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This paper presents the step-by-step development and implementation of real-time data transmission from a distant Observatory. Using Python programming language, we have developed an algorithm for automated data transmission of high resolution real-time magnetic data from Choutuppal (CPL) and Hyderabad (HYB), India to INTERMAGNET Edinburgh GIN, with minimal internet services. We have designed a system to transfer the data in a secured and encrypted pattern with SSH keys and save the same dataset in the local server at CSIR-NGRI. Both the Observatories data are transmitted to GIN in real-time with a time frame of less than 300 s. After successfully transmitting real-time 1 min geomagnetic data from CPL and HYB Observatories to Edinburgh GIN, CPL's 1 s real-time data is also initiated and is one of the first Indian observatories to transmit real-time 1 s data to GIN. The details of algorithm development, function libraries and the challenges faced for 1 s and 1 min data transmission at both the Observatories are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, Indian manufacturing industries have undergone a significant transformation emphasising customer-centric objectives to meet the dynamic market's demands. To achieve this, existing industries must upgrade their existing infrastructure to a smart environment driven by automatic data exchange, transparency, and interconnected digital systems. These are the key enabling elements of Industry 4.0. As a result, many Indian industries are developing various sophisticated implementation strategies for adopting it. However, few research works and strategies contribute to its effective and successful implementation. This paper proposes two types of implementation strategies for implementing Industry 4.0 enabling technologies based on the requirements and adaptability of India's commercial vehicle manufacturing industry. The first strategy identifies various aspects of implementing Industry 4.0 enabling framework elements and categorizes it for developing implementation strategies based on India's commercial vehicle manufacturing industry. The significance of each was determined using fuzzy-AHP analysis and ranked accordingly based on the linguistic responses of the industry experts. The most significant framework element is found to be 'Decision Making and Management Skills'. The second strategy emphasizes long-term sustainable implementation objectives. The framework elements are reconstructed and developed into a novel, customized sustainable framework based on six dimensions of sustainability. Using the Fuzzy-DEMATEL method, the causal relationships among these elements are investigated to determine a sustainable implementation strategy. 'Central Database Server' is determined to be the most significant sustainable framework element, while the maximum number of casual relationships is obtained from the group, 'Skill upgradation of the workforce'. This paper proposes a novel research direction for implementing Industry 4.0 technologies into the existing industry. The findings provide several insights and strategies for technological upgradation in other industries in this geographical region. The findings of the work enhance the implementation process of I4.0 technologies, transitioning it from a conventional approach to a futuristic sustainable implementation that is economical and effective. • Industry 4.0 enabling framework elements for Indian manufacturing industry were identified and categorised. • Significance of each framework element are determined using Fuzzy AHP. • A customised sustainable framework of I4.0 enabling elements is presented. • Fuzzy DEMATEL approach used to examine their causal relationships and significance based on long-term sustainability. • Sustainable implementation strategies and implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A novel, non-pilot scheme to avail Accelerated Trip (AT) signal using local measurements for the distance relays. • Method based on total relative reactance change – not requiring any extra hardware for implementation. • Fast operation of a non-pilot method comparable with permissive transfer trip signal delays. • Testing of methods in varying types of contingencies to ensure correct operation such as evolving high impedance fault and remote-end breaker arc re-striking. • Confirmation of the tests with relay data record-timing diagrams discussed in the protection subcommittee meeting, NRPC, India. Challenges about the accurate impedance measurement comply pessimistic setting of distance relay reach. Hence, internal, remote-end faults from either end of the connected power system's protected line section are cleared with a prolonged time delay. Although carrier communication-aided protection schemes can accelerate the relay operation, latency in data transmission and link failure hampers the reliability of communication-assisted TRIP schemes. The present article analyzes the adverse effects of the inadvertently long fault clearing time due to the contingent communication-assisted transfer trips. To overcome the challenges by minimizing fault clearing time, the paper proposes a simple yet effective method of monitoring the total relative reactance change seen by the relay to discriminate between internal and external faults to the protected line section and consequently issue of Accelerated Trip (AT) signal for internal faults without communication assistance. The method monitors the