, Fangchao, Zhang, Xiaoyou, and Yang, Lijian
- Subjects
ELECTROMAGNETIC actuators ,CUTTING machines ,LASER beam cutting ,LASER machining ,ELECTROMAGNETS ,MAGNETIC actuators ,IMAGE stabilization - Abstract
In laser beam processing, the angle or offset between the auxiliary gas and the laser beam axis have been proved to be two new process optimization parameters for improving cutting speed and quality. However, a traditional electromechanical actuator cannot achieve high-speed and high-precision motion control with a compact structure. This paper proposes a magnetic levitation actuator which could realize the 5-DOF motion control of a lens using six groups of differential electromagnets. At first, the nonlinear characteristic of a magnetic driving force was analyzed by establishing an analytical model and finite element calculation. Then, the dynamic model of the magnetic levitation actuator was established using the Taylor series. And the mathematical relationship between the detected distance and five-degree-of-freedom was determined. Next, the centralized control system based on PID control was designed. Finally, a driving test was carried out to verify the five-degrees-of-freedom motion of the proposed electromagnetic levitation actuator. The results show it can achieve a stable levitation and precision positioning with a desired command motion. It also proves that the proposed magnetic levitation actuator has the potential application in an off-axis laser cutting machine tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. A New Type of Hydraulic Clutch with Magnetorheological Fluid: Theory and Experiment.
- Author
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Musiałek, Karol, Musiałek, Ireneusz, Osowski, Karol, Olszak, Artur, Mikulska, Aneta, Kęsy, Zbigniew, Kęsy, Andrzej, and Choi, Seung-Bok
- Subjects
MAGNETORHEOLOGICAL fluids ,RHEOLOGY ,ROTATING fluid ,MAGNETIC fields ,MAGNETIC cores ,RHEOLOGY (Biology) ,WORKING fluids ,ELECTROMAGNETS - Abstract
This paper presents a new type of hydraulic clutch operating by means of magnetorheological (MR) fluids and the results achieved from both theoretical analysis and experimental measurement. A hydraulic clutch system with MR working fluid and a rotating magnetic field located was designed. The clutch was based on the principle of using a rotating magnetic field created by an alternating current electromagnet to set the MR fluid in motion. To test the hydraulic clutch with a rotating magnetic field, MR fluids were produced by our laboratory, consisting of solid iron particles of various diameters mixed with a silicone oil. With MR working fluid and a rotating magnetic core was designed. The rheological properties of the MR fluids were assessed on the basis of tests carried out with a Brookfield DV2T rheometer equipped with a magnetic device for generating a magnetic field. The characteristics of the hydraulic clutch were tested on a specially built test stand. It was found that the torque transmitted by the clutch increased with the rotational speed of the magnetic field and with a lower rotational speed of the beaker in which the working fluid was placed. It was also found that the greatest torque occurred with the working fluid with the highest iron content. Based on the analysis of the structure and characteristics of the clutch in which the magnetic field is used, it has been shown that the design of the developed clutch is similar to that of an induction clutch, and its characteristics correspond to the characteristics of the eddy current clutch. Therefore, the proposed new clutch with MR fluid and rotating magnetic field can be applied to stationary power transmission systems in a manner similar to an eddy current clutch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Loss and Thermal Analysis for High-Speed Amorphous Metal PMSMs Using 3-D Electromagnetic-thermal Bi-Directional Coupling.
- Author
-
Tong, Wenming, Sun, Ruolan, Li, Shiqi, and Tang, Renyuan
- Subjects
METALLIC glasses ,THERMAL analysis ,ELECTROMAGNETS ,MAGNETS ,TEMPERATURE distribution ,MECHANICAL properties of condensed matter ,BISMUTH - Abstract
To research the impact of temperature-dependent characteristics of windings and magnets on the electromagnetic power loss and thermal properties of high-speed (HS) interior permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs), an electromagnetic-thermal bi-directional coupling method (BDCM) is proposed for water-cooled HS PMSMs considering the assembling gaps between the motor components in this paper. The electromagnetic power loss is calculated by 3-D transient finite-element method and loaded into the 3-D temperature field according to the actual loss distribution, and the materials’ properties are in turn updated according to the temperature distributions. The loss and temperature calculation results of a 15kW HS amorphous metal PMSM are calculated by two different coupling methods in the conditions of the rated-load sinusoidal supply and converter supply, and compared with the measured results in the case of converter supply. The results obtained by the BDCM are more consistent with the experiment results, verifying the superiority of the proposed analyzing method in improving the calculation accuracy of motor loss and temperature rise. In addition, the applicable conditions of the proposed method are also summarized in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Splice design and electromagnetic analysis of a long-stroke maglev guideway for machine tools.
