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Food safety and wastage caused by fruit deterioration is a serious global problem. Effective packaging systems for extending the freshness period of fruit play a key role in food safety. In this work, we constructed an eco-friendly and flexible polysaccharide-based packaging film based on hydroxypropyl guar (HPG), cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), deep eutectic solvents (DES) and anthocyanin (Anth). DES could endow polysaccharide films with multiple hydrogen bond numbers and good stability. Hydroxypropyl guar/cellulose nanocrystals/anthocyanin with 0.2 g deep eutectic solvents (HCA-DES 0.2 ) had good tensile properties, oxygen barrier properties (3.01 cm 3 /m 2 ·day·Pa), water resistance (WCA 111.97°), antibacterial (CFU ˂ 10 3 ), and transparency (55.4 %). The preservation tests of grape and blueberry showed that the shelf life of these two fruits was 12-20 days, and the polysaccharide film had great application potential in fruit preservation., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This work aims to apply carbon quantum dots (CQDs) from agriculture cellulosic waste (agro wastes), produced via an economically and eco-friendly single-step method, to be used into cellulose acetate composite microfibrous membranes as an innovative solution specifically designed to adsorb methylene blue (MB) and other cationic dyes that are present in various water effluents. Batch adsorption tests were conducted, with variations in contact time (1-24 h), initial MB concentration (25-300 ppm), and adsorbent doses (1-20 g/L). The maximum adsorption capacity of the membrane was 198 mg/g with an initial concentration of 300 ppm at 298 K. Thermodynamic parameters showed that the process is endothermic. Equilibrium experimental data for MB adsorption onto electrospun adsorbent were fitted using different isothermal models, with the Freundlich model showing the best fit. The pseudo-second-order model accurately described the kinetic data with high reliability (R 2  > 0.99), and the calculated adsorption capacity was very close to the experimental data. N-CQDs loaded membranes were also tested for removing methyl violet and rhodamine B, demonstrating remarkably high dye removal efficiency. The underlying adsorption mechanism was also reported. Finally, it is worth mentioning that composite adsorbents can be efficiently applied to actual industrial cases because of the possibility of reusing them, opening the route to the fabrication of novel and highly performant adsorbents. These findings underscore N-CQDs' effectiveness in enhancing pollutant removal efficiency from wastewater, highlighting their environmental benefits and promoting a more sustainable approach to water treatment. Therefore, the prepared adsorbent, showing excellent adsorption performance, places them among adsorbents for practical applications in wastewater purification., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Hydrogels with remarkable flexibility have gained popularity as materials for current research. However, the unfavorable properties of short-term adhesion, susceptibility to damage, and freezing in low-temperature presented by conventional hydrogels have become bottlenecks for further applications. In this work, an anti-freezing hydrogel with excellent mechanical, adhesion, and self-healing properties were developed by constructing a persistent semiquinone/quinone-catechol redox equilibrium environment. The introduction of lignin-modified cellulose nanofibers (LCNFs) significantly improved the overall mechanical properties of the material, driven by strong hydrogen bond interactions. This enhancement was evident in the tensile properties (97.74 ± 1.72 kPa, 783 %) and compression properties (> 90 %). Within the internal network of the gel, the synergistic action of lignin and ammonium persulfate resulted in the production of catechol, which imparted the gel with excellent adhesion properties (28.26 ± 2.13 KPa) and broad adhesion applicability. In addition, the incorporation of ethylene glycol (EG) positively contributed to the strengthening of the gel while endowed with tunable anti-freezing properties. Given the exceptional advantages of the prepared hydrogels, they were used to assemble flexible strain sensors with outstanding sensitivity for monitoring human motions., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

CO 2 is the main pollutant in biogas, reducing its calorific value. Among various technological methods to eliminate carbon dioxide from biogas, membrane separation technology stands out for large-scale industrial biogas purification due to its advantages. The selection of membrane material and preparation process are key factors in membrane separation technology. In this study, a premixing process was initially used to blend different masses of packed molecular sieves TS-1 (or ZSM-5) and cellulose derivatives (ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate) separately. These mixtures were then coated onto porous PVDF substrates using a coating process to create various bilayer hybrid composite membranes. Among these, PVDF/EC-ZSM-5 (containing 15 % ZSM-5) bilayer hybrid composite membrane is the most fitting. For CO 2 /CH 4 gas mixtures, the gas selectivity of this membrane surpassed Robeson's 1991 standard line (the CO 2 permeability was 597.48 Barrer, and the CO 2 /CH 4 selectivity was 9.14). Overall, this composite membrane, made for the first time from PVDF, ZSM-5, and EC, is expected to be a promising CO 2 selective separation membrane material for biogas purification in large-scale industrial processes due to its simple production process., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors report no declarations of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Recently, hydrogel sensors have been widely applied in wearable and portable electronics, but the low mechanical property, intolerance of fatigue, and low sensitivity and adhesion limit their further applications. In this study, sulfonated nanocellulose (SCNF) with dual functionality was blended into polyacrylamide (PAM) hydrogel matrix to reinforce the mechanical strength and facilitate the homogeneous dispersion of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The SCNF-CNT/PAM hydrogel was designed through free radical polymerization to achieve commendable mechanical, electrical, and multifunctional properties. The environmental-friendly SCNF serves as bio-templates to facilitate the assembling of CNT into integrated SCNF-CNT structures with good dispersity, thus enabling the establishment of an integrated conducting and reinforcing network. The fabricated SCNF-CNT/PAM hydrogel exhibited outstanding compressive strength (∼0.45 MPa at 50 % strain), tensile strength (∼169.12 kPa), and antifatigue capacity under cyclic stretching and pressing. Furthermore, the multifunctional sensors assembled using this hydrogel demonstrated high strain sensitivity (gauge factor ~ 3.7 at 100-400 % strain) and effectively detected human motions. This design principle provides promising prospects for constructing next-generation multifunctional flexible sensors, and the integration of these distinctive properties enables the prepared composite hydrogels to find potential applications in various areas, such as implantable soft electronic devices, electronic skin, and human movement monitoring., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The complexity of plant cell walls on different hierarchical levels still impedes the detailed understanding of biosynthetic pathways, interferes with processing in industry and finally limits applicability of cellulose materials. While there exist many challenges to readily accessing these hierarchies at (sub-) angström resolution, the development of advanced computational methods has the potential to unravel important questions in this field. Here, we summarize the contributions of molecular dynamics simulations in advancing the understanding of the physico-chemical properties of natural fibres. We aim to present a comprehensive view of the advancements and insights gained from molecular dynamics simulations in the field of carbohydrate polymers research. The review holds immense value as a vital reference for researchers seeking to undertake atomistic simulations of plant cell wall constituents. Its significance extends beyond the realm of molecular modeling and chemistry, as it offers a pathway to develop a more profound comprehension of plant cell wall chemistry, interactions, and behavior. By delving into these fundamental aspects, the review provides invaluable insights into future perspectives for exploration. Researchers within the molecular modeling and carbohydrates community can greatly benefit from this resource, enabling them to make significant strides in unraveling the intricacies of plant cell wall dynamics., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

