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In each country, in the economy observed over long periods of time, usually we can find some developmental phases due to socioeconomic changes, globalization, political decisions, and unexpected events. The identification of such phases, their duration, turning points in the trends of macroeconomic indicators, and some other early signals comprise interesting goals for research. The aim of this paper is to find homogeneous phases in the economic development of Poland from 2007-2019. Eight monthly variables were used, including data on labour markets, salaries, inflation, manufacturing, retail sales, exports, and the overall business climate. This multidimentional time-series dataset was partitioned using cluster analysis methods, namely Ward's agglomerative method and k-means. Seven sub-periods have been found and they are illustrated by segmented trends and displayed as models and graphs. Economic interpretation of the developments in the phases is explained and interpreted below. Looking at the periods that have been found, one can consider the quality of economic and political decisions, both within the world in general and the European economic situation. This paper presents original periodisation of Poland's economy and is based on real monthly data with the use of a clustering approach to multidimensional time series. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of the paper is to determine the level of trust of entrepreneurs in public life institutions and legal regulations, and to describe the way this affects the quality of business activity in Poland. Design/methodology/approach: The study herein was conducted basing on the qualitative research method. For this paper, the interviews were applied conducted by the author with entrepreneurs from 2017 to 2021. Besides, the author analysed also the interviews given by entrepreneurs (within 1998-2020) to the press, mainly of economic character. Moreover, the data was applied herein that had been collected by organizations monitoring activity of entrepreneurs and source materials published by the Polish Government and Parliament. Findings: All conclusions following from the entrepreneurs' experiences constitute a good base for catalogue of faults that amplify distrust of entrepreneurs in the institutions of public administration and judicial authorities. The faults, include, first of all, lack of permanent crossparty strategy of economic policy, designed and executed by subsequent governing groups. The next fault is fading social dialogue between entrepreneurs and the governing bodies. The quality of law implemented in Poland is dependent on consultation with entrepreneurs. They are the group that shall apply the legal regulations in practice. Respect to legislation is built through entrepreneurs' participation in its formation on every stage. Constancy and stability of legislation constitute the basic demand of entrepreneurs. Perspective of legislative stability enables entrepreneurs to create a certain idea of how the company shall operate within a longer timeframe. Research limitations/implications: The analysis is based on respondents’ subjective declarations. Practical implications: The article provides useful knowledge for politicians at the level of governmental and local authorities on the need to build trust of public institutions in entrepreneurs and entrepreneurs in public institutions. Trust is a factor that strengthens the effectiveness of economic activity. Originality/value: Analysis of a wide range of factors influencing entrepreneurs' trust in public institutions and public institutions in entrepreneurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: As with any organisation, one of the most important prerequisites for the effective operation of a research institute is proper planning of its functioning-that is, accurately defining the future and establishing all the resources necessary for scientific, financial and economic activities. This paper is an attempt to illustrate the importance of planning the activities of a research institute over different time horizons for its proper functioning. Design/methodology/approach: To solve the research problem posed in this way, the following was used: (1) a method of analysing and critiquing the literature through literature studies leading to a possibly multifaceted presentation of the issue of planning the functioning of a research institute and (2) a document examination method involving the collection of source materials, which were: financial plans, prospective directions of scientific, development and implementation activities, thematic directional plans for scientific research and development work, the institute's strategy and the procedures and practices used to prepare the plans. Findings: The research shows that the planning process at the research institute is subject to the requirements of the applicable regulations. This implies the necessity to draw up four types of plans in terms of: prospective directions of scientific, development and implementation activities, directional thematic plans of scientific research and development works and annual activity and financial plans. Originality/value: In the article, the authors attempt to adapt universal planning principles to the specific activities of research institutes. This is a new issue and a response to practical needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper was to examine the differences in using agricultural entrepreneurship support and how it relates to characteristics such as the agrarian structure, socioeconomic development level, and land use across the Polish territory. The analyses were carried out at the district (poviat) level which is an intermediate administrative unit. This study found that the decisions on co-financing the measures dedicated to non-agricultural economic activity heavily depended on the agrarian structure. The highest levels of activity were witnessed in districts where the agrarian structure was particularly fragmented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Olsztyn Economic Journal is the property of Olsztyn Economic Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background and Objective: When examining women's economic activity, it should be emphasised that related issues are a relatively new research direction, and an understanding of the specifics of the subject seems particularly important given that the number of women starting businesses in recent decades has been characterised by a permanent upward trend. The aim of this article is to present - against the background of the literature on the subject and empirical data collected by governmental institutions operating in the European Union - the entrepreneurial activity rate of women in Poland over a ten-year period (2012-2021). Materials and Methods: The article is based on reports and working papers published by Eurostat and the Central Statistical Office (CSO). To calculate the data presented in