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Direct air capture (DAC) is a sustainable technology to alleviate the greenhouse effect and a reliable pathway to acquire inexhaustible CO2 for the production of costly chemicals and energy products. Current DAC technologies with amine‐related sorbents rely on chemisorption, while they consume intensive energy for CO2 release and sorbent regeneration by heating. Developing new DAC processes with weak, reversible adsorption can substantially reduce the regeneration energies. Herein, the design of CO2 breathing paper (CBP) is demonstrated toward spontaneous CO2 extraction from ambient air and solar‐driven regeneration. The CBP is fabricated by coupling 2‐ethyl‐4‐methylimidazole to carbon nanotube paper on the basis of density functional theory calculations. At ambient conditions, CBP spontaneously captures atmospheric CO2 with a capacity of 0.14–1.75 mmol g–1 at 0–35 °C through non‐covalent electrostatic interaction. Upon exposure to sunlight, all adsorbed CO2 can be released and converted to concentrated gas for storage. Attractively, the efficiency of solar‐driven CO2 release is much higher than the traditional temperature‐swing method owing to the IR sensitivity of CO2. Besides the reversibility, the mild conditions also ensure the durability of CBP. These findings suggest that the CBP is a promising candidate for cost‐effective DAC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skin-based wearable devices have gained significant attention due to advancements in soft materials and thin-film technologies. Nevertheless, traditional wearable electronics often entail expensive and intricate manufacturing processes and rely on metal-based substrates that are susceptible to corrosion and lack flexibility. In response to these challenges, this paper has emerged with an alternative substrate for wearable electrodes due to its cost-effectiveness and scalability in manufacturing. Paper-based electrodes offer an attractive solution with their inherent properties of high breathability, flexibility, biocompatibility, and tunability. In this study, we introduce carbon nanotube-based paper composites (CPC) electrodes designed for the continuous detection of biopotential signals, such as electrooculography (EOG), electrocardiogram (ECG), and electroencephalogram (EEG). To prevent direct skin contact with carbon nanotubes, we apply various packaging materials, including polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), Eco-flex, polyimide (PI), and polyurethane (PU). We conduct a comparative analysis of their signal-to-noise ratios in comparison to conventional gel electrodes. Our system demonstrates real-time biopotential monitoring for continuous health tracking, utilizing CPC in conjunction with a portable data acquisition system. The collected data are analyzed to provide accurate heart rates, respiratory rates, and heart rate variability metrics. Additionally, we explore the feasibility using CPC for sleep monitoring by collecting EEG signals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Buckypaper (BP), a flexible and porous material, exhibits photovoltaic properties when exposed to light. In this study, we employed radio frequency (RF) sputtering of zinc oxide (ZnO) followed by rapid thermal annealing to enhance the photovoltaic response of BP. We investigated the impact of various sputtering parameters, such as the gas flow ratio of argon to oxygen and deposition time, on the morphology, composition, resistivity, and photovoltaic characteristics of ZnO-modified BP. Additionally, the photovoltaic performance of the samples under different illumination modes and wavelengths was compared. It was found that optimal sputtering conditions—argon to oxygen flow ratio of 1:2, deposition time of 20 min, and power of 100 watts—resulted in a ZnO film thickness of approximately 45 nanometers. After annealing at 400 °C for 10 min, the ZnO-modified BP demonstrated a significant increase in photocurrent and photovoltage, along with a reduction in resistivity, compared to unmodified BP. Moreover, under gradient illumination, the ZnO-modified BP exhibited a photovoltage enhancement of 14.70-fold and a photocurrent increase of 13.86-fold, compared to uniform illumination. Under blue light, it showed a higher photovoltaic response than under other colors. The enhancement in photovoltaic response is attributed to the formation of a Schottky junction between ZnO and BP, an increased carrier concentration gradient, and an expanded light absorption spectrum. Our results validate that ZnO sputtering followed by annealing is an effective method for modifying BP for photovoltaic applications such as solar cells and photodetectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a unique form of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), paper DSSCs based on carbon-nanotube (CNT) composite papers, and the use of a gel electrolyte for the paper DSSC. In our previous study, we succeeded in developing the paper DSSC. However, its performance and lifetime were not sufficient. We considered that the problem was the use of liquid-type electrolyte. To improve the performance of the paper DSSC, a gel electrolyte was introduced to increase safety and durability. Here, a polymer gel electrolyte was synthesized using a copolymer of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as a matrix, mixed with iodine and potassium iodide. The resulting paper DSSC had a fill factor (FF, a performance indicator) of 0.248 and a conversion efficiency of 2.43 × 10−5% with an extended working time (lifetime) of more than 110 min. Further modifications were made to the metallic CNT composite paper and the gel electrolyte, resulting in an increased conversion efficiency of 2.02 × 10−3%. This study suggests the potential of gel electrolytes in enhancing the performance of paper DSSCs, providing new insights for their future applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to exploit the distinctive