The rapid and sensitive detection of Salmonella typhimurium in food matrices is crucial for ensuring food safety. This study presents the development of an ultrasensitive electrochemical biosensor using surface-modified bacterial cellulose (BC) integrated with polypyrrole (Ppy) and reduced graphene oxide (RGO), further functionalized with immobilized S. typhimurium -specific phage particles. The BC substrate, with its ultra-fibrous and porous structure, was modified through in situ oxidative polymerization of Ppy and RGO, resulting in a highly conductive and flexible biointerface. The immobilization of phages onto this composite was facilitated by electrostatic interactions between the polycationic Ppy and the negatively charged phage capsid heads, optimizing phage orientation and enhancing bacterial capture efficiency. Morphological and chemical characterization confirmed the successful fabrication and phage immobilization. The biosensor demonstrated a detection limit of 1 CFU/mL for S. typhimurium in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), with a linear detection range spanning 10 0 to 10 7 CFU/mL. In real samples, the sensor achieved detection limits of 5 CFU/mL in milk and 3 CFU/mL in chicken, with a linear detection range spanning 10 0 to 10 6 CFU/mL, maintaining high accuracy and reproducibility. The biosensor also effectively discriminated between live and dead bacterial cells, demonstrating its potential in real-world food safety applications. The biosensor performed excellently over a wide pH range (4-10) and remained stable for up to six weeks. Overall, the developed BC/Ppy/RGO-phage biosensor offers a promising tool for the rapid, sensitive, and selective detection of S. typhimurium , with robust performance across different food matrices.

As biomass, rice straw (RS) is often valorized as a precursor of green products. In this respect, the RS-based carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are synthesized doped with N and S during the preparation. Synergistic doping with lipoic acid and ethylenediamine can vastly increase the yield of CQD from rice straw from 6.14 % to 62.8 %, and sulfur doping plays a more important role on the surface functional groups of the quantum dots. Further assessment is achieved toward the performance of SN-CQDs-hydroxypropyl cellulose nanocomposites. The optical behavior of synthesized SN-CQDs, and the critical concentration of its liquid crystal behaviors, at which the anisotropic phase begins to emerge, is approximately 1 %. Incorporating it into HPC, especially at 5 %, provided nanocomposite films with effective liquid crystal, tensile strength, and thermal stability. This sample's texture reveals a planar structure with colors ranging from yellow to red. The synergistic effect of incorporating SN-CQDs is shown by improving the strength to ~282.1 %, and the activation energy increased from 583.6 kJ.mol -1 to 615.1 kJ/mol. HPC-SN-CQDs can be assembled into an LED device, emitting warm light, of which CIE coordinate is (0.34,0.43)., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In this work, shellac and its crosslinking were studied to produce paper straws for the application of liquid products. Commercial paper straws are not durable for liquid foods due to their hygroscopic nature, and thus, they find it challenging to replace single-use plastics. Shellac is a naturally occurring resin utilized as an adhesive and water-resistant coating over the paper straw. Shellac was cured at 125 °C, 150 °C, 175 °C, and 200 °C, and it was crosslinked in about 210 min, 150 min, 60 min, and 30 min respectively and studied for kinetics. The crosslinking of shellac produced a thermally stable material. Compared to commercial paper straws, these paper shellac straws exhibited high bending stiffness (1356.11 Nmm), tensile strength (13,74 MPa), flexural strength (21.72 MPa), and compression strength (24.99 MPa). Moreover, the paper shellac straws didn't bend in wet conditions under load for up to one day, while the commercial paper straw bends in 8 min. Therefore, paper straws with shellac can replace plastic-based straws for a sustainable future., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Arihant Ahuja reports financial support was provided by the Prime Minister Research Fellowship, Ministry of Education, India. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Given the escalating environmental and safety concerns, friendly protective materials with exceptional mechanical properties, biodegradability, and insensitivity to high temperature have received more and more attention. Here, we report a robust cellulosic gel through the multi-scale integration of cellulose molecular skeleton, nano-reinforced diatomite, and in situ polymerized polyacrylamide molecule. The bottom-up yet cross-scale approach facilitates the formation of cellulosic gel characterized by a highly interconnected hydrogen bond network and nano-enhanced domain, resulting in a tensile strength of up to 13.83 MPa, a Young's modulus exceeding 280 MPa, and an impact strength around 12.38 KJ m -1 . Furthermore, this gel exhibits structural stability at temperatures up to 130 °C, good flame retardancy, and complete biodegradability within a span of 35 days. The robust cellulosic gel, acting as a pliable protector, demonstrates exceptional protection for human joints. Our study presents a highly efficient and scalable pathway towards the development of sustainable and robust biomass gels, holding immense potential in intelligent-protective wearables and advanced materials science and engineering., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

It is an interesting research topic to study the interfacial interactions between hemicellulose and cellulose, specifically how hemicellulose's structure affects its binding to cellulose nanofibers. Our research proposes that dispersion interaction play an important role in this interfacial interaction, more so than electrostatic forces when considering the adherence of cellulose to xylan. To quantify these interactions, the Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) colloidal probe technique is applied to measure the intermolecular forces between cellulose nanofibers, which are attached to the probe and xylan. These measured forces are then analyzed in relation to the length, diameter and functional groups of the nanocellulose, as well as the molecular weight and side chains of the xylan. Moreover, the predominance of dispersion forces by contrasting the adhesive forces before and after the grafting of a large nonpolar group onto xylan. This modification significantly reduces contact between the cellulose and xylan backbone, thereby markedly diminishing the dispersion interactions. Parallel to the AFM experiments, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations corroborate the experimental results and support our hypotheses. Collectively, these findings contribute to a deeper understanding of polysaccharide interactions within lignocellulose., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The major objective of this research revolves around the integration of polypyrrole (PPy) and various concentrations of nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots (N-CQDs) into a polyacrylamide (PAm)-grafted hydroxyethyl cellulose (gHEC) to produce gHEC@PPy@N-CQDs bionanocomposites that possess environmentally sustainable properties. The intercalation and uniform distribution of N-CQDs inside the gHEC@PPy matrix have been demonstrated through the analysis of data obtained from X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The samples underwent analysis using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA and DTG) as well as scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The improved dispersion of PPy and 4 % N-CQDs inside the matrix led to enhanced electrical characteristics of the graphene-hybridized metal bionanocomposite. The peculiar optical and photoluminescence emission observed in the gHEC@PPy@N-CQDs bionanocomposites can be attributed to the surface groups of N-CQDs and the transition between CN and CN. This hypothesis suggests that these factors play a significant role in determining the observed optical properties. The main goal is to identify distinctive and captivating applications for these bionanocomposites across several domains, including electronics, optical and light-emitting devices with a broad spectrum of colors, and bioimaging applications., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The escalating interest in bacterial cellulose (BC) confronts a substantial obstacle due to its biologically inert properties. Hence, BC was modified with ethanolic mango peel extract (EEMP) for various industrial and medical applications of the novel nanocomposite (BC/EEMP). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) delineated the phenolic composition of EEMP, revealing a repertoire of polyphenolic compounds, notably chlorogenic acid, gallic acid, catechin, and ellagic acid. EEMP exhibited broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus, with MIC of 0.018 mg/mL and 0.009 mg/mL, respectively. The removal mechanism of Pb 2+ and Ni 2+ by BC/EEMP nanocomposite membrane via SEM, EDX, FT-IR, and XRD was characterized, indicating deposition and aggregation of heavy metals with diminished porosity. Heavy metal removal optimization using the Box-Behnken design achieved maximal removal of 95.5 % and 90 % for Pb 2+ and Ni 2+ , respectively. Moreover, BC/EEMP nanocomposite demonstrated selective dose-dependent anticancer activity toward hepatoma (HepG-2, IC 50 of 208.8 μg/mL), skin carcinoma (A431, IC 50 of 216.7 μg/mL), and breast carcinoma (MDA, IC 50 of 197.5 μg/mL), attributed to the enhanced availability of biologically active polyphenolic compounds and physical characteristics of BC. This study underscores the remarkable potential of BC/EEMP nanocomposite for multifaceted industrial and biomedical applications, marking a pioneering contribution to the field., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this article., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This study aimed to enhance the properties of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) for use as biocompatible facial masks. To achieve this, nanofibers were developed by blending PVP with cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) and Aloe vera (AV) powder using electrospinning. The results showed that incorporating CNFs and AV into the PVP matrix led to the formation of smooth and uniform nanofibers. In particular, adding 3-6 wt% AV powder in PVP/CNF composites improved fiber diameter distribution and uniformity compared to pure PVP. The PVP/CNF/AV nanofibers exhibited desirable properties for facial mask applications. They displayed 86-93 % porosity, which allowed for efficient moisture absorption capacity of up to 1829 %, and excellent water vapor permeability rate of 3.92 g/m 2 h. The mechanical properties of the electrospun nanofiber composites were evaluated through tensile testing. The results showed that Young's modulus values decreased progressively with the addition of CNFs and AV powder to the PVP polymer matrix, indicating a plasticizing effect that enhances flexibility. The fracture strain remained similar across all composites, suggesting that CNFs and AV did not significantly weaken the PVP matrix. The tensile strength initially increased with CNF addition but decreased with incremental AV loading. Biocompatibility studies revealed that all nanofibers exhibited excellent fibroblast viability, surpassing 98 %. This indicates that incorporating CNFs and AV did not compromise cell viability, further highlighting the suitability of the PVP/CNF/AV composites for facial mask applications., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