the publication, mathematical analysis tools were used in the field of comparative research, the occurrence of trends and the indication of existing trends and noticeable increases. Results: Poland's twenty-first position compared to other EU Member States points to unlimited development opportunities and the need to support this economic space at every level of economic activity. This conclusion is reinforced by the statistics achieved by the opposite sex - men - which showed an upward trend over the period studied (2012-2021). This is also confirmed by the value of the calculated median female gross salary, which is lower by EUR 126.2 than the median male gross salary in Poland. Practical implications: A defined indicator of female entrepreneurship will allow recommendations to be tailored for state bodies and local government institutions supporting women's economic activity in Poland as well as in other EU countries with a similar economic structure. Conclusion and summary: Visible discrimination against women appears in the analysis of the average gross salary at different organisational levels in Poland, which can be used as an argument to support and create additional aid programmes to support women's economic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Archaeological research at Ojców castle has yielded important information about life in that medieval castle. The results of zooarchaeological analyses presented in this paper complement the archaeological research, adding to our knowledge of the diet of the castle inhabitants from the time of establishment of the castle until the final residents. Zooarchaeological research is also complemented by data from older settlement phases on the castle hill, directly related to the Lusatian culture in the early Iron Age. The great variability of remains from mammals, birds, and fish and the taphonomic features of bones found in the different chronological strata of the castle's courtyard reflect the diverse economic activities that took place in particular times and spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Polish Journal of Economics / Gospodarka Narodowa is the property of SGH Warsaw School of Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objective of the study is to verify the way and the scope of the impact of resources and competences on the process of entrepreneurial internationalisation. In this paper we have presented a broad review of the literature, which shows that resources and competencies are two fundamental aspects that play vital roles in the internationalisation of firms. The novelty of this article lies in selecting Poland as a post-emerging economy, and such countries as being late comers to international business are still not well explored in the literature. The article uses own primary data based on a survey questionnaire. We used a quantitative approach. We applied simple and multiple logistic regression to verify the impact of resources and competences and their individual components on the creation of an international strategy in the firm. We have proved that resources and competences have a significant impact on the creation of an international strategy in internationalised firms from Poland. The results for specific individual resources and competences are no longer so clear-cut. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the application of spatial econometrics in estimating the interregional flow matrix in multisector–multiregion input–output tables. With reasonable assumptions, it demonstrates that this application can be formulated as a modified multi-equation spatial Durbin model with missing parameters estimated via maximum likelihood. The statistical performance of the model is scrutinized and the method is illustrated using regional (NUTS-3-level) economic impact assessment simulations for Poland. The proposed non-survey method empirically built on sectoral–regional data on economic activity is widely replicable across countries with promising performance against widespread benchmarks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theoretical background: The article constitutes an analysis of the macroeconomic situation from 2020 to the first quarter of (Q1) in relation to real estate investments. Factors such as the COVID-19 pandemic, the influx of refugees to Poland, and rising inflation had a significant impact on investor behavior in the discussed market. The dynamic macroeconomic situation also led to changes in consumer and tenant preferences, while significantly affecting demand and supply. The years 2020–2023 (Q1) were characterized by a distinct specificity that accentuated the risks associated with real estate investments. This emphasized clear differences in various categories between real estate as investment assets and funds, securities, or other alternative investment methods. Purpose of the article: The aim of the article is to identify the risks associated with real estate investment in Poland during the period from 2020 to 2023 (Q1). It is also crucial to describe the macroeconomic aspects and their impact on the investment real estate market during the mentioned period. Research methods: The article presents the results of an empirical study aimed at identifying factors contributing to the increase in risk associated with real estate investment in the years 2020–2023 (Q1). Additionally, it was significant to verify the financing methods for the purchase of investment properties by the survey participants. The study was based on a survey questionnaire. A total of 250 respondents participated in the study, expressing their willingness to purchase their first or subsequent property for investment purposes during the years 2020–2023 (1Q). Respondents were asked 7 questions, including those related to factors influencing or hindering the completion of investment property transactions in the years 2020–2023 (Q1), as well as the method of financing the purchase and the reason why respondents utilized borrowed capital or relied solely on their own funds. Furthermore the article employed a research methodology that included critical analysis of secondary sources, as well as methods such as analysis, synthesis, description, deduction, induction, and reduction. The Polish and foreign literature related to investment and investment properties was subjected to analysis. Additionally, laws, resolutions, regulations, scientific works from other organizations, and reports were studied, serving as valuable sources of information about the real estate market situation from 2020 to 2023 (Q1). In formulating recommendations, a generalizing-synthesizing method was employed (deduction, reduction, induction). The inductive method aided in analyzing the significance and characteristics of investment properties. On the other hand, the deductive method was used to analyze the issue starting from the macroeconomic situation in Poland and delving into the changes in the investment real estate market. By making a critical analysis of the