- Author
-
Xiao, Longxue
- Subjects
MACHINE tools ,ELECTROMAGNETIC forces ,MAGNETIC suspension ,ELECTROMAGNETS ,FINITE element method ,MAGNETIC fields ,MACHINING ,MAGNETISM - Abstract
This paper explores a new structural design of armature splicing to reduce the machining requirements of maglev guideways. The paper presents the magnetically supported structure and working principle of magnetic levitation worktable machine tools. Rectangular tooth splicing structures for extended long-stroke maglev guideways are designed, and corresponding finite element analysis models are established. After calculating the static three-dimensional magnetic field with the help of ANSYS software, the electromagnetic force produced by the magnetic levitation electromagnet group decreases linearly with increasing splice clearance of the armature and increases linearly with the increasing number of splice teeth. The smaller the number of teeth is or the larger the clearance value is, the more pronounced the change is. When the number of teeth, the width of the teeth and the clearance of the splice are kept constant, the electromagnetic force increases with increasing tooth depth, and a change in the tooth width has little effect on the electromagnetic force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Numerical and Experimental Study of Critical Currents of YBa2 Cu3 O7–δ Coils With and Without Magnetic Substrates.
- Author
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Liu, Guanjie, Zhang, Guomin, Liu, Guole, Wang, Haonan, and Jing, Liwei
- Subjects
ELECTROMAGNETS ,CRITICAL currents ,MAGNETIC flux density ,MAGNETIC tapes ,FINITE element method - Abstract
It has been shown that the substrate magnetism of YBCO tapes affects the critical current, but the role of substrate magnetism in the local critical current of the YBCO coils still needs further study. The purpose of this paper is to improve the accuracy of the current numerical model of critical current and to investigate the effect of the substrate layer magnetism on the local critical current of YBCO coils. To improve the accuracy of the present model, the contribution of the self-magnetic field to the anisotropy of the critical current and the reduction of the critical current density near the edge of the tape are considered in the finite element model (FEM). The effect of substrate magnetism on the critical current of YBCO coils is investigated experimentally and numerically, and the mechanism is clarified. It can be found that the critical current obtained by the four-lead method for a multi-turn coil is not the arithmetic average of the critical current per turn. And the magnetic flux density on the surface of coils wound by YBCO tapes with magnetic substrate is much higher than that of coils wound by tapes with non-magnetic substrate, but the magnetic flux density on the YBCO layer inside the tape is smaller. Additionally, the critical current per turn of the coil with magnetic substrate is more uniformly distributed compared with that the coil with non-magnetic substrates. The critical current model of YBCO coils developed in this paper can provide a reference for the design and optimization of HTS devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Calculation Method and Characteristic Analysis for Fault Current of Permanent Magnet Direct-Drive Wind Power System considering Positive and Negative Sequence Decomposition.
- Author
-
Li, Botong, Zhong, Qing, Wen, Weijie, Li, Bin, and Chen, Xiaolong
- Subjects
FAULT currents ,ELECTROMAGNETS ,PERMANENT magnets ,WIND power ,POSITIVE systems ,SHORT circuits ,PERMANENT magnet motors ,SHORT-circuit currents - Abstract
In view of the fact that the influence of positive and negative sequence decomposition, which is widely used in positive and negative sequence decoupling control in control system, on the fault current calculation process is not deeply considered in the existing transient analysis methods of permanent magnet direct-drive wind farm short circuit current, this paper proposes a transient short circuit current calculation model that takes into account positive and negative sequence decomposition. The influence of the transient characteristics of positive and negative sequence decomposition on the control system is studied, and the mechanism of its action on the transient change of short circuit current is revealed. The positive and negative sequence decoupling processes of the circuit equation are modified, and the characteristics of the coupling equation are analyzed. The difference in the converter output voltage between the circuit equation and the control equation and the depth of its influence on the calculation process is revealed. On the basis of quantifying the difference at the converter output voltage, the circuit equation and the control equation are combined to form a short-circuit current calculation model with positive and negative sequence decomposition, which accurately characterizes the transient characteristics of fault current under different voltage drops and effectively improves the accuracy of the calculation results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Analysis of low saliency ratio and torque characteristics of the fractional slot concentrated winding surface mounted motors.
- Author
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HONGBO QIU, DONG WANG, CUNXIANG YANG, and KUN WANG
- Subjects
TORQUE ,MAGNETIC circuits ,FINITE element method ,TORQUE control ,PERMANENT magnet motors ,ELECTROMAGNETS ,ELECTRIC inductance - Abstract
In recent years, fractional slot concentrated winding permanent magnet synchronous motors (FSCW PMSMs) have become a hotspot in the research field. Due to the unique inductance characteristics of the FSCW PMSM, a fast and accurate calculation of the d?q-axis inductance and saliency ratio is necessary. In this paper, a method is proposed to calculate the d?q-axis reactance of the FSCW SPMSM, which constructs the equivalent magnetic circuit model of the d?q-axis armature reaction flux separately, and the saliency ratio characteristics of the FSCW SPMSM were demonstrated. In addition, to meet the high requirements of the modern industries, especially in servo systems, accurate consideration of the effect of stator resistance on torque and electromagnetic performance is important and more applicable. According to the relationship between the vector parameter, the explicit expression of the d?q-axis currents that consider the stator resistance is obtained, and the prediction of load angle at maximum electromagnetic torque is achieved. Then, combined with the finite element method, the influence mechanism of stator resistance on the motor steady-state performance is revealed. Finally, the experimental data are compared with the calculation data, and the correctness of the models and analysis was verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Conductor Losses in Radiofrequency Coils for Magnetic Resonance below 3T: Estimation Methods and Minimization Strategies.