To optimize the imbalance between the interfacial bonding and porosity properties of carbon paper (CP) caused by phenol formaldehyde resin (PF) impregnation, and therefore improve the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), a new approach through cellulose nanofibers grafted with methyl methacrylate (CNFM) as a modified reinforcement and pore-forming agent for PF is investigated. Through suppressing the methylene backbone fracture of CNFM-modified PF during its thermal depolymerization, the interfacial bonding between PF matrix carbon and carbon fibers is enhanced. Compared with unmodified CP, the in-plane resistivity of CNFM-modified CP is reduced by 35.78 %, while the connected porosity increases to 82.26 %, and more homogeneous pore size distribution (PSD) in the range of 20-40 μm is obtained for CNFM-modified CP. Besides, the tensile strength, flexural strength, and air permeability of CNFM-modified CP increase by 72.78 %, 298.4 %, and 103.97 %, respectively. In addition, CNFM-modified CP achieves the peak power density of PEMFCs to 701.81 mW·cm -2 , exhibiting 10.98 % improvement compared with commercial CP (632.39 mW·cm -2 ), evidently achieving an integral promotion of CP and comprehensive performance., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Reverse electrodialysis (RED) systems employing charged nanochannels have gained prominence for harvesting salinity gradient energy. Nevertheless, fabricating nanochannel membranes with optimal ion selectivity and high energy conversion efficiency remains a significant challenge. In this study, we develop oppositely charged bacterial cellulose (BC)/polymer composite nano-channel membranes with precisely designed nanochannel architectures by integrating chemical modification with composite material technology. Initially, BC undergoes chemical modifications, including 2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxy radical (TEMPO) oxidation and quaternisation. Subsequently, a polymer network is integrated into the modified BC network through a polymer synthesis technique. This approach successfully yields negatively charged BC/poly(sodium p-styrene sulfonate) (NBC/PSS) composite double-networked nanochannel membranes and positively charged BC/poly(dopamine) (PBC/PDA) composite double-networked nanochannel membranes. Notably, these membranes exhibit significantly enhanced ionic conductivities, with values of 0.0008 and 0.0014 S cm -1 for the NBC/PSS and PBC/PDA composites, respectively, while also demonstrating superior ion selectivity with cation transfer numbers of 0.9 and 0.1 respectively. Furthermore, a series connection of 30 BCE/charged polymer-based RED devices successfully powers an electronic calculator. This work offers novel insights into the design of BC-based RED devices by integrating chemical modification and polymeric composite strategies for efficient salinity gradient energy generation., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This work aims to investigate the effects of deep eutectic solvents (DES) on the chemical and physical structure of cellulose. Choline chloride-oxalic acid and choline chloride-oxalic acid-glycerol were selected as solvents and cotton fibers was sued as raw materials to explore the difference between cotton fibers treated separately with two different DES. According to yield analysis, ternary solvents alleviated the degradation of cellulose when comparing to binary solvents, resulting in over 90 % of cellulose being obtained. Particularly, there is an esterification reaction of cellulose during treatment with the DES system, which also affects the performance of the subsequent products. Through the simple use of mechanical foaming with polyvinyl alcohol and the palm wax impregnation process, foams with a water contact angle greater than 140° and excellent mechanical properties can be obtained. The resultant foam material has 5 % linear elastic area, and prominent compressive strength providing potential use in the packaging industry in the replacement of plastic., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest This manuscript is the original work of the authors without any conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Chronic wounds (CWs) treatment still represents a demanding medical challenge. Several intrinsic physiological signals (i.e., pH) help to stimulate and support wound healing. CWs, in fact, are characterized by a predominantly alkaline pH of the exudate, which acidifies as the wound heals. Therefore, pH-responsive wound dressings hold great potential owing to their capability of tuning their functions according to the wound conditions. Herein, porous chitosan (CS)-based scaffolds loaded with cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and graphene oxide (GO) were successfully fabricated using a freeze-drying method. CNCs were extracted from bagasse pulps fibers through acid hydrolysis. GO was synthesised by Hummer's method. The scaffolds were then ionically cross-linked using the amino acid L-Arginine (Arg), as a bioactive agent, and tested as potential pH-responsive wound dressing. Notably, the effect of CNCs and GO singly and simultaneously loaded within the CS-Arg scaffolds was investigated. The modulation of CNCs and GO content within CS-Arg scaffolds facilitated the development of scaffolds with an optimal pH-dependent swelling ratio capability and extended degradation time. Furthermore, CS/CNC/GO-Arg scaffolds exhibited tuned biological features, in terms of antimicrobial activity, cellular proliferation/migration ability, and the expression of extracellular matrix specific markers (i.e., elastin and collagen I) related to wound healing in human dermal fibroblasts., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Stefania Scialla reports financial support was provided by National Research Council. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Herein, the nanolignin-containing cellulose nanofibrils (LCNF)-enabled ratiometric fluorescent bio-nanocomposite film is developed. Interestingly, the inclusion of LCNF in the cellulose-based film enhances the detecting performance of food freshness, such as high sensitivity to biogenic amines (BAs) (limit of detection (LOD) of up to 1.83 ppm) and ultrahigh discernible fluorescence color difference (ΔE = 113.11). The underlying mechanisms are the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), π - π interaction, and cation - π interaction between LCNF and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), as well as the increased hydrophobicity due to lignin, which increases the interactions of amines with FITC. Its color stability (up to 28 days) and mechanical property (49.4 Mpa) are simultaneously improved. Furthermore, a smartphone based detecting platform is developed to achieve access to food safety. This work presents a novel technology, which can have a great potential in the field of food packaging and safety., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest It is the original work of the authors. All the authors mutually agree that it should be submitted to Food Chemistry The manuscript has not been published or presented elsewhere in part or in entirety and is not under consideration by another journal. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests. There is no research involving Human Participants and/or Animals., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Carbohydrate-binding modules (CBM) have emerged as useful tools for a wide range of tasks, including the use as purification tags or for cellulose fiber modification. For this purpose, the CBM needs to be attached to a target protein leading to large constructs. We investigated if short peptides from the carbohydrate binding site of CBMs can bind in a similar way as native, full-length CBMs to nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) or cotton linter paper. We designed our cellulose-binding peptides to be less hydrophobic and shorter than those previously reported. Starting from the binding site of Cel7A-CBM1, we incorporated the essential amino acids involved in cellulose binding into our peptides. These peptides, as well as control peptides with scrambled sequences or a lack of essential amino acids, bound to cellulose with similar affinity as CBM regardless of their secondary structure, sequence, or hydrophobicity. This unspecific mode of cellulose binding displayed by the presented peptides may be exploited to functionalize cellulose-based biomaterials by means of peptide-conjugates.