literature, the reduction technique was applied, thus, verifying the previously formulated hypotheses. Main findings: Based on the conducted analysis, it can be observed that the return on equity (ROE) from real estate investments takes on a negative value when investors partially use borrowed capital. This situation is influenced by high interest rates. However, alongside this factor, there is also a social element related to the high demand for property rentals. In the case of investors investing solely from their own sources, this leads to a return on equity ranging between 2.7% and 3.6% during the analyzed time period. The conducted analysis reveals that macroeconomic, social, and legal factors dynamically shape the demand and supply in the real estate market during the period from 2020 to 2023 (Q1). This is closely related to the decisions of investors aiming to invest their capital in investment properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of the article is to identify and evaluate endogenous conditions for the development of non-agricultural economic activity in rural communes of eastern and western regions of Poland Design/methodology/approach: The article identifies and evaluates endogenous conditions for the development of non-agricultural economic activity in rural communes of eastern and western regions of Poland. The empirical material of the article concerns both all rural communes in the country and all rural communes in the eastern and western regions of Poland. The figures come from the Local Data Bank of the Central Statistical Office in Warsaw and concern the years 2020-2021. The empirical material collected and ordered was developed in descriptive, tabular, and graphical form, using comparative analysis. In addition, a score assessment was made of all diagnostic features illustrating the endogenous determinants of the development of non-agricultural economic activity in rural communes of eastern and western regions of Poland against the background of the entire country for 2021. Findings: The analysis of statistical data confirmed the research hypothesis, which assumes that the activity of inhabitants of rural communes in eastern and western regions of Poland in the development of non-agricultural economic activity is diverse and shows a relationship with the quality of its endogenous conditions, with these conditions being clearly the best in units with high activity of inhabitants in this regard. Originality/value: The originality of the work lies in the approach to the analysis of the research issues undertaken. For the purposes of research, the author's indicator of activity of residents in the development of non-agricultural economic activity in a given local government unit (commune) against the background of the country and other local government units (communes) was compiled and used. In addition, a point assessment of endogenous conditions for the development of non-agricultural economic activity in the surveyed local government units against the background of the country was made. The work is directed primarily to local government officials responsible for the conditions, opportunities, and directions of local socioeconomic development of rural communes in Poland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Polish Journal of Management Studies is the property of Czestochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Management and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Political Science Review / Przegląd Politologiczny is the property of Faculty of Political Science & Journalism, Adam Mickiewicz University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: In this article it is intended to analyze the impact of Foreign Direct Investment on the adoption of sustainability practices in Emerging and Transition Economies. In this context, it is adopted a perspective where value creation encompasses the capacity of an enterprise to generate value to its stakeholders, considering the influence of its activities on the environmental and social domains. Design/methodology/approach: Accordingly, it was developed a case study that is divided into two parts. On the first part, it is evaluated social and environmental indicators in Poland, a Transition Economy adopting a comparative perspective that focus on the relative performance of the country in comparison to Portugal, a developed economy. This evaluation was done under the lenses of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) articulated under the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. On the second part of the study, it was reviewed the impact of multinational enterprises activities on environmental and social welfare. Relative to this, the article adopts a innovative comparative approach, as it is the first study to analyze McDonald's corporate sustainability practices in two different markets: Poland and Portugal. Besides this, it provides a disruptive analysis on cross cultural sustainability and its impact on international sustainability dynamics, using an approach that focuses on the contribution of Multinational's Sustainability Practices on the accomplishment of Sustainable Development Goals. Findings: It is concluded that, under a globally adopted strategy including relevant economic and social agents, that Foreign Direct Investment contributes to enhance environmental and social sustainability. Besides this, it is also highlighted the role of strategy flexibility so that sustainability practices achieve a significant impact on local context as well. Originality: This study analyses the impact of Foreign Direct Investment in host countries by considering a cross-country sustainability analysis, that focuses on Multinational Enterprises strategic behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of the article is to identify and assess the financial situation of rural communes in Poland depending on the activity of their inhabitants in undertaking and developing non-agricultural economic activity. Design/methodology/approach: The financial situation of rural communes in Poland was identified and assessed depending on the activity of their inhabitants in undertaking and developing non-agricultural economic activity. The empirical material of the article applies to both the whole country and all rural communes in Poland. Numerical data come from the Local Data Bank of the Central Statistical Office in Warsaw and concerns 2019-2021. The empirical material collected and ordered was developed in a descriptive, tabular, and graphic form, using the comparative analysis method. Furthermore, a point assessment of all diagnostic characteristics was performed that illustrates the financial situation of rural communes in Poland against the background of the entire country for the years 2019-2021. Findings: The analysis of statistical data has confirmed the research hypothesis, which assumes that the financial situation of rural communes in Poland is related to the activity of their inhabitants in undertaking and developing