- Author
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Giovannetti, Giulio, Flori, Alessandra, and Frijia, Francesca
- Subjects
ELECTROMAGNETS ,MAGNETIC resonance ,NUCLEAR magnetic resonance spectroscopy ,RADIO frequency ,SUPERCONDUCTING coils - Abstract
The design of optimized radiofrequency (RF) coils is a fundamental task for maximizing the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) applications. An efficient coil should be designed by minimizing the coil noise with respect to the sample noise, since coil conductor resistance affects data quality by reducing the SNR, especially for coils tuned to a low frequency. Such conductor losses strongly depend on the frequency (due to the skin effect) and on the conductor cross-sectional shape (strip or wire). This paper reviews the different methods for estimating conductor losses in RF coils for MRI/MRS applications, comprising analytical formulations, theoretical/experimental hybrid approaches and full-wave simulations. Moreover, the different strategies for minimizing such losses, including the use of Litz wire, cooled and superconducting coils, are described. Finally, recent emerging technologies in RF coil design are briefly reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Miniaturized tunable extended eight-port hybrid coupler for 1.5 T MRI.
- Author
-
Colwell, Zachary A. and Sohn, Sung-Min
- Subjects
MAGNETIC resonance imaging ,LUMPED elements ,ELECTROMAGNETS ,INSERTION loss (Telecommunication) - Abstract
This paper presents a miniaturized, tunable, high-power, eight-port hybrid coupler, based on a lumped element hybrid coupler topology. The 90° hybrid couplers are ubiquitous elements used for feeding RF coils in quadrature in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems. Due to the low Larmor frequency (64 MHz) of 1.5 T MRI, distributed elements are too large for practical circuits to drive multi-port RF coils. Thus, miniaturization with MRI-compatible, non-magnetic, and high-power components is necessary. First, a miniaturized hybrid coupler is proposed for MRI systems with non-magnetic variable capacitors. Afterwards, the miniaturization methodology is applied to develop an eight-port coupler, capable of supporting both a transmit and a receive quadrature RF coil system. The high-power (up to 1 kilowatt) extended coupler measures 10 cm × 6 cm. Test results show that each port has a return loss of more than 16 dB, each input-isolated port is isolated by more than 24 dB, and each output has an insertion loss of less than 2.5 dB and output phases of 0.0°, 90.8°, 182.1°, and 278.7°. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Deep drawing formability of AZ31 magnesium alloy based on magnetorheological elastomer support.
- Author
-
Dai, Y., Fu, Z., and Liu, X.
- Subjects
MAGNETORHEOLOGY ,MAGNESIUM alloys ,ELASTOMERS ,ELECTROMAGNETIC induction ,ELECTROMAGNETS ,MAGNETISM - Abstract
In this paper, the flexible support mould is designed by using magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) to assist in the deep-drawing of magnesium alloys. Based on the magnesium alloy mechanical tensile test and magnetorheological elastomer regular force experiments, the deep-drawing process of AZ31 magnesium alloy supported by support mould was numerically simulated by finite-element analysis software ABAQUS. By varying the current input to the excitation coil to change the magnetic induction intensity and thus adjust the magnetic normal force of the magnetorheological elastomer, then using magnetic normal force to complete the auxiliary sheet metal deep-drawing. The results show that, compared with the unsupported mould, the supported mould can effectively reduce the maximum thinning rate of magnesium alloy on the original basis, thus effectively increasing the ultimate depth of magnesium alloy deep-drawing. It can replace the original buffer device, effectively solution the problem of pulling and cracking at the bottom of magnesium alloy caused by the original excessive damping force, and improve the yield rate of workpiece. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Comparative Cost Functions Analysis in the Construction of a Reference Angular Motion Implemented by Magnetorquers.
- Author
-
Okhitina, Anna, Tkachev, Stepan, and Roldugin, Dmitry
- Subjects
COST functions ,COST analysis ,ISOSTASY ,GEOMAGNETISM ,ELECTROMAGNETS ,PARTICLE swarm optimization ,SWARM intelligence ,ORBITS of artificial satellites - Abstract
This paper considers a construction procedure of a satellite reference angular motion in the vicinity of an unstable gravitational equilibrium position. The satellite is stabilized on the reference trajectory by the magnetic coils. The problem is solved in several stages. An optimization problem to be solved by the particle swarm optimization method is formulated at each stage. Cost functions are based on the linearized model analysis. The main stage is the construction of a special reference motion, which provides the minimum control torque projection on the geomagnetic induction vector. Optimal geomagnetic field dipole approximation for a given time interval is considered to reduce tracking errors. The paper compares combinations of different cost functions in terms of the terminal attitude accuracy in the presence of perturbations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Adaptive odd repetitive control for magnetically suspended rotor harmonic currents suppression.