Food safety and authenticity analysis play a pivotal role in guaranteeing food quality, safeguarding public health, and upholding consumer trust. In recent years, significant social progress has presented fresh challenges in the realm of food analysis, underscoring the imperative requirement to devise innovative and expedient approaches for conducting on-site assessments. Consequently, cellulose paper-based devices (PADs) have come into the spotlight due to their characteristics of microchannels and inherent capillary action. This review summarizes the recent advances in cellulose PADs in various food products, comprising various fabrication strategies, detection methods such as mass spectrometry and multi-mode detection, sampling and processing considerations, as well as applications in screening food safety factors and assessing food authenticity developed in the past 3 years. According to the above studies, cellulose PADs face challenges such as limited sample processing, inadequate multiplexing capabilities, and the requirement for workflow integration, while emerging innovations, comprising the use of simplified sample pretreatment techniques, the integration of advanced nanomaterials, and advanced instruments such as portable mass spectrometer and the innovation of multimodal detection methods, offer potential solutions and are highlighted as promising directions. This review underscores the significant potential of cellulose PADs in facilitating decentralized, cost-effective, and simplified testing methodologies to maintain food safety standards. With the progression of interdisciplinary research, cellulose PADs are expected to become essential platforms for on-site food safety and authentication analysis, thereby significantly enhancing global food safety for consumers., (© 2024 Institute of Food Technologists®.)

Paper relics, as carrieres of historical civilization's records and inheritance, could be severely acidic and brittle over time. In this study, the multi-functional dispersion of nanometer magnesium oxide (MgO) carried by 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane-modified bacterial cellulose (KH550-BC) was applied in the impregnation process to repair aged paper, aiming at solving the key problems of anti-acid and strength recovery in the protection of ancient books. The KH550-BC/MgO treatment demonstrated enhanced functional efficacy in repairing aged paper, attributed to the homogeneous and stable distribution of MgO within the nanofibers of BC networks, with minimal impact on the paper's wettability and color. Furthermore, the treatment facilitated the formation of adequate alkali reserves and hydrogen bonding, resulting in superior anti-aging properties in the treated paper during prolonged preservation. Even after 30 days of hygrothermal aging tests, the paper repaired by KH550-BC/MgO was still in a gently alkaline environment (pH was about 7.56), alongside a 32.18% elevation compared to the untreated paper regarding the tear index. The results of this work indicate that KH550-BC/MgO is an effective reinforcement material for improving the long-term restoration of ancient books.

