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Objectives The residential population of an area is an incomplete measure of the number of people that are momentarily present in the area, and of limited value as an indicator of exposure to the risk of crime. By accounting for the mobility of the population, measures of ambient population better reflect the momentary presence of people. They have therefore become an alternative indicator of exposure to the risk of crime. This study considers the heterogeneity of the ambient population by distinguishing residents, employees and visitors as different categories, and explores their differential impact on thefts, both on weekdays and weekends. Methods We analyze one-year of police recorded thefts across 2104 1 km2 grid cells in a central area in Beijing, China. Controlling for the effects of attractiveness, accessibility, and guardianship, we estimate a series of negative binominal models to investigate the differential effects of the three groups (residents, employees and visitors) in the ambient population on crime frequencies, both on weekdays and during weekends and holidays. Results Overall, larger ambient populations imply larger theft frequencies. The effect of visitors is stronger than the effects of residents and employees. The effects of residents and employees vary over the course of the week. On weekdays, the presence of residents is more important, while the reverse holds true during weekends and holidays. Discussion The effects of ambient population on thefts vary by its composition in terms of social roles. The larger role of visitors is presumably because in addition to being potential victims, residents and employees may also exercise informal social control. In addition, they spend more time indoors than where risk of theft is lower, while visitors might spend more time outdoors and may also bring about greater anonymity and weaken informal social control.

В статье изучена динамика развития гуманитарных и социальных наук КНР с начала 1980-х гг. Автор, используя концепцию гегемонии А. Грамши, рассматривает эту сферу в качестве профессионального сообщества, связанного одновременно с глобальным интеллектуальным пространством, где господствуют западные ценности, и национальным политическим пространством, опирающимся на коммунистическую идеологию. В статье показано, как Китай сначала принял западную гегемонию в глобальной науке, пытаясь через её ценности и принципы создать конкурентную среду для догоняющего развития, но в последние годы для усиления официальной идеологии и её внешнего влияния стремится идти альтернативной дорогой. Власти КНР увеличили финансирование и другую поддержку социальных и гуманитарных дисциплин, но также поставили перед ними высокую планку — продвигать в международном сообществе китайскую картину мира и китайские подходы к видению общественных отношений. Пока основные механизмы реализации этой стратегии — «мозговые центры» с китайской спецификой, выстраивание особых отношений с мировой синологией, мобилизацию творческого потенциала и популяризацию вовне исследований — нельзя оценить как успешные. Они знакомят мир с КНР и позволяют втягивать в орбиту китайского влияния зарубежных коллег, но не создают главного — контрдискурса, способного описывать общественные отношения не в рамках западных либеральных ценностей. В статье также показано, что стратегия китаизации социогуманитарного знания сталкивается со структурными противоречиями в научном сообществе КНР, сформированными вследствие ускоренной интеграции в глобальную науку., This paper examines the dynamics of the humanities and social sciences in the PRC since the early 1980s. Relying on Gramsci’s concept of hegemony, the author examines this sphere as a professional community connected both with the global intellectual space dominated by Western values and the national political space based on Communist ideology. This paper shows how China first embraced Western hegemony in global science, seeking through its values to create a competitive environment for catch-up development, but in recent years has pursued an alternative path to strengthen official ideology and its external influence. The PRC authorities have increased funding and other support for the social disciplines and the humanities but also set the bar high for promoting the Chinese worldview and Chinese approaches to social relations in the international community. However, the main mechanisms for implementing this strategy — creating think tanks with Chinese characteristics, building special relations with global sinology, mobilising creative potential, and popularising research externally — cannot be characterised as successful yet. They introduce China to the world and involve foreign colleagues under Chinese influence, but they do not create the main thing — a counter-discourse capable of describing social relations outside the framework of Western liberal values. The paper also shows that the strategy of Sinicization of social sciences and the humanities faces structural contradictions in Chinese scientific community, which have been formed due to accelerated integration into global science.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the influence of positive/negative effectivity on the mortality risk of the Chinese elderly. METHODS: Using the latest four surveys data of Chinese longitudinal healthy longevity survey in 2008, 2012, and 2014, as well as 2018 and selecting 10 993 elderly people who were aged 65 and above as research objects, this paper compared the positive/negative effectivity status and differences of the elderly in different gender and age groups. And then this paper analyzed the effect of positive/negative effectivity on elderly people' s mortality risk by constructing Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: Compared with the female elderly, the male elderly had lower negative effectivity and higher positive effectivity. With the increase of age, the negative effectivity of the elderly increased, while the positive effectivity decreased. The results showed that after adjusting for the basic demographic characteristics, health status and living habits of the respondents in the baseline survey, in the positive effectivity dimension, "clean preference" (HR=0.922, 95%CI: 0.889-0.956), "autonomy" (HR=0.933, 95%CI: 0.914-0.952) and "sense of youth" (HR=0.948, 95%CI: 0.927-0.969), had a protective effect on the mortality risk of the elderly, while in the dimension of "open-minded view", there was no significant difference in the mortality risk of the elderly with different answers. In the negative effecti-vity dimension, "tension and fear" (HR=1.039, 95%CI: 1.014-1.065), "loneliness" (HR=1.053, 95%CI: 1.029-1.079) and "uselessness" had a harmful effect on the mortality risk of the elderly. The more positive effectivity, the lower the mortality risk of the elderly (HR=0.967, 95%CI: 0.956-0.978), while the more negative effectivity, the higher the mortality risk of the elderly (HR=1.024, 95%CI: 1.013-1.035). CONCLUSION: The negative effectivity of the elderly in all dimensions may increase the mortality risk of elderly people. We ought to dredge the negative emotions of the elderly in time. In the health promotion of the elderly, we should also pay attention to the encouragement of positive effectivity in all dimensions, which requires the joint efforts of families, communities and governments.