- Author
-
Zhang, Yue, Zhou, Jin, Han, Xiaoming, and Zhou, Yang
- Subjects
MAGNETIC bearings ,MAGNETIC suspension ,ROTATING machinery ,ELECTROMAGNETS ,ROTORS ,GENERALIZED integrals ,ITERATIVE learning control - Abstract
Magnetic levitation rotating machinery has been widely used in industrial applications. Odd harmonic currents in the active magnetic bearing coils, which are caused by rotor mass unbalance and sensor runout, increase the power consumption and the base vibration. Repetitive control has recently been used to suppress harmonic currents in magnetic bearing systems. However, repetitive control needs the rotor rotational speed information and has some limitations without a speed sensor. In this paper, an adaptive odd repetitive control which does not need the speed sensors is proposed to suppress the active magnetic bearing odd harmonic currents. Compared to the conventional repetitive control, the second-order generalized integral frequency-locked loop is applied in adaptive odd repetitive control to estimate the rotor speed in real time without additional speed sensors. The magnetically suspended rotor with harmonic disturbances is modeled. The work principle, structure, and design of the adaptive odd repetitive control are addressed. The simulation and experiments are carried out on a rotor active magnetic bearing test rig to validate the effectiveness of the proposed adaptive odd repetitive control, and the results show that the active magnetic bearing odd harmonic currents are well suppressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Design of an Origami Crawling Robot with Reconfigurable Sliding Feet.
- Author
-
Fei, Fei, Leng, Ying, Xian, Sifan, Dong, Wende, Yin, Kuiying, and Zhang, Guanglie
- Subjects
ORIGAMI ,ROBOTS ,ROBOT design & construction ,IRON ,MOVING average process ,TOES ,ELECTROMAGNETS - Abstract
This paper presents a novel reconfigurable crawling robot based on an origami twisted tower structure. Compared with other origami structures, the twisted tower can achieve extension, contraction, and bending motions as the flexible body parts in robotic designs. The kinematics of a one-layer twisted tower were analyzed with rotation and bending angles. The mechanical properties of the one-layer, two-layer, and four-layer twisted towers were compared with compression experiments. A rope-motor-driven crawling robot was designed to realize forward, backward, left-turning, and right-turning motions. Two types of crawling robot with specific sliding feet were developed to adapt to different ground conditions: one made of rubber, and the other embedded with an electromagnet. The experimental results show that the proposed robots can move at an average forward speed of 0.48 cm/s on a wooden desk, and at 0.52 cm/s forward speed or 0.65 cm/s backward speed on an iron platform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. A geomagnetic vector compensation method compatible with nonlinear interferences based on back propagation network and 3D Helmholtz coil.
- Author
-
Xu, Yujing, Liu, Zhongyan, Zhang, Qi, Guan, Feng, Yan, Zixin, Huang, Bo, Pan, Mengchun, Hu, Jiafei, Chen, Zhuo, Ding, Qiaochu, Qiu, Xiaotian, and Tang, Ying
- Subjects
BACK propagation ,STANDARD deviations ,ELECTROMAGNETS - Abstract
Magnetic interferential compensation plays a vital role in geomagnetic vector measurement applications. Traditional compensation accounts for only the permanent interferences, induced field interferences, and eddy-current interferences. However, nonlinear magnetic interferences are found, which also have a great impact on measurement, and it cannot be fully characterized by a linear compensation model. This paper proposes a new compensation method based on a back propagation neural network, which can reduce the influence of the linear model on compensation accuracy due to its good nonlinear mapping capabilities. The high-quality network training requires representative datasets, yet it is a common problem in the engineering field. To provide adequate data, this paper adopts a 3D Helmholtz coil to restore the magnetic signal of a geomagnetic vector measurement system. A 3D Helmholtz coil is more flexible and practical than the geomagnetic vector measurement system itself when generating abundant data under different postures and applications. Simulations and experiments are both conducted to prove the superiority of the proposed method. According to the experiment, the proposed method can reduce the root mean square errors of north, east, and vertical components and the total intensity from 73.25, 68.54, 70.45, and 101.77 nT to 23.35, 23.58, 27.42, and 29.72 nT, respectively, compared with the traditional method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. A comparative analysis of carbon reduction potential for directly driven permanent magnet and doubly fed asynchronous wind turbines.