This study aimed to investigate the biodegradation behaviour of starch/nanocellulose/black tea extract (SNBTE) films in a 30-day soil burial test. The SNBTE films were prepared by mixing commercial starch, nanocellulose (2, 4, and 6%), and an aqueous solution of black tea extract by a simple mixing and casting process. The chemical and morphological properties of the SNBTE films before and after biodegradation were characterized using the following analytical techniques such as field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The changes in soil composition, namely pH, electrical conductivity (EC), moisture content, water holding capacity (WHC), soil respiration, total nitrogen, weight mean diameter (MDW), and geometric mean diameter (GMD), as a result of the biodegradation process, were also estimated. The results showed that the films exhibited considerable biodegradability (35-67%) within 30 days while increasing soil nutrients. The addition of black tea extract reduced the biodegradation rate due to its polyphenol content, which likely resulted in a reduction in microbial activity. The addition of nanocellulose (2-6% weight of starch) increased the tensile strength, but decreased the elongation at break of the films. These results suggest that starch nanocellulose and SNBTE films are not only biodegradable under soil conditions but also positively contribute to soil health, highlighting their potential as an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional plastic films in the packaging industry., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Electromagnetic hydrogels have attracted significant attention due to their vast potential in soft robotics, biomedical engineering, and energy harvesting. To facilitate future commercialization via large-scale industrial processes, we present a facile concept that utilizes the specialized knowledge of papermaking to fabricate hydrogels with multifunctional electromagnetic properties. The principles of papermaking wet end chemistry, which involves the handling of interactions among cellulosic fibers, fines, polymeric additives, and other components in aqueous systems, serves as a key foundation for this concept. Notably, based on these principles, the versatile use of chemical additives in combination with cellulosic materials enables the tailored design of various products. Our methodology exploits the unique hierarchically pitted and hollow tube-like structures of papermaking grade cellulosic fibers with discernible pits, enabling the incorporation of magnetite nanoparticles through lumen loading. By combining microscale softwood-derived cellulosic fibers with additives, we achieve dynamic covalent interactions that transform the cellulosic fiber slurry into an impressive hydrogel. The cellulosic fibers act as a skeleton, providing structural support within the hydrogel framework and facilitating the dispersion of nanoparticles. In accordance with our concept, the typical hydrogel exhibits combined attributes, including electrical conductivity, self-healing properties, pH responsiveness, and dynamic rheologic behavior. Our approach not only yields hydrogels with interesting properties but also aligns with the forefront of advanced cellulosic material applications. These materials hold the promise in remote strain sensing devices, electromagnetic navigation systems, contactless toys, and flexible electronic devices. The concept and findings of the current work may shed light on materials innovation based on traditional pulp and paper processes. Furthermore, the facile processes involved in hydrogel formation can serve as valuable tools for chemistry and materials education, providing easy demonstrations of principles for university students at different levels., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Some of conventional wastewater disinfectants can have a harmful influence on the environment as well as human health. The aim of this investigation was synthesis and characterizes ecofriendly pectin/hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC)/clay and pectin/HEC/clay incorporated with titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO 2 NPs) and use the prepared bionanocomposite as microbial disinfectants for real wastewater. Pectin/HEC/clay and pectin/HEC/clay/TiO 2 bionanocomposite were characterized by various methods including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). Mechanical properties and water vapor permeability (WVP) were carried out. The results of SEM showed that, the prepared bionanocomposite had a smooth surface. Additionally, TiO 2 nanoparticles to the pectin/HEC/clay composites may lead to changes in the FTIR spectrum. The intensity of XRD peaks indicated that, TiO 2 NPs was small size crystallite. TGA illustrated that pectin has moderate thermal stability, while HEC generally exhibits good thermal stability. The TEM showed that, TiO 2 nanoparticles have diameters <25 nm. On the other hand, antimicrobial activities of pectin/HEC/clay against Escherichia coli (E. coli), Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans have been enhanced by adding TiO 2 NPs. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of pectin/HEC/clay/TiO 2 against E. coli was 200 mg/mL. Moreover, complete eradication of E. coli, Salmonella and Candida spp. from real wastewater was observed by using pectin/HEC/clay/TiO 2 bionanocomposite. Finally, it can be concluded that, the synthesized bionanocomposite is environmentally friendly and considered an excellent disinfectant matter for removal of the microbial pathogens from wastewater to safely reuse., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors hereby declare that the disclosed information is correct and that no other situation of real, potential or apparent conflict of interests., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The aging of paper seriously threatens the service life of cultural heritage documents. Bacterial cellulose (BC), which has a good fiber aspect ratio and is rich in hydroxyl groups, is suitable for strengthening aged paper. However, a single BC added was not ideal for paper restoration, since only strengthening was not able to resist the persistent acidification of ancient book. In this work, BC was functionalized by 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) to develop the interface bonding with aged paper. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and elemental analysis identified the successful amino-silanization of BC. The modification parameters were optimized as the concentration of APTES of 5 wt%, the reaction time of 4 h, and the reaction temperature of 80 °C based on a considerable improvement in the strength properties without obvious appearance impact on reinforced papers. Moreover, the pH value of the repaired paper was achieved at 8.03, ensuring the stability of the anti-aging effect. The results confirmed that APTES-BC had great potential applications in ancient books conservation., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. All the authors listed have approved the manuscript enclosed., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Water-soluble silver nanoclusters (AgNCs) as a new type of fluorescent material have attracted much attention for their remarkable optical properties and excellent cytocompatibility. However, it is still challenging to synthesize water-soluble AgNCs with good cytocompatibility and excellent fluorescence. Herein, the dialdehyde nanofibrillated cellulose (DANFC)- reduced water-soluble AgNCs capped by glutathione (GSH) with tunable fluorescence emissions were first reported. The DANFC provides a mild reduction environment and crystal growth system for the coordination between silver ions and GSH compared to conventional methods using strong reducing agents. The AgNCs with intense red fluorescence (R-AgNCs@GSH, size ∼2.24 nm) and green fluorescence (G-AgNCs@GSH, size ∼1.93 nm) were produced by varying the ratios of silver sources and ligands, and could maintain stable fluorescence intensity over 6 months. Moreover, the CCK-8 study demonstrated that the R-AgNCs@GSH and G-AgNCs@GSH reduced by DANFC of excellent cytocompatibility (cell viability >90 %) and enable precise multicolor intracellular imaging of Hela cells in 1 h. This work proposes a novel method to synthesize water-soluble AgNCs with tunable fluorescence emission at room temperature based on the classical silver- mirror reaction (SMR) using DANFC as reducing agent, and the synthesized fluorescent AgNCs have great potential as novel luminescent nanomaterials in biological research., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Developing artificial leaves to address the environmental burden of CO 2 is pivotal for advancing our Net Zero Future. In this study, we introduce EcoLeaf, an artificial leaf that closely mimics the characteristics of natural leaves. It harnesses visible light as its sole energy source and orchestrates the controlled expansion and contraction of stomata and the exchange of petiole materials to govern the rate of CO 2 sequestration from the atmosphere. Furthermore, EcoLeaf has a cellulose composition and mechanical strength similar to those of natural leaves, allowing it to seamlessly integrate into the ecosystem during use and participate in natural degradation and nutrient cycling processes at the end of its life. We propose that the carbon sequestration pathway within EcoLeaf is adaptable and can serve as a versatile biomimetic platform for diverse biogenic carbon sequestration pathways in the future., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is one of the essential functional excipients in the formulation of tablets. The need for cheaper MCC sources has drawn significant attention to exploring renewable sources. In this study, MCC was produced from soybean hull (SBH), the primary by-product of the soy industry, using a novel, simplified, and cost-effective approach. Various characterization techniques were used to study the physicochemical properties and micromeritics of the SBH-based MCC powders and compare them to those of the commercial Avicel PH-101. SBH MCCs had a larger particle size, a broader particle size distribution, a higher degree of polymerization, a higher degree of crystallinity, better thermal stability, and slightly superior flowability and compressibility than Avicel PH-101. The tableting blends (containing 60 % MCC) were prepared, and the post-compression out-of-die Heckel analysis showed that formulations with aggregated SBH MCCs were less ductile than those made with Avicel PH-101, resulting in a lower porosity (better compressibility) of the latter at higher compression pressures. The hardness values for all formulations were above 6 kg, with higher values for those made with Avicel PH-101. The lubricant sensitivity was lower for SBH MCCs. All tablets made using developed formulations showed very low friability (<0.1 %) and short disintegration times (<90 s), making them well-suited candidates for manufacturing orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs)., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The unique molecular structure of cellulose makes it challenging to dissolve at room temperature (R.T.), and the dissolution mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we employed ZnCl 2 aqueous solution for cellulose dissolution at R.T., proposing a novel four-stage dissolution mechanism. The efficient dissolution of cellulose in ZnCl 2 aqueous solution at R.T. involves four indispensable stages: rapid migration of hydrated Zn 2+ ions towards cellulose, sufficient penetration between cellulose sheets, strong interaction with cellulose hydroxyl groups, and effective dispersion of separated cellulose chains. The proposed four-stage dissolution mechanism was validated through theoretical calculations and experimental evidence. The hydrated Zn 2+ ions in ZnCl 2  + 3.5H 2 O solvent exhibited ideal migration, penetration, interaction, and dispersion abilities, resulting in efficient cellulose dissolution at R.T. Moreover, only slight degradation of cellulose occurred in ZnCl 2  + 3.5H 2 O at R.T. Consequently, the regenerated cellulose materials obtained from ZnCl 2  + 3.5H 2 O (R.T.) exhibited better mechanical properties. Notably, the solvent recovery rate reached about 95 % based on previous usage during five cycles. The solvent is outstanding for its green, low-cost, efficiency, simplicity, R.T. conditions and recyclability. This work contributes to a better understanding of the cellulose dissolution mechanisms within inorganic salt solvents at R.T., thereby guiding future development efforts towards greener and more efficient cellulosic solvents., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Cellulose ferulate, synthesized by Mitsunobu reaction, is shaped into thin films and also used as an aqueous dispersion to perform artificial lignin polymerization on anchor groups. This biomimetic approach is carried out in a Quartz crystal microbalance with a dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) device to enable online monitoring of the dehydrogenation, applying H 2 O 2 and adsorbed horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The systematic use of phenylpropanoids with different oxidation states, i.e., ferulic acid, coniferyl aldehyde, coniferyl alcohol, and eugenol allowed to conclude structure-property relationships. Both the deposited material, as well as the surface roughness increased with the hydrophobicity of the monomers. Beyond surface characterizations, py-GC-MS, HSQC NMR spectroscopy and Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) measurements revealed the linkage types β-β, β-5, 5-5, and β-O-4, as well as the oligomeric character of the dehydrogenation products. All samples possessed an antibacterial activity against B. subtilis and can be used in the field of antimicrobial biomaterials., (© 2024 The Authors. Macromolecular Bioscience published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