non-agricultural business activity, with it clearly the best in units with high activity of residents in this area. Originality/value: The originality of the work is the original approach to the analysis of the research issues undertaken. For the use of the research, the article combined and uses an original indicator of residents' activity in the development of non-agricultural economic activity in a given local government unit (commune) against the background of the country and other local government units (communes). In addition, the financial situation of the examined local government units was also assessed in the context of the country. The work is addressed primarily to local government officials responsible for public local government finances, as well as for conditions and possibilities and directions of local socioeconomic development of rural communes in Poland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although shares of travel services in Poland's and European Union's services exports and imports have decreased since 2004, they are still very important parts of the economies. They boost revenues, create jobs, develop infrastructures, and enable cultural exchange. The aim of this study is to identify Poland’s trade position in intra-EU and extra-EU trade in business and personal travel services and to assess changes that have taken place between 2004-2020. Changes in geographical and service-industry structures of Poland revealed comparative advantages while trade balance in international trade in travel services were examined. One of the main findings is that by 2020 Poland has improved its trade position, in comparison to 2004, in business travel services. At the same time Poland has diminished its trade position in personal travel services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polish Journal of Economics / Gospodarka Narodowa is the property of SGH Warsaw School of Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this study is to analyse changes in employment and their determinants in twenty sectors of economic activity in Poland during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study focuses on the direct short-run employment effects. The changes in employment in the pandemic period (restricted to 2020q2-2021q2) with the changes in the pre-pandemic period (2015q1-2020q1) are compared. Statistics Poland and Eurostat are the sources of data. The analyses are based on quarterly and annual frequencies and cover the period from 2015q1 to 2021q2. Changes in employment are explained by the changes in gross value added, the differences in elasticities of employment with respect to the gross value added and the impact of the pandemic period. The results suggest that employment was affected by a reallocation shock--a decrease in employment that occurred in some sectors (e.g. arts, entertainment and recreation) was associated with an increase in other sectors (e.g. human health and social work activities). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Historia i Polityka is the property of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The publication is part of a new trend in popularizing Industry 4.0. The primary objective is to present the key directions in the transformation of the steel industry from steelworks 3.0 to steelworks 4.0. The work was based on a literature review and data analysis on steel 4.0 technologies. The analytical part of the thesis was prepared on the basis of the Polish steel sector (sections from the classification of economic activities: 24 and 25). On the basis of the literature study, a thesis was formulated about the need to digitize processes in enterprises heading for Industry 4.0. The application of selected technologies (ICT) in the Polish steel sector (percentage of companies using the analyzed technologies in the total number of enterprises in the sector) constitutes the scope of the research. Further research will be carried out in the area of digitization development in steel Industry toward steel 4.0. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose is to identify the impact of knowledge and building relational competences on the process of creating virtual organizations (VOs). Methodology: The study included companies operating in Poland. The data was collected through personal interviews. A personal interview questionnaire was used as a research tool. The questions about the value of knowledge in VOs were constructed in a way that reflected the nature of VOs. The study was conducted in 2018. Findings: The study's findings indicate that one of the main drivers of collaboration inside a VO is the desire to learn new things through learning with partners. The growth of human resources, the exchange of experience, and the learning of new knowledge are the three most significant advantages of collaboration in a VO, in addition to the financial gains. In the process of developing a VO, relational competences are built with the use of appropriate knowledge resources, which also have an impact on the effectiveness of collaboration. Reflection on shared learning occurs in a company's future relationships with the environment. The competitive position is improved through expanded knowledge resources and improved relational competencies. The greatest enabling and restricting factors for the creation of VOs are knowledge and experience, respectively. Originality/value: The study's empirical findings support the idea that having access to the right knowledge resources is essential for developing relational competences throughout the virtual organization of economic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Olsztyn Economic Journal is the property of Olsztyn Economic Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Olsztyn Economic Journal is the property of Olsztyn Economic Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Olsztyn Economic Journal is the property of Olsztyn Economic Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Olsztyn Economic Journal is the property of Olsztyn Economic Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents in two aspects the flint material from the Final Palaeolithic Arch Backed Piece technocomplex from the site of Nowy Młyn Cypel at Rydno. The typological, morphological and technological analyses of the artefacts, show, among others, characteristic features of the so-called Kamienna variant of the ABP complex, probably an older component of the Arch Backed Piece assemblages, which may be a testimony to the local process of azilianisation in Poland. The undertaken attempt at reconstructing the spatial arrangement of the flint concentrations, associated with features with haematite coloured fill, allows determining the character and organisation of the campsites, as well as the types of flint processing and economic activities of the inhabitants. An artefact distribution analysis, the refitting method and Dick Stapert's ring and sector method were utilised in the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]