- Author
-
Zhuo, Zhi‐Yu, Chen, Meng‐Jie, and Li, Xiu‐Yu
- Subjects
WIND turbines ,INDUCTION generators ,WIND power ,REDUCTION potential ,GREENHOUSE gases ,CARBON analysis ,PERMANENT magnets ,ELECTROMAGNETS - Abstract
Wind power generation does not emit greenhouse gases or pollutants, but there are some carbon emissions from the manufacturing, transportation, operation, and waste disposal of wind turbines. Directly driven permanent magnet and doubly fed asynchronous wind turbines currently have the largest market share in China, but few Chinese studies have compared their differences in carbon reduction potential. This paper uses life cycle assessment (LCA) to quantitatively analyze the full life cycle carbon emissions of the two wind turbines to determine which type of wind turbine has greater carbon reduction potential, obtaining the following results. (1) The full life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of 2.5 MW directly driven permanent magnet and doubly fed asynchronous wind turbines are 8.48 and 10.43 g CO2/kWh, respectively. The direct‐driven permanent magnet wind turbine is superior in terms of carbon reduction. (2) The stage with the greatest impact and the greatest difference between the two wind turbines in the full life cycle is the production stage, during which the carbon emissions of the directly driven permanent magnet and doubly fed asynchronous wind turbines are 1.045 × 106 and 1.210 × 106 kg, respectively. (3) According to sensitivity analysis, proper waste disposal and transportation can reduce carbon emissions from wind turbines. These research findings can be used to help achieve carbon peaking and neutrality goals, as well as the technological development of wind power enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. High-Efficiency 3D-Printed Three-Chamber Electromagnetic Peristaltic Micropump.
- Author
-
Chen, He, Miao, Xiaodan, Lu, Hongguang, Liu, Shihai, and Yang, Zhuoqing
- Subjects
PERMANENT magnets ,CANTILEVERS ,POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE ,THREE-dimensional printing ,VALVES ,ELECTROMAGNETS - Abstract
This paper describes the design and characteristics of a three-chamber electromagnetic-driven peristaltic micropump based on 3D-printing technology. The micropump is composed of an NdFeB permanent magnet, a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film, a 3D-printing pump body, bolts, electromagnets and a cantilever valve. Through simulation analysis and experiments using a single chamber and three chambers, valved and valveless, as well as different starting modes, the results were optimized. Finally, it is concluded that the performance of the three-chamber valved model is optimal under synchronous starting conditions. The measurement results show that the maximum output flow and back pressure of the 5 V, 0.3 A drive source are 2407.2 μL/min and 1127 Pa, respectively. The maximum specific flow and back pressure of the micropump system are 534.9 μL/min∙W and 250.4 Pa/W, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Fractional Order Active Disturbance Rejection Control for Canned Motor Conical Active Magnetic Bearing-Supported Pumps.
- Author
-
Nguyen, Danh Huy, Ta, The Tai, Vu, Le Minh, Dang, Van Trong, Nguyen, Danh Giang, Le, Duc Thinh, Nguyen, Duy Dinh, and Nguyen, Tung Lam
- Subjects
ELECTROMAGNETS ,MAGNETIC bearings ,PID controllers ,DEGREES of freedom ,FRACTIONAL calculus ,ACTUATORS - Abstract
Active magnetic bearings (AMBs) are electromagnetic mechanism systems in which non-contact bearings support a rotating shaft using attractive forces generated by electromagnets through closed-loop control. For complete support of a five degree of freedom (DOF) rotor system, most AMB structures include two radial actuators and one for the axial direction. Conical active magnetic bearings (CAMBs) is one of the development directions of conventional magnetic bearings in which the requirement of the axial bearing can be eliminated. In this paper, we propose a structure with a CAMB integrated into a canned motor pump to eliminate the need for mechanical bearings and shaft seals. However, this system necessitates a more complicated control strategy due to a significant coupling effect between rotor motion and hydrodynamic disturbances. This paper presents a fractional order active disturbance rejection control (FOADRC) including a fractional order extend state observer (FOESO) and a proportional derivative controller (PD) to track and reject lumped disturbances actively. The proposed controller achieves better performance than the integer-type ADRC and traditional PID controller. The control performance of the proposed FOADRC is illustrated in terms of very good disturbance rejection capability that is demonstrated through MATLAB/Simulink simulation results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Modeling of novel cross-type hybrid 4-pole carrier system and experimental air gap control.
- Author
-
Göker, Enes Mahmut, Bozkurt, Ahmet Fevzi, and Erkan, Kadir
- Subjects
AIR gap (Engineering) ,AUTOMATIC control systems ,ELECTROMAGNETS ,LEVITATION ,PROBLEM solving ,TORQUE ,RELUCTANCE motors - Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to introduce a novel cross (+) type yoke with hybrid electromagnets and new reluctance modeling to precisely calculate attraction force is given. Design/methodology/approach: The comparison of attraction force and torque analyses between the proposed formulation and the existing formulation in the literature is comparatively presented. For the correctness of the force and torque values calculated in the model created, the system was created in ANSYS Maxwell and its accuracy was proved by making analyses. The maglev carrier system is inherently unstable from the point of view of control engineering. For that, it needs an active controller to eliminate this instability. For the levitation of the carrier system, it is necessary to design a controller in three axes (z, α and β). I-PD controller was designed for the air gap control of the carrier system in three axes and the controller parameters were determined by the canonical method. Findings: While the new formulation proposed in the modeling of the carrier system has a maximum error of 1.03%, the existing formula in the literature has an error of 16.83% in the levitation distance point. Originality/value: A novel cross-type hybrid carrier system has been proposed in the literature. With the double integral used in modeling the system, it takes a long time to solve symbolically, and it is difficult to simulate dynamic behavior in control validation. To solve this problem, attraction force and inclination torque values are easily characterized by new formulation and besides the simulations are conducted easily. The experimental setup was manufactured and assembled, and the carrier system was successfully levitated, and reference tracking was performed without overshoot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Cylindrical electromagnets: modeling, analysis, simulation and implementation.