In this study, novel Cu-complexes of heterocyclic cellulose which were synthesized via the reaction of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) from bagasse pulp with NH 2 NH 2 to give hydrazide cellulose which easily reacted with CS 2 to form salt and then cyclized in the presence of HCl to afford cellulose oxadiazole, or with hydrazine hydrate to give cellulose triazole. Furthermore, the cellulose oxadiazole and triazole moieties acting as chelating agents with metal ion Cu (II), and all synthesized compounds were examined for their spectral analysis to show the adsorption of Cu (II) on the surface of cellulose through intramolecular hydrogen bonding. Results illustrated that cellulose oxadiazole and Cu- cellulose oxadiazole exhibited antimicrobial activities more than triazole and Cu- cellulose triazole. Furthermore, anticancer results showed that both cellulose oxadiazole and triazole exhibited activity higher than Cu-cellulose oxadiazole and Cu-cellulose triazole, where the cellulose triazole showed the highest activity (IC50 = 58.7 μg/μL). Additionally, the docking simulation of the synthesized cellulose complexes with different proteins such as PDBID:3t88, PDBID:4ynt, PDBID:1tgh, PDBID:2wje, and PDBID:4hdq and shortage bond length to confirm the experimental results. Optimization of metal complexes utilized the DFT/B3LYP/LANL2DZ basis set to confirm the stability of these metals theoretically and their physical descriptors and FMO analysis., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This work focuses on the influence of ozone pretreatment on the fractionation and solubilization of sugarcane bagasse and soda bagasse pulp fibers in sodium hydroxide/urea solution, as well as the application of regenerated cellulose for producing edible films. The methodology involved pretreating lignocelluloses with ozone for 20 to 120 min before dissolving in sodium hydroxide/urea solution. The influence of the pretreatment conditions on cellulose dissolution yield was investigated. Regenerated cellulose films were then formed, with and without the addition of 2 % chitosan. Mechanical, physical, structural, thermal, and antimicrobial attributes were determined as a function of ozonation conditions of raw materials and chitosan content. The findings exhibited positive effects of short ozonation on enhancing mechanical strength, cohesion, and hydrophobicity. The prolonged ozonation of 120 min demonstrated optimal improvements in continuity, swelling, and antibacterial resistance of obtained films. Incorporating chitosan enhanced tensile performance, stiffness, and vapor barriers but increased moisture absorption. Tailoring the activation of biomass through ozone pretreatment and chitosan addition resulted in renewable films with adjustable properties to meet diverse packaging requirements, particularly for fruit protective coatings, ensuring the preservation of post-harvest quality., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Context: Due to their excellent biocompatibility and degradability, cellulose/spider silk protein composites hold a significant value in biomedical applications such as tissue engineering, drug delivery, and medical dressings. The interfacial interactions between cellulose and spider silk protein affect the properties of the composite. Therefore, it is important to understand the interfacial interactions between spider silk protein and cellulose to guide the design and optimization of composites. The study of the adsorption of protein on specific surfaces of cellulose crystal can be very complex using experimental methods. Molecular dynamics simulations allow the exploration of various physical and chemical changes at the atomic level of the material and enable an atomic description of the interactions between cellulose crystal planes and spider silk protein. In this study, molecular dynamics simulations were employed to investigate the interfacial interactions between spider silk protein (NTD) and cellulose surfaces. Findings of RMSD, RMSF, and secondary structure showed that the structure of NTD proteins remained unchanged during the adsorption process. Cellulose contact numbers and hydrogen bonding trends on different crystalline surfaces suggest that van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonding interactions drive the binding of proteins to cellulose. These findings reveal the interaction between cellulose and protein at the molecular level and provide theoretical guidance for the design and synthesis of cellulose/spider silk protein composites., Methods: MD simulations were all performed using the GROMACS-5.1 software package and run with CHARMM36 carbohydrate force field. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed for 500 ns for the simulated system., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Foam materials have been widely used in cushioning packaging to ensure the integrity of products inside by absorbing energy and preventing collision. However, the extensive use of petroleum-based plastic foams may exacerbate environmental pollution and consume large amounts of energy. Therefore, there has been an increasing focus on producing high-performance and environmentally friendly foams in recent years. In this study, we developed a simple approach for manufacturing cellulose fiber-based capillary foams featuring superior stability and three-dimensional (3D) backbone network cross-linking structure composed of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and cationic starch (CS). The resultant capillary foam showed low density (0.154 g/cm 3 ), superior mechanical properties (elastic modulus ranging from 77 to 501 kPa), high energy absorbing efficiency (32.8 %), and low cushioning coefficient (3.0). Besides, the end-of-life cellulose fiber-based capillary foam can be easily recycled for use, showing an attractive closed-loop cycle process. This study presents a unique option for creating affordable, eco-friendly, and malleable foams, demonstrating the potential to substitute the currently used petroleum-based foams in the packaging, food, and transport industries., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

This study aimed to investigate a novel method for the green synthesis of iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) using marigold extract (Calendula officinalis L), kraft pulping black liquor, and nanocellulose. Then, the efficacy of FeNPs as a direct nanofertilizer on the growth parameters of marigold was investigated. Characterization techniques including FESEM, EDX, VSM, and FTIR were used to confirm the successful synthesis of FeNPs. The characterization results confirmed the formation and presence of FeNPs in the 20-100 nm range. FeNPs synthesized with nanocellulose notably enhanced marigold growth parameters compared to other materials. However, all nanoparticle variants, including those from marigold extract and black liquor, improved germination, plant height, root length, and plant dry weight compared to the control. Moreover, treatments exhibited higher available iron and total plant iron levels than the control. Thus, employing 10 mg FeNPs (prepared with 5.0 % nanocellulose) appears optimal for enhancing marigold growth and yield., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Improving electron transfer rate of Co species and inhibiting aggregation of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) particles are essential prerequisites for activating advanced oxidation process in wastewater treatment field. Here, we exploit Cu species with variable valence states to accelerate electron transfer of Co species and then to boost the unsatisfactory degradation efficiency for refractory pharmaceuticals via in-situ growth of copper and cobalt species on l-lysine functionalized carboxylated cellulose nanofibers. Utilizing the synergistic interplay of Co sites and deliberately exposed Cu 0 /Cu 1+ atoms, the subtly designed catalyst exhibited a surprising degradation efficiency (~100 %) toward tetracycline hydrochloride within 10 min (corresponding to a catalytic capacity of 267.71 mg/g) without adjusting temperature and pH. Meanwhile, the catalyst displays good recyclability, well tolerance for coexisting ions and excellent antibacterial performance derived from the intrinsic antibacterial property of Cu-MOF. This research provided a novel strategy to construct MOFs-cellulose materials toward degrading various stubborn antibiotic pollutants., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