total relative change of reactance over the specified time window and compares the same with the threshold to discriminate between internal and external faults. In addition, a steady state difference between the apparent values of the measured reactance is used to improve the robustness of the proposed algorithm further. The method has shown robustness against a wide range of fault resistance and fault types. Moreover, extensive unique tests are carried out and reported such as AT issue stability during remote-end breaker arc re-ignition for internal faults, sudden change in fault resistance during the detection window, and the fault on mutually coupled parallel line section. The method issues AT signal in 70 ms from the point of fault inception, comparable with the permissive transfer trip signal delay. Moreover, the AT signal issue is independent of the fault MVA for the remote end, internal faults, and the mutual inductance due to coupled parallel lines. The timings for the fault inception to clearing process are referred from relay data records presented in the protection sub-committee meeting of the Northern Region Power Committee (NRPC), India. The modeling and simulations are carried out using PSCAD software and the algorithm is tested with MATLAB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India is divided into 22 Service Areas consisting of 19 Telecom Circle Service Areas and 3 Metro Service Areas for providing Cellular Mobile Telephone Service (CMTS). The country’s mobile Penetration 84% and Internet penetration 60%. The 22 LSAs were conceived in 1995 were based on revenue earning potential in 1995 but after the 5G Auctions 2022 we have to move a finer granulation of the market. This is because 22 LSAs are heterogeneous in its willingness to pay across the range of digital services. Indian Telecom is a 4-player market, R.Jio, Airtel, VI, and BSNL. Post 5G Auctions there has to be closer alignment with the market characteristics. Customizations according to LSA may not be practical. IoT, machine-to-machine communication Gaming, and Augmented reality will see a huge demand in the period leading from 2023. 5G implies short range data intensive communication. It came without surprise when the mm waves saw the maximum subscription in this auction. mm waves account for high data capacity with less penetration. Hence we will see a migration from to micro and Pico cells. LSA will have to model on micro cells for high intensity usage. Operators will need to focus on minimum viable area-Smallest area compatible with profitable operations. This will need redesign of the current LSAs and split circle to reduce barrier promote competition and innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India was the second highest COVID-19 affected country in the world with 2.1 million cases by 11th August. This study focused on the spatial transmission of the pandemic among the 640 districts in India over time, and aimed to understand the urban-centric nature of the infection. The connectivity context was emphasized that possibly had inflicted the outbreak. Using the modes of transmission data for the available cases, the diffusion of this disease was explained. Metropolitans contributed three-fourths of total cases from the beginning. The transport networks attributed significantly in transmitting the virus from the urban containment zones. Later, there was a gradual shift of infections from urban to rural areas; however, the numbers kept increasing in the former. The massive reverse migration after lockdown spiked the infected cases further. Districts with airports reported more with influx of international passengers. A profound east–west division in April with higher infections in the southern and western districts existed. By mid-May eastern India saw a steep rise in active cases. Moran's I analysis showed a low autocorrelation initially which increased over time. Hotspot clustering was observed in western Maharashtra, eastern Tamil Nadu, Gujarat and around Kolkata by the second week of August. The diffusion was due to travel, exposure to infected individuals and among the frontline workers. Spatial regression models confirmed that urbanization was positively correlated with higher incidences of infections. Transit mediums, especially rail and aviation were positively associated. These models validated the crucial role of spatial proximity in diffusion of the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Free space optics (FSO) is considered as one of the emerging technologies in wireless communication system. In this work, real time data analysis of fog weather condition has been performed for hilly regions of north west region (Nainital, Uttarakhand) and north east region (Imphal, Manipur) of India. Different models have been considered for calculation of fog attenuation considering two specific months (January and February) for six consecutive years from 2016 to 2021. Quality of received signal has been analysed in terms of internal system parameters of an FSO link by incorporating amplitude shift keying, phase shift keying and duobinary return-to-zero modulation techniques at a data rate and transmission wavelength of 40 Gbps and 1550 nm respectively. It has been studied that PSK modulation scheme performs better as compared to other modulation techniques and received signal quality deteriorates below an unacceptable value in case of fog beyond the propagation range of 9000 m. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]