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This paper examines three interrelated factors outside of formal provision of technical and vocational education and training (TVET) in sub-Saharan Africa that have undermined TVET systems. The first is the process, pace, and levels of industrialisation, which has had a direct effect on TVET provision: low numbers of well-paying jobs requiring technical expertise. This has an indirect effect, which is the second crucial factor: lack of economic development and change in labour markets. There are very few jobs that would be considered 'middle class' or 'mid-level' in wealthy countries. Most people are in survivalist work. An international consensus since the 2000s on palliative approaches to development which address the effects but not the causes of the lack of economic development in Africa has resulted in mass poor quality provision of education--the third factor. Education systems are rapidly expanding and achievement levels rising, in the context of very little possibility of labour market rewards for most people, and substantial labour market rewards confined mainly to graduates. This reinforces deeply embedded cultural preferences for general education, which originate in the type of education systems established by colonial powers, as well as the relationships between educational credentials and elite jobs.

The concept of an innovation system is used to understand how innovation contributes to economic growth. However, innovation systems do not evolve evenly in different parts of the world. This paper contributes to the ongoing debate on the emergence of innovation systems in the context of developing countries. It uses the Rwandan case, where agriculture is a dominant socio-economic sector with high innovation potential. It explores how stakeholder interactions and policies contribute to the emergence of an agriculture innovation system in Rwanda. Based on interviews with relevant stakeholders and a review of policy documents, the authors use the Triple Helix model to analyze interactions among stakeholders. They also explore the policymaking approaches used to formulate policy instruments and how these policy instruments contribute to the promotion of innovation activities. The study shows that stakeholder interactions and policies are important factors in providing the preconditions for innovation performance. There is a clear expression of interest and commitment to promote innovation activities in different policy instruments. Nevertheless, further strategic issues, such as evidence-based policymaking, institutional capacity building, better allocation of resources and platforms for promoting collaboration among stakeholders, need to be improved in order to build a functioning agriculture innovation system in Rwanda.

The construction industry in many developing countries is considered the main engine for economic growth. Quantification of the resilience of the construction industry in developing economies is essential for stakeholders and decision makers. Many researchers have attempted to quantify the construction industry's resilience in the context of developed economies; however, there is lack of established measures of such quantification in developing countries. This paper proposes a framework for the composition of an index that quantifies the resilience of the construction industry in developing countries. The proposed framework is demonstrated in the context of three developing countries: Rwanda, Egypt, and Turkey. The index is composed of measures such as the construction value added to a country's gross domestic product (GDP) and employment in construction. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is utilized for weighting and aggregation of the individual variables. Studying the causal relationship between construction growth and economic development from 1971 to 2022, results show that construction growth leads to economic development in each of the three countries. Results of the proposed index values indicate that the construction industry in each of the three countries demonstrated increased resilience by sustaining both its outputs and its employment generation aspect in the two years following the coronavirus pandemic in 2019. Quantification of the construction industry's resilience in countries where the construction growth leads to the economic growth would provide a crucial insight for stakeholders and decision makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

British proposals to forcibly deport asylum seekers to Rwanda have raised fierce opposition from across the political spectrum in the UK and internationally. These proposals differ from official practices of deportation as they have developed in liberal democracies since the 1970s. There are certainly some international parallels, such as Australia's 'Pacific Solution' of 'offshoring' asylum, which is often cited as an inspiration. Yet a much clearer precedent involving the forcible movement of people to countries where they have no personal or legal connection existed for many years in the British Empire. Colonial policies of forcible removal, relocation, displacement, and dispersal around the Empire are well established. We draw attention to these longer histories before investigating more recent cases of the dispersal of refugees within the British Empire in the twentieth century. In many cases, such forced dispersal concerned those who had been recognised as refugees who were interned and subsequently moved elsewhere in the Empire. Such policies were designed to prevent the arrival of refugees in the UK. These policies have provided inspiration for asylum practices in some postcolonial states—Israel is reported to have reached an agreement with Uganda and Rwanda to deport asylum seekers from Sudan and Eritrea, although these are not public. In this paper, we highlight how these colonial practices of forcible displacement of individuals inform the current agreement between the UK and Rwanda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper draws on the rich history of collective narrative practice. It describes a series of conversations with people in Rwanda who had been subject to stigma associated with mental health issues. Although stigma was an experience shared by group members, we were careful to avoid generalisation, and to attend to both individual and collective experiences. Working in ways that honoured local culture and tradition, we arrived at a shared metaphor of mental health stigma being like imungu, the cowpea weevil. This enabled us to draw on participants' extensive knowledge of managing the destructive effects of imungu on crops and harvests when eliciting local responses to mental health stigma. Rich stories emerged about the diverse ways in which people resisted stigma, and how these were connected to sustaining relationships and cultural resources. Participants drew connections between poverty and mental illness and emphasised the role of solidarity and collective economic development in responding to the effects of stigma. These local knowledges, which sometimes diverged from 'mainstream' psychological prescriptions, are shared here in the hope that they might contribute to other communities facing similar hardships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insecurity over land ownership in Rwanda was a critical part of the tension between communities. Addressing insecurity around land has consequently been one of the foremost priorities of the post-conflict reforms initiated in Rwanda following the 1994 genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda. Rwanda set out to address the issue of land ownership and land-related challenges through passage of several laws and policies. The 2004 National Land Policy which was reviewed in 2019 provides general guidance on a rational and planned use of land while ensuring sound land management and efficient land administration. A wide- ranging program initiated by the Rwandan government between 2008 and 2012 to map and title land parcels for the entire country has played an important role in improving service delivery and reducing corruption risks. The main objective of this research was to explore the political economy of land reform programs in post conflict Rwanda and the specific objectives were arranged according to the variables of the study and they include the following; to assess the political economic land reform programs, to explore the political impacts of land reform programs and to evaluate the economic impacts of land reform programs in Rwanda. Desktop approach with the aid of secondary datasets was used in this research. The secondary datasets consisted of data collected mainly from Government institutions like Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Rwanda Land Management and Use Authority, Rwanda Governance Board, National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda and district offices and the internet mainly journals with documents related to; land distribution, land sharing, land redistribution, legal and institutional framework, Land Tenure Regularization Programme, agricultural reports, Land reform programs, political economy, and post conflicts amongst many others. The findings indicated that; Rwanda set out to address the issue of land ownership and land-related challenges through passage of several laws and policies. The Land Tenure Regularization (LTR) programme was then established to register and administer land ownership in Rwanda. The major impact of the new land administration reforms lay in the more effective processing and transaction handling of land titles. It was concluded a well thoughtful land reform great impacts the political economy of the country and it is obvious that the benefits are enormous as the outcomes of implementing it are being used in various ways that are contributing to the economic development of the country. The impressive economic benefits of the reform serve as a motivation for other African countries to go the Rwandan route. It was recommended that there must be a mechanism to secure landowners' rights, provide land accessibility mechanisms which is equitable to all and more efforts should also be put into streamlining land services; that is the whole process of legal land registration, transaction, and ownership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of research is to examine the tendencies in the positions of Rwanda over the years in institutional development and the potential trade directed to main trade partners. We evaluated the quality of institutions in Rwanda against the background of the Eastern African countries using method of taxonomy and assessed how Rwanda uses its potential in trade and its coverage in actual exports. We tested the hypothesis that the better quality of institutions is found, Rwandan indicative trade potential coverage ratio is higher. Results confirmed that the relation between quality of institutions and the indicative trade potential coverage ratio is not obvious in every product group, however, in most cases, there is a positive relationship. Moreover, the analysis allowed us to identify markets characterised by high export potential and still not adequately used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]