As a cellulose-derived material, nanocellulose possesses unique properties that make it an ideal substrate for various functional composite materials. In this study, we developed a novel composite membrane material capable of adsorbing and photo-catalyzing formaldehyde by immobilizing HKUST-1 (copper open framework composed of 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid) onto NFC (Nano-fibrillated cellulose) membranes and subsequently loading modified carbon nitride. The synthesized CNx@HN composite membrane (consisting of NFC membrane with anchored HKUST-1 and modified g-C 3 Nx nanosheets) was thoroughly characterized, and its photocatalytic degradation performance towards low concentrations of formaldehyde (3.0 mg/m 3 ) was investigated. The results demonstrated that HKUST-1's porous nature exhibited a concentrated adsorption capacity for formaldehyde, while the modified CNx (Modified g-C 3 Nx nanosheets) displayed robust photocatalytic degradation of formaldehyde. The synergistic effect of HKUST-1 and modified CNx on the NFC membrane significantly enhanced the efficiency of formaldehyde degradation. Under xenon lamp irradiation, CNx@HN-5 achieved a total removal efficiency of 86.9 % for formaldehyde, with a photocatalytic degradation efficiency of 48.45 %, showcasing its exceptional ability in both adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of formaldehyde. Furthermore, after 10 cycles of recycling, the composite membrane exhibited excellent stability for the photocatalytic degradation process. Therefore, this study presents a green and facile strategy to fabricate nanocellulose-supported composite membranes with great potential for practical applications in formaldehyde degradation., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest There are no conflicts to declare., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) is a green thermochromic material in energy-saving buildings, anti-counterfeiting, and data security fields. However, the high lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of HPC, around 42 °C (higher than the human thermal comfort temperature), limits its thermochromic sensitivity, poor stability, and short lifespan. Herein, we developed a durable, high-performance cellulose-based thermochromic composite with a lower LCST and easy preparation capability by combining HPC with sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). In such thermochromic cellulose, CMC constructs a hydrophilic skeleton to enable uniform dispersion of HPC, and functions as a stronger competitor to attract the water molecules compared to HPC, both of which trigger high thermochromic sensitivity and low LCST (just 32.5 °C) of our CMC/HPC. In addition, CMC/HPC shows superior stability, such as 100-day working capability and 60-time recyclability. This advancement marks a significant step forward in creating sustainable, efficient thermochromic materials, offering new opportunities for energy conservation in the building., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Given the widespread prevalence of viruses, there is an escalating demand for antimicrobial composites. Although the composite of dialdehyde cellulose and silver nanoparticles (DAC@Ag1) exhibits excellent antibacterial properties, its weak mechanical characteristics hinder its practical applicability. To address this limitation, cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) were initially ammoniated to yield N-CNF, which was subsequently incorporated into DAC@Ag1 as an enhancer, forming DAC@Ag1/N-CNF. We systematically investigated the optimal amount of N-CNF and characterized the DAC@Ag1/N-CNF using FT-IR, XPS, and XRD analyses to evaluate its additional properties. Notably, the optimal mass ratio of N-CNF to DAC@Ag1 was found to be 5:5, resulting in a substantial enhancement in mechanical properties, with a 139.8% increase in tensile elongation and a 33.1% increase in strength, reaching 10% and 125.24 MPa, respectively, compared to DAC@Ag1 alone. Furthermore, the inhibition zones against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were significantly expanded to 7.9 mm and 15.9 mm, respectively, surpassing those of DAC@Ag1 alone by 154.8% and 467.9%, indicating remarkable improvements in antimicrobial efficacy. Mechanism analysis highlighted synergistic effects from chemical covalent bonding and hydrogen bonding in the DAC@Ag1/N-CNF, enhancing the mechanical and antimicrobial properties significantly. The addition of N-CNF markedly augmented the properties of the composite film, thereby facilitating its broader application in the antimicrobial field.

The demand for the functionalization of additive materials based on bacterial cellulose (BC) is currently high due to their potential applications across various sectors. The preparation of BC-based additive materials typically involves two approaches: in situ and ex situ. In situ modifications entail the incorporation of additive materials, such as soluble and dispersed substances, which are non-toxic and not essential for bacterial cell growth during the production process. However, these materials can impact the yield and self-assembly of BC. In contrast, ex situ modification occurs subsequent to the formation of BC, where the additive materials are not only adsorbed on the surface but also impregnated into the BC pellicle, while the BC slurry was homogenized with other additive materials and gelling agents to create composite films using the casting method. This review will primarily focus on the in situ and ex situ functionalization of BC then sheds light on the pivotal role of functionalized BC in advancing biomedical technologies, wound healing, tissue engineering, drug delivery, bone regeneration, and biosensors., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this article., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was successfully synthesized from sugarcane bagasse using a rapid, low-temperature hydrochloric acid (HCl) gas treatment. The primary aim was to develop an energy-efficient "green" cellulose extraction process. Response surface methodology optimized the liquid-phase hydrolysis conditions to 3.3 % HCl at 117 °C for 127 min to obtain MCC with 350 degree of polymerization. An alternative gas-phase approach utilizing gaseous HCl diluted in hot 40 °C air was proposed to accelerate MCC production. The cellulose pulp was moistened to 15-18 % moisture content and then exposed to HCl gas, which was absorbed by the moisture in the cellulose fibers to generate a highly concentrated acidic solution that hydrolyzed the cellulose. The cellulose pulp was isolated from depithed bagasse through soda pulping, multistage bleaching and cold alkali purification. Hydrolysis was conducted by saturating the moist cellulose fibers with gaseous HCl mixed with hot air. Extensive analytical characterization using FT-IR, XRD, SEM, TGA, DSC, particle size, and porosity analyses verified comparable physicochemical attributes between MCC samples prepared via liquid and gas phase methods. The gas-produced MCC revealed 85% crystallinity, 71 Å crystallite dimensions, and thermally stable rod-shaped morphology with an average diameter below 200 μm. The similar material properties validate the proposed gas-based technique as an equally effective yet more energy-efficient alternative to conventional aqueous acid hydrolysis for fabricating highly pure MCC powders from lignocellulose. This sustainable approach enables the value-addition of sugarcane bagasse agro-industrial residue into cellulosic nanomaterials for wide-ranging industrial applications. In summary, the key achievements of this work are rapid MCC production under mild temperatures using HCl gas, optimization of liquid phase hydrolysis, successful demonstration of gas phase method, and extensive characterization verifying equivalence between both protocols. The gas methodology offers a greener cellulose extraction process from biomass., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

How to efficiently produce high performance plywood is of particular interest, while its sensitivity to moisture is overcome. This paper presents a simple and scalable strategy for the preparation of high-performance plywood based on the chemical bonding theory; a wood interfacial functionalized platform (WIFP) based on (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES) was established. Interestingly, the APTES-enhanced dialdehyde cellulose-based adhesive (DAC-APTES) was able to effectively establish chemically active adhesive interfaces; the dry/wet shear strength of WIFP/DAC-APTES adhesive was 3.15/1.31 MPa, which was much higher than 0.7 MPa (GB/T 9846-2015). The prepared plywood showed excellent wood-polymer interface adhesion, which exceeded the force that the wood itself could withstand. In addition, the DAC-APTES adhesive exhibits moisture evaporation-induced curing behavior at room temperature and can easily support the weight of an adult weighing 65.7 Kg. This research provides a novel approach for functionalized interface design of wood products, an effective means to prepare high-performance plywood., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