- Author
-
Hashemi, Ali and Yazdanpanah Qaraei, Parsa
- Subjects
ELECTROMAGNETS ,MAGNETIC flux density ,NODAL analysis ,LIFT (Aerodynamics) ,FINITE element method - Abstract
Purpose: This paper aims to present an accurate magnetic equivalent circuit for modeling the cylindrical electromagnet so that by analyzing it, the magnetic flux density in different parts of the electromagnet, as well as its lifting force, can be calculated. Design/methodology/approach: The structure of the electromagnet is divided into parts that can be modeled by lumped element parameters. Mathematical equations for calculating these elements are presented and proved. The axial symmetry of the cylindrical electromagnet made it possible to use planar circuits for its modeling. To increase the accuracy of the proposed equivalent circuit, attention has been paid to the leakage flux as well as the nonlinear behavior of the ferromagnetic core. Also, the curvature of the magnetic flux path is considered in the calculation of the corner permeances of the core. Findings: The magnetic flux density in different parts of the electromagnet was calculated using nodal analysis of the circuit and compared to the results of the finite element method. Also, a test bed was established to measure the lifting force of the electromagnet. Comparing the results shows a difference of less than 3% which indicate the good accuracy of the proposed circuit. In addition, due to the curvature of the flux path, there is a no-flux region in the center of the disk, the extent of which depends on the thickness of the disk and the diameter of the middle leg. Originality/value: Magnetic equivalent circuit is a new contribution to analyze the cylindrical electromagnet and calculate its lifting force with good accuracy. The circuit lumped elements can be quickly calculated using mathematical equations and software such as MATLAB according to the actual path of the magnetic flux. Compared to other methods, the proposed circuit analyzes the electromagnet in a shorter period of time. This is the most important advantage of the proposed circuit model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. An Accurate Torque Output Method for Open-End Winding Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors Drives.
- Author
-
Zhou, Ying, Zhang, Shuo, Cui, Xing, Zhang, Chengning, and Li, Xueping
- Subjects
PERMANENT magnet motors ,ELECTROMAGNETS ,PARAMETER identification ,ELECTROMOTIVE force - Abstract
To improve the torque accuracy for open-end winding permanent magnet synchronous motor (OEW-PMSM) with common dc bus, it is necessary to eliminate the zero-sequence torque (ZST) caused by zero-sequence current (ZSC) and the third back electromotive force. But the third flux linkage mismatch can enlarge ZSC which causes torque ripple. To deal with the above problem, firstly, a q-axis current injection method combined with deadbeat predictive current control (DPCC) is adopted to inject an extra current into the reference q-axis current. The extra torque generated by this injected current can compensate for ZST. Secondly, to ensure the accuracy of the q-axis injected current, a parameter identification method based on recursive least square (RLS) algorithm with forgetting factor is presented to identify the third flux linkage accurately. The identification value can reduce ZSC and torque ripple under different working conditions. And the accurate q-axis injected current can be obtained to counteract ZST and output accurate torque. Finally, three methods are comparatively analyzed in this paper, namely the traditional DPCC method, the DPCC method with q-axis current injection and the proposed DPCC method based on RLS with forgetting factor. The simulation and experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed DPCC method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Sensorless Drive Strategy of Open-End Winding PMSM With Zero-Sequence Current Suppression.
- Author
-
Liu, Cheng and Shang, Jing
- Subjects
PHASE-locked loops ,ELECTROMAGNETS - Abstract
The open-end winding permanent magnet synchronous motor (OW-PMSM) with common DC bus configuration provides a path for zero-sequence current (ZSC). Apart from the zero-sequence voltage (ZSV) generated by inverters modulation, ZSC also comes from the third harmonic back-EMF. However, the third harmonic back-EMF contains the position information of the rotor, which can be extracted by an appropriate strategy to achieve position sensorless drive. In order to achieve sensorless drive and ZSC suppression simultaneously, this paper proposes a novel general-integral extended state observer (GI-ESO) based method. The third harmonic back-EMF of the OW-PMSM is estimated and calculated in three-phase stationary coordinate system by GI-ESO. And then, a single-phase phase lock loop observer (SPLL) is exploited to extract the position and speed information of the rotor. Meanwhile, the estimated third harmonic back-EMF is directly fed forward to SPWM as the ZSV reference, then the output voltages of the inverters contains the ZSV that can exactly counteract the third harmonic back-EMF, so as to realize the suppression of ZSC. Compared with the method of combining the fundamental back-EMF detection and proportional resonance (PR) regulator, this method can realize sensorless drive and ZSC suppression at the same time with only one scheme. Benefiting from the use of GI-ESO, the observer bandwidth can be relatively low, which helps suppress noise and extend the speed range of sensorless operation. Moreover, this method has strong robustness against motor parameters. The proposed strategy is validated by experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Frequency regulation strategy of direct drive permanent magnet synchronous wind power generation system based on RPC principle.