At present, the dual pressure of rural labor outflow and population aging in China makes the problems of the rural elderly population increasingly prominent, and its health problem is particularly prominent. Based on the 2014 China elderly population health survey data (CLHLS), this paper finds that the physical health status of the rural elderly has a significant positive impact on their loneliness; that is, the rural elderly with poor health status are more likely to feel lonely. At the same time, the age of the elderly has a significant positive impact on their loneliness. On the contrary, gender, personality, family income and intergenerational support of the elderly have a negative impact on their loneliness. Chronic diseases such as hypertension and diabetes have no significant effect on the loneliness of the elderly in rural areas, but there is a “severe disease effect”; that is, when chronic diseases develop into serious diseases or acute serious diseases, it can negatively impact the elderly psychologically and produce or deepen their sense of loneliness. Based on the above conclusions, this paper further puts forward relevant policy suggestions from three aspects: constructing a disease prevention and control system for the rural elderly, improving the care and service system for the rural elderly, reshaping rural filial piety culture, and creating a good atmosphere of “respecting, loving and respecting parents” in rural areas.

Mental health essentially refers to a state of mind. It means that an individual can keep a good or normal state in behavior. It is not only related to the overall development of the individual body and mind but also affects the construction of university teachers. This paper mainly studies the career development anxiety of music teachers in colleges and universities in China, analyzes its causes, and puts forward corresponding countermeasures and suggestions to alleviate the pressure and promote the physical and mental harmony of music teachers and the common growth of a good social atmosphere. The purpose is to help music teachers in colleges and universities better manage their mental health. This paper collects the data of occupational stress and mental health of 164 music teachers in many colleges and universities through the method of a questionnaire survey and processes the data with the analysis formula of sample variance and standard deviation. The analysis shows that a considerable number of the respondents have career development anxiety.

This paper investigates whether and how financial literacy could help improve fraud detection. Results demonstrate that fraud-detection ability increases with the improvement in one's financial literacy. In addition, several other variables such as one's participation in economic activities, having a healthy or risk-preferred household head, as well as active social interaction all show positive impacts on fraud detection. In contrast, some psychological factors, such as trusting strangers and regional factors like income inequality can have negative effects on it. Two potential mechanisms, the utilization of information channels and that of asset allocation channels, may help to develop this relationship.

ObjectivesDepression is the leading cause of ill health and disability worldwide, and has become one of the key issues in the public health sector. Social participation is one of the most important measures to support the rapidly aging population and can reduce the risk of depression in the elderly. This study aims to explore the causal relationship between different types of social participation and depression in the elderly, and reduce the level of depression in the elderly by promoting social participation.MethodsIn order to accurately evaluate the causal relationship between participation in different types of social activities and depression in the elderly, this paper uses propensity score matching (PSM) for analysis based on counterfactual framework. The specific matching methods used are: k-nearest neighbor matching method, kernel matching method and radius matching method.ResultsIn this study, 31.4% of the elderly have depression, and the proportion of female elderly is significantly higher. Participation in different social activities has different effects on depression in the elderly. Taking into account sample selection bias, participation in friend-making, exercise, and recreational activities can effectively reduce the risk of depression in the elderly. Compared with other social activities, participation in exercise and recreational activities are more helpful to reduce the risk of depression in the elderly. Participating in exercise activities only reduces the risk of depression in 60–69-year-olds, while participating in economic activities increases the risk of depression in the elderly aged 70 and over. Compared with the male elderly, participation in friend-making, exercise, and recreational activities results in the female elderly having stronger resistance to the risk of depression.ConclusionsDepression was prevalent among the elderly. Through PSM analysis, different types of social participation have different effects on depression in the elderly. In order to maximize the positive effects of different types of social participation on depression in the elderly, it is necessary to provide differentiated social support environment for the elderly. Expanding the research on the relationship between social participation and depression of the elderly will help to formulate more reasonable public health policies and improve the mental health of the elderly.