As a bio-based material, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) has been applied in many fields including pharmaceuticals, foods, and cosmetics in recent years. However, traditional preparation methods of MCC are facing many challenges due to economic and eco-environmental issues. In this study, softwood dissolved pulp was sieved to long fiber (LF) and short fiber (SF), and subsequently to prepare LF-MCC and SF-MCC by hydrochloric acid hydrolysis at different acid dosages (3-7 wt%), reaction times (30-90 min), and temperatures (75-95 °C). The as-obtained MCC products were compared in terms of morphology, size, crystallinity, and chemical structure. The results indicated that the crystallinity and yield of LF-MCC were high, with maximum values of 78.41 % and 98.68 %, respectively. The particle size distribution of SF-MCC was more uniform in the range of 20-80 μm, with a maximum of 59.44 % at 20-80 μm occupancy proportion. Moreover, SF-MCC had a typical rod-like shape and larger surface area as well as better thermal behavior than LF-MCC. When LF-MCC and SF-MCC were used as fillers in the production of ibuprofen tablets, the tablets added with LF-MCC exhibited higher hardness, friability, dissolution rate, and shorter disintegration time. Therefore, this work is very beneficial for the preparation and application of MCC., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) film is known to be one kind of dynamic color-sensing material, capable of reversible color changes in response to varying humidity levels. However, the brittleness, low hygroscopicity and poor homogeneity of these films have hindered their development. To address this limitation, we present a novel approach where we combine natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) with sorbitol under the influence of circular shear flow to craft a CNC humidity-sensitive film with enhanced flexibility, hygroscopicity and homogeneity. The inclusion of sorbitol and NADES enhances hygroscopicity and improves the flexibility. Surprisingly, the introduction of circular shear flow was found not only to improve homogeneity, macroscopically and microscopically, but also to further enhance flexibility, toughness, and water absorption capability. The resulting composite films demonstrated highly reversible color changes across the whole visible spectrum depending on the relative humidity, showing their capability to be reliable humidity-sensing materials. Thanks to the improved homogeneity and flexibility, the obtained humidity-sensing composite film can be employed in its entirety without the need for cutting, making it a promising candidate for various applications., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Cellulose is a sustainable natural polymer material that has found widespread application in transformers and other power equipment because of its excellent electrical and mechanical performance. However, the utility of cellulose materials has been limited by the challenge of balancing heat resistance with flexibility. On the basis of the preliminary research conducted by the research team, further proposals have been put forward for a method involving disk milling to create a "micro-nanocollaboration" network for the fabrication of flexible, high-temperature-resistant, and ultrafine fiber-based cellulose insulating films. The resulting full-component cellulose films exhibited impressive properties, including high tensile strength (22 MPa), flexibility (92-263 mN), remarkable electrical breakdown strength (39 KV/mm), and volume resistivity that meets the standards for insulation materials (4.92 × 10 11  Ω·m). These results demonstrate that the proposed method can produce full-component cellulose insulation films that offer both exceptional flexibility and high-temperature resistance., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Cellulose acetate (CA)-based electrospun nanofiber aerogel (ENA) has drawn extensive attention for wastewater remediation due to its unique separation, inherent porosity and biodegradability. However, the low mechanical strength, poor durability, and limited adsorption ability hinder its further applications. We herein propose using silane-modified ENA, namely T-CA@Si@ZIF-67 (T-ENA), with enhanced resilience, hydrophobicity, durability and hetero-catalysis to remediate a complex wastewater containing oil and drug residues. The robust T-ENA was fabricated by pre-doping tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and ligand in its spinning precursors, followed by in-situ anchoring of porous ZIF-67 on the electrospun nanofibers (ENFs) via seeding method before freeze-drying and thermal curing (T). Results show that the T-ENA displays enhanced mechanical stability/resilience and hydrophobicity without compromise of its high porosity (>98 %) and low density (10 mg/cm 3 ) due to the silane cross-linking. As a result, the hydrophobic T-ENA shows over 99 % separation efficiency towards different oil-water solutions. Meanwhile, thanks to the enhanced adsorption-catalytic ability and the activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) from the porous ZIF-67, fast degradation of carbamazepine (CBZ) residue in the wastewater can be achieved within 20 min. This work might provide a novel strategy for developing CA aerogels to remove organic pollutants., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Biomass-based hydrogels have displayed excellent potential in flexible strain sensors due to their adequacy, biocompatibility, nontoxic and degradability. Nevertheless, their inferior mechanical properties, particularly at cryogenic temperatures, impeded their extensive utilization. Herein, we reported a rationally designed strain sensor fabricated from a gelatin and cellulose-derived hydrogel with superior mechanical robustness, cryogenic endurance, and flexibility, owing to a triple dynamic bond strategy (TDBS), namely the synergistic reinforcement among potent hydrogen bonds, imine bonds, and sodium bonds. Beyond conventional sacrificing bonds consisting of hydrogen bonds, dynamic covalent bonds and coordinate bonds, synergetic triple dynamic bonds dominated by strong hydrogen bonds and assisted by imine and sodium bonds with higher strength can dissipate more mechanical energy endowing the hydrogel with 38-fold enhancement in tensile strength (6.4 MPa) and 39-fold improvement in toughness (2.9 MPa). We further demonstrated that this hydrogel can work as a robust and biodegradable strain sensor exhibiting remarkable flexibility, broad detection range, considerable sensitivity and excellent sensing stability. Furthermore, owing to the improved nonfreezing performance achieved from incorporating sodium salts, the sensor delivered outstanding sensing properties under subzero conditions such as -20 and -4 °C. It is anticipated that the TDBS can create diverse high-performance soft-electronics for broad applications in human-machine interfaces, energy and healthcare.

Plastic has significant negative consequences for the environment and human health, demanding greener alternatives. Lignocellulose is a sustainable biomass material, and its paper has been considered as a potential material to replace plastics. Micro-nano lignocellulose, derived from natural plants, possesses a small size and abundant hydrogen bonding capacity. However, there is no clear explanation for the interactions between lignin and micro-nano cellulose, and little understanding of how the interaction can affect the papers' structure and optical properties. Electrostatic potential calculation is a reliable tool to explain non-covalent interactions, and can explore the binding between lignin and micro-nano cellulose. In this paper, kenaf - a non-wood fiber raw material - was employed to prepare micro-nano lignocellulose. The resulting slurry facilitated the production of transparent paper via a simple casting method. The prepared transparent micro-nano paper exhibited high transparency (~90 %), UVA resistance (~80 %), and hydrophobicity (~114°). More importantly, the electrostatic potential calculation demonstrates the inherent relationship between structure and performance, providing practical knowledge for constructing film materials., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no competing financial interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Novel biomedical materials provide a new horizon for the diagnosis/treatment of diseases and tissue repair in medical engineering. As the most abundant biomass polymer on earth, cellulose is characterized by natural biocompatibility, good mechanical properties, and structure-performance designability. Owing to these outstanding features, cellulose as a biomacromolecule can be designed as functional biomaterials via hydrogen bonding (H-bonding) interaction or chemical modification for human tissue repair, implantable tissue organs, and controlling drug release. Moreover, cellulose can also be used to construct medical sensors for monitoring human physiological signals. In this study, the structural characteristics, functionalization approaches, and advanced biomedical applications of cellulose are reviewed. The current status and application prospects of cellulose and its functional materials for wound dressings, drug delivery, tissue engineering, and electronic skin (e-skin) are discussed. Finally, the key technologies and methods used for designing cellulosic biomaterials and broadening their application prospects in biomedical fields are highlighted., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)