- Author
-
Zhang, Xiaoke, Xia, Dawei, Zhang, Hengyou, Wang, Jinggang, Yang, Dejian, Wang, Huimin, and Shi, Jianquan
- Subjects
WIND power ,ELECTROMAGNETS ,PERMANENT magnet generators ,PERMANENT magnets ,RENEWABLE energy sources ,ENERGY consumption ,WIND turbines - Abstract
The continuous integration of renewable energy into the grid has reduced its inertia and damping levels. When disturbances occur, the grid is prone to frequency excursion issues, which restrict the further utilization of renewable energy. Consequently, an increasing number of grid codes require active participation of renewable energy sources in the system's frequency regulation (FR). Direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous wind power systems, characterized by their simple structure and high reliability, have gradually become the mainstream in wind power systems. By controlling the pitch angle to reserve surplus power, the wind turbines can actively engage in frequency regulation during disturbances. However, due to limited power reserve capacity, traditional FR methods struggle with parameters tuning, thus failing to achieve the desired effect. To this end, this paper proposes an FR strategy for direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous wind power systems based on the principle of rapid power compensation (RPC). It circumvents the challenges associated with parameter tuning, and achieves optimal FR performance for wind turbine inverter under power-limited conditions. Firstly, it is demonstrated that the proposed RPC control, when making full use of power reserves, can achieve FR effects equivalent to optimal PD control through rigorous mathematical analysis. Subsequently, the RPC control is divided into four operating modes to address FR requirements under different conditions. The transitions between these modes are explained, and the detailed implementation of the RPC control is provided. Finally, the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed control strategy are validated through simulation based on Matlab/Simulink. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Non-Contact Thickness Measurement System Using a Smart Cantilever Beam.
- Author
-
Yenuganti, S., Paliwal, S., and Peparthi, M.
- Subjects
THICKNESS measurement ,CANTILEVERS ,RESONATORS ,RESONANCE ,ELECTROMAGNETS - Abstract
The paper presents the design, fabrication, and experimental validation of a new non-contact resonance-based measurement system to measure the thickness of ferromagnetic sheets and their alloys. The measurement system consists of a cantilever beam as a resonating structure with electromagnetic excitation and piezoelectric detection. The system measures the unknown thickness of a ferromagnetic sheet by measuring the resonance frequency of the cantilever beam resonator. The resonator vibrates at different resonance frequencies depending on the thickness of the ferromagnetic sheet. The electromagnet and the piezoelectric patch are connected with appropriate electronic circuitry for resonance excitation and detection of the resonator. The electronic circuitry will automatically track the resonance frequency of the measurement system for a variation in the ferromagnetic sheet thickness. A complete analytical model of the measurement system was developed and evaluated through experimentation. The analytical and experimental results are found to be in good agreement. The proposed measurement system is simple in design, compact, low cost, and its frequency output decrease linearly with an increase in thickness of the ferromagnetic sheets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Analysis and Control of Nonlinear Torsional Vibration of Direct-Drive Permanent Magnet Wind Turbine Shaft System.
- Author
-
Huang, Zhonghua, Chen, Jinhao, Wu, Rongjie, and Xie, Ya
- Subjects
TORSIONAL vibration ,ELECTROMAGNETS ,STATE feedback (Feedback control systems) ,PERMANENT magnets ,NONLINEAR analysis ,HOPF bifurcations - Abstract
Purpose: In order to reduce the hazards caused by the nonlinear torsional vibration of the shaft system of the direct-drive permanent magnet wind turbine, the dynamic characteristics of the controlled shaft system torsional vibration were analyzed. Methods: First, the shaft system of the direct-drive permanent magnet wind turbine is equivalent to a two-mass model. Based on considering the electromechanical coupling and the nonlinear change of the main shaft damping, the torsional vibration dynamic model of the shaft system is established by the Lagrange–Maxwell equation. Second, with the main shaft damping as the bifurcation parameter, the Routh–Hurwitz criterion is used to calculate the Hopf bifurcation critical point and stability range of the shafting system. Finally, a nonlinear state feedback controller is designed, and the controlled shafting system paradigm is obtained by the direct method. Results: The torsional vibration characteristics of shafting and the influence of supercritical Hopf bifurcation on shafting are discussed. In order to suppress the unstable torsional vibration of the shafting system and analyze the influence of the controller's linear gain and nonlinear gain on the torsional vibration of the shafting system, the numerical simulation verifies the correctness of the theoretical analysis. Conclusions: This paper can provide a theoretical basis for the stable operation of the direct-drive permanent magnet wind turbine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Impact of the Voltage and Frequency of a Pulse Signal Applied to a Toroidal Coil on Near Magnetic Field Measurements.