Based on the frailty Cox model, this paper analyzes CLHLS data from 2008 to 2017/2018 to examine the impact of the social old-age insurance and the medical insurance on the mortality risk of the elderly based on the age structures, urban/rural areas and regions. The results reveal the heterogeneous impact as follows. In terms of the age structures, the social old-age insurance significantly reduces the mortality risk of the elderly aged below 80, but has no significant impact on the elderly aged 80 and above, whereas the medical insurance significantly reduces the mortality risk of the elderly aged 80 and above, but has no significant impact on the elderly aged below 80. In urban/rural areas and different regions, the social old-age insurance has no significant impact on the mortality risk of the elderly, whereas the social medical insurance significantly increases the mortality risk of the elderly in urban areas and the East, and reduces that of the elderly in rural areas and the Middle and the West. When implementing the insurances, China should pay attention to the different attributes of the elderly to guarantee the service quality, including the age structures, urban/rural areas and regions. A full consideration should be given to the allocation of investment and social security resources, so as to address the issue of the mismatch between the supply and demand of medical resources, and finally achieve the success of healthy aging and health equity.

Life satisfaction is a psychological state of an individual, however, a psychological perspective on how lifesatisfaction is based on cognitive inference-making has been largely neglected in the extant literature on elderly’slife satisfaction. This paper flls the gap by focusing on the psychological determinants of Chinese elderly’ssatisfaction with the food domain of life, i.e. satisfaction with food-related life. Data were collected by personalinterviews conducted in Beijing with 452 participants above 60 years old from March to May 2018. Based onmeans-end theory and the “bottom-up” approach to the concept of life satisfaction, this study confrms the hierarchical relationships between beliefs about food safety, taste, naturalness and freshness, the food-related goalsof health seeking, enjoyment seeking and variety seeking, satisfaction with food-related life, and overall lifesatisfaction among Chinese elderly. All the three food-related goals positively affected Chinese elderly’s satisfaction with food-related life with the goal of enjoyment seeking as the strongest predictor. Positive belief aboutfood freshness was related to the importance of all the three goals. Food naturalness belief was negatively relatedto the goals of health seeking and enjoyment seeking, while belief about food safety did not have any signifcantimpact on either of the two goals. The food taste belief did not signifcantly affect the goal of enjoyment seekingbut affected the goal of variety seeking. Implications for how to improve Chinese elderly’s satisfaction with foodrelated life and for future research were provided.

The paper invigorates the discussion on ethics of care in ‘care-ful geographies’ by highlighting the importance of thinking with ‘culture’ and its moral dimensions in filtering local ethics of elder care in China. More specifically, it illuminates how care, both as ethics and virtue, was manifested by a group of Buddhist older adults' appreciation of vegetarian eating in relation to the responsibilities for their own health and accompanying moral obligations. The conceptualization of ‘virtuous eating’ provides a hermeneutic cultural tool to interpret the shifting identifications with vegetarian eating, articulated as xiu lian (修練cultivation), fu bao (福報blessing) and ci bei (慈悲compassion), thus generating its analytical capacity in highlighting the reciprocity and relationality of care. The meanings associated with values and morality of vegetarian eating were enacting in forging new configurations of ethics of care within their self-therapeutic caring encounters.

Background Vertigo and dizziness (VD) are among the most frequently seen symptoms in clinics and are important for medical students, especially for those in Chinese standardized residency training (SRT). The aim of our study was to examine the PAL method’s feasibility in the clinical teaching of VD-related diseases for SRT students in China. Methods This is a randomized, controlled, multicenter study. A total of 228 residents were invited to participate in this study, of which 198 completed the program. The students were randomized into two groups, and VD-related diseases were taught using lecture-based learning (control group) or peer-assisted learning (PAL). An examination paper and a rating scale were used to evaluate students’ performance in the mastery of VD-related theoretical knowledge and clinical skills, meanwhile students’ perceptions, satisfaction, and risk of burnout were also analyzed using a questionnaire. Independent-samples t-test and chi-square analysis were performed to evaluate statistical significance for continuous variables and categorical variables, respectively, using SPSS 18.0 software. Results The PAL group performed better in mastering theoretical knowledge and clinical skills than the control group. And more students believed that PAL could help improve their personal qualities such as teamwork skills. However, more students reported that PAL increased the risk of burnout. Conclusions PAL was a suitable and effective method in the clinical teaching of some specialized diseases, especially it was recommended for students who had gained initial knowledge and skills, such as Chinese SRT students. However, we should draw attention to the increased risk of burnout if PAL is intended to be widely used in clinical teaching. Trial registration ISRCTN registry, ISRCTN53773239, 05/07/2021, retrospectively registered.