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Background & Objective: Investigating multidrug resistance and TEM and SHV broad-spectrum beta-lactamase genes in Escherichia coli bacteria isolated from patients with urinary tract infections is very useful to improve the treatment of infection and prevent the failure of treatment of urinary tract infections.The aim of this study was to investigate multidrug resistance and TEM and SHV broadspectrum beta-lactamase genes in Escherichia coli bacteria isolated from patients with urinary tract infections. Materials & Methods: In this study, 188 strains of Escherichia coli, which cause urinary tract infections in Alborz province, were studied. Urine samples were cultured on EMB and Blood Agar media. Differential tests were performed for final identification. ESBL-producing strains were identified, PCR was performed to survey the abundance of ESBL-producing genes. Results: Based on the results of the disk diffusion and Double-disk synergy testS, 82 (43.6%) strains were determined as the final producer of ESBL. out of these isolates, the frequency of SHV, TEM, and CTX genes measured 64.3%, 55.9%, and 21.4%, respectively. These results showed that 12 (14.28%) of Escherichia coli isolated have all genes, 26 (30.95%) had 2 genes and 36 (42.85%) had one gene. Conclusion: According to the results, it was found that imipenem with the lowest resistance is the best drug in the treatment, and carbapenems are the best drug for treating diseases caused by Escherichia coli. The results of the current study may be useful in replacing ESBL enzyme resistance screening with more modern sensitivity measurement methods such as MIC and Etest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The global public health concern of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infection and its spread, particularly methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), is exacerbated by the emergence of mec-genes, which are considered markers of MRSA. The study aims to isolate MRSA in clinical isolates and detect mec-genes using molecular assays, thereby enhancing infection control programs. Materials and Methods: The study involved 381 clinical samples processed by standard laboratory procedures and PCR was performed targeting 16S rRNA gene as a reference and then with nuc-gene to detect Staphylococcus aureus. Further, MRSA was confirmed by PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) amplification of S. aureus isolates by subtyping mecA and mecC gene. Sensitivity and specificity of phenotypic methods was calculated using mecA gene PCR as the gold standard. Results: In the present study, 65.85% clinical isolates were found to have similar homology with Staphylococcus aureus. Uniplex PCR results showed that all 162 isolates with S. aureus-like phenotypes were detected as MRSA carrying mecA gene, but none of them was found to carry mecC gene for MRSA. P-value for both the methods was <0.001, which is considered to be highly significant in statistical analysis. Conclusion: The study found that PCR detection of nuc and mec genes is effectively identifies MRSA from clinical isolates, aiding in infection prevention and recommending its use for confirmatory testing. The study recommends using PCR as a confirmatory test method for MRSA detection to prevent the spread of resistant strains in hospitals and communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global environmental changes have caused transformations in the biology of microorganisms, especially among campylobacter, which are currently associated with food toxic infections. The means of influence of these bacteria on susceptible organisms, namely toxins, have not been finally clarified. The purpose of this study was to investigate the genetic conditionality of toxin formation in isolates of Campylobacter jejuni and determination of the degree of inhibition of the body's protective reactions by toxic fractions of Campylobacter protein compounds. The methodology of this study was based on the polymerase chain reaction using primers to indicate the nucleotide sequences of the Campylobacter jejuni genome that encode the synthesis of toxins. Samples from 4 Campylobacter isolates were examined for the content of protein fractions according to the Lowry assay. The analysis of the electropherogram of the results of DNA amplification in a comparative aspect with the data of standard samples allowed establishing the presence of genome elements that indicate the potential ability to produce toxins in Campylobacter jejuni isolates sampled from the material under study. Toxic fractions separated from the supernatant of Campylobacter jejuni broth culture are represented by protein-carbohydrate substances. The obtained peak toxigenic fractions of the dialysate of the bacterial culture sediment contained protein within 9.5-17 μg/ml. In the dialysate of the broth culture supernatant, where 5 groups of toxigenic fractions were distinguished, their protein content ranged within 10-85 μg/ml. By reproducing the opsono-phagocytic reaction involving toxigenic fractions of Campylobacter jejuni, a sufficiently pronounced immunosuppressive effect of these complexes on the body of warm-blooded animals was established with an opsonic index of 2.6 ± 0.03. The obtained results allow clarifying the connection between toxin formation in Campylobacter jejuni and their immunosuppressive effect on the body of warm-blooded animals and humans, which in the future will positively affect the improvement of measures for the prevention and treatment of animals with this pathology [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]