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With the growth of cars and car-sharing applications, commuters in many cities, particularly developing countries, are shifting away from public transport. These shifts have affected two key stakeholders: transit operators and first- and last-mile (FLM) services. Although most cities continue to invest heavily in bus and metro projects to make public transit attractive, ridership in these systems has often failed to reach targeted levels. FLM service providers also experience lower demand and revenues in the wake of shifts to other means of transport. Effective FLM options are required to prevent this phenomenon and make public transport attractive for commuters. One possible solution is to forge partnerships between public transport and FLM providers that offer competitive joint mobility options. Such solutions require prudent allocation of supply and optimised strategies for FLM operations and ride-sharing. To this end, we build an agent- and event-based simulation model which captures interactions between passengers and FLM services using statecharts, vehicle routing models, and other trip matching rules. An optimisation model for allocating FLM vehicles at different transit stations is proposed to reduce unserved requests. Using real-world metro transit demand data from Bengaluru, India, the effectiveness of our approach in improving FLM connectivity and quantifying the benefits of sharing trips is demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traffic has been increasing with the increase in population in developed and developing countries. Furthermore, parking problem has become a current issue because of unplanned and rapid urbanization and insufficiency of existing substructure. Vehicles are parked in on-street parking spaces without any control. This leads to narrowing of the streets, and as a result of this, slowing down of traffic flow and increasing of traffic intensity. Therefore, in metropolises such as Istanbul, the effects of insufficient parking on traffic must be decreased by developing parking strategies and applying them. In this study, Oguzhan Street in Fatih District which has high traffic intensity was chosen as a research area. In this street, the effect of uncontrolled and paid on-street parking application on vehicle speeds and emissions is investigated. With paid parking application, the traffic flow rate in the north direction has increased by 9.86% and in the south direction by 6.27%. A 4.5% reduction in CO, CO2 and HC emissions released into the atmosphere has been observed depending on the model years of the vehicles. In addition, it has been determined that passenger cars, SUV and van type vehicles reduced the greenhouse effect by approximately 6.2-6.35%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]