- Author
-
Zeghoudi, Abdelhakim, Bendaoud, Abdelber, and Bechekir, Seyf Eddine
- Subjects
MAGNETIC field measurements ,TOROIDAL magnetic circuits ,ELECTROMAGNETS ,MAGNETIC fields ,VOLTAGE - Abstract
In power electronic systems, electromagnetic radiation of the near field is detrimental because it generates electromagnetic interference in static converters ultimately leading to the degradation of the EMC filter performance. This paper presents an experimental investigation into magnetic radiation generated by magnetic components, specifically toroidal inductors, in the time domain (TD) using an oscilloscope and in the frequency domain (FD) via a spectrum analyzer. The method employed to quantify the magnetic field is the near field scan (NFS) using magnetic probes. This approach enables us to identify the areas with the highest magnetic field emissions from the toroidal inductance across its three components (HX, HY, HZ). Initially, our investigation focused on two key parameters of the pulse signal. First, we examined the impact of varying the pulse signal's frequency while keeping the voltage constant. Next, we analyzed the effect of variations in the amplitude of the pulse signal while keeping a constant frequency. Following these experiments, we generated magnetic field maps in the frequency domain (FD) above the surface of the inductor, specifically focusing on the HZ component. The scanning step is equal to 0,5 cm. The scanning area is equal to (x, y) = (4 cm, 4 cm). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Design of automatic braking system using electromagnets.
- Author
-
Jain, Chandan, Gutta, Yeshwenth, Marur, Sri Ameyadatta Mihir, and Shankarachary, B.
- Subjects
BRAKE systems ,ULTRASONIC waves ,ELECTROMAGNETS ,AUTOMOBILE speed ,TRAFFIC accidents ,DRUNK driving - Abstract
The paper overviews about the use of automatic electromagnetic braking system to avoid road accidents and to use it as an auxiliary braking system. As we know that hundreds of people die only daily basis because of over speeding, brake failure, drunk driving or delay in braking. To minimize these risks, modern ultrasonic braking system has been developed. In our system, we have a sensor that measures the car's speed and an ultrasonic sensor that determines the distance between the vehicle and the obstacle in front of it. This is an effective mechatronic system in which the electronic ultrasonic wave emitter positioned on the car's front end to generate ultrasonic waves. Furthermore, an ultrasonic receiver is installed in front of the vehicle to receive reflected ultrasonic waves. The microcontroller uses this detected pulse to identify the obstacle and then actuates the mechanical brake (Electromagnetic Brake). This approach solves the problem where drivers may not be able to manually brake exactly when required, before an imminent frontal collision with another vehicle or an obstacle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Investigation of Asymmetric and Unbalanced Winding Structures for 3-Phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines.
- Author
-
Demir, Yucel, EL-Refaie, Ayman M., and Aydin, Metin
- Subjects
PERMANENT magnets ,PERMANENT magnet motors ,SLOT machines ,ELECTROMAGNETS ,FINITE element method ,MACHINERY - Abstract
In this study, an investigation of winding structures is performed for 3-phase unbalanced and asymmetric winding permanent magnet (PM) machines including different slot-pole combinations. There are two different cases for unbalanced winding (UBW) structure: 1) Stator slot number of the machine is divisible by three, 2) Stator slot number of the machine is not divisible by three. Only the first case is examined in this paper. The unbalanced winding layouts are created for minimum unbalance and maximum winding factor. Total magneto motive force (MMF) distributions for nine different slot-pole combinations and their harmonic contents are presented. Variation of the amount of unbalance for different slot-pole combinations is also provided in the paper. Key issues arising from the asymmetric and unbalanced windings such as degree of asymmetric and unbalanced magnetic pull are explored. A prototype motor with 39-slots and 12-poles has been manufactured for experimental verification. A comparison between the finite element analysis (FEA) results and experimental results is presented for the prototype motor for both no-load and on-load conditions. It is shown that the asymmetric and unbalanced winding PM motors have significant potential for applications requiring smooth torque operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Analytical Approach to Temperature Distribution in Current Leads to Superconducting Electromagnets.
- Author
-
SOSNOWSKI, J.
- Subjects
TEMPERATURE distribution ,CURRENT distribution ,ELECTROMAGNETS ,HEAT equation ,ENERGY dissipation - Abstract
In this paper, an analytical approach to the temperature profile in the normal current leads to the superconducting electromagnets has been proposed. The heat diffusion equation was solved for a one-dimensional case. The static and dynamic temperature distribution in linear leads through which the current flows has been determined. The influence of the thermal intercepts on the current lead temperature distribution during current flow has been investigated, especially the temperature and position of the intercept, and the current lead cross-section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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