properties of carbon nanotube materials, which are particularly pronounced at the microscopic scale, by deploying fabrication techniques that allow their features to be observed macroscopically. Specifically, we aim to create a semiconductor device that exhibits flexibility and the ability to modulate its electromagnetic wave absorption frequency by means of biasing. Initially, we fabricate a sheet of carbon nanotubes through a vacuum filtration process. Subsequently, phosphorus and boron elements are separately doped into the nanotube sheet, enabling it to embody the characteristics of a PN diode. Measurements indicate that, in addition to the fundamental diode's current–voltage relationship, the device also demonstrates intriguing transmission properties under the TEM mode of electromagnetic waves. It exhibits a frequency shift of approximately 2.3125 GHz for each volt of bias change. The final result is a lightweight and flexible carbon-based semiconductor microwave filter, which can conform to curved surfaces. This feat underscores the potential of such materials for innovative and effective electromagnetic wave manipulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries are expected to be one of the next generations of high-energy-density battery systems due to their high theoretical energy density of 2600 Wh kg−1. Embracing the trends toward flexibility, lightweight design, and cost-effectiveness, paper-based electrodes offer a promising alternative to traditional coated cathodes in Li–S batteries. Within paper-based electrodes, conductive fibers such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) play a crucial role. They help to form a three-dimensional network within the paper matrix to ensure structural integrity over extended cycling while mitigating the shuttle effect by confining sulfur within the cathode. Herein, we explore how variously functionalized CNTs, serving as conductive fibers, impact the physical and electrochemical characteristics of paper-based sulfur cathodes in Li–S batteries. Specifically, graphitized hydroxylated carbon nanotubes (G-CNTs) exhibit remarkable capacity at low currents owing to their excellent conductivity and interaction with lithium polysulfide (LiPS), achieving the highest initial specific capacity of 1033 mAh g−1 at 0.25 C (1.1 mA cm−2). Aminated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (NH2-CNTs) demonstrate an enhanced affinity for LiPS due to the -NH2 groups. However, the uneven distribution of these fibers may induce electrode surface passivation during charge–discharge cycles. Notably, hydroxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (OH-CNTs) can establish a uniform and stable 3D network with plant fibers, showcasing superior mechanical properties and helping to mitigate Li2S agglomeration while preserving the electrode porosity. The paper-based electrode integrated with OH-CNTs even retains a specific capacity of approximately 800 mAh g−1 at about 1.25 C (5 mA cm−2), demonstrating good sulfur utilization and rate capacity compared to other CNT variants.

As power sources for Internet-of-Things sensors, thermoelectric generators must exhibit compactness, flexibility, and low manufacturing costs. Stretchable and flexible painted thermoelectric generators were fabricated on Japanese paper using inks with dispersed p- and n-type single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). The p- and n-type SWCNT inks were dispersed using the anionic surfactant of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate and the cationic surfactant of dimethyldioctadecylammonium chloride, respectively. The bundle diameters of the p- and n-type SWCNT layers painted on Japanese paper differed significantly; however, the crystallinities of both types of layers were almost the same. The thermoelectric properties of both types of layers exhibited mostly the same values at 30 °C; however, the properties, particularly the electrical conductivity, of the n-type layer increased linearly, and of the p-type layer decreased as the temperature increased. The p- and n-type SWCNT inks were used to paint striped patterns on Japanese paper. By folding at the boundaries of the patterns, painted generators can shrink and expand, even on curved surfaces. The painted generator (length: 145 mm, height: 13 mm) exhibited an output voltage of 10.4 mV and a maximum power of 0.21 μW with a temperature difference of 64 K at 120 °C on the hot side. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: A blade-coated composite paste, composed of a compressible 3D carbon skeleton, PEDOT:PSS, and CNTs, can naturally dry to form a porous electrode on paper with a micro- and nano-structured surface. The all-paper pressure sensor demonstrated an ultrahigh sensitivity of 1014 kPa−1, a wide responsive range up to 300 kPa, and an ultralow operating voltage of 0.01 V. The sensor showcased superior detection capability, ranging from subtle wrist pulses and robust finger taps to large-area spatial force. Flexible and wearable pressure sensors hold immense promise for health monitoring, covering disease detection and postoperative rehabilitation. Developing pressure sensors with high sensitivity, wide detection range, and cost-effectiveness is paramount. By leveraging paper for its sustainability, biocompatibility, and inherent porous structure, herein, a solution-processed all-paper resistive pressure sensor is designed with outstanding performance. A ternary composite paste, comprising a compressible 3D carbon skeleton, conductive polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate), and cohesive carbon nanotubes, is blade-coated on paper and naturally dried to form the porous composite electrode with hierachical micro- and nano-structured surface. Combined with screen-printed Cu electrodes in submillimeter finger widths on rough paper, this creates a multiscale hierarchical contact interface between electrodes, significantly enhancing sensitivity (1014 kPa−1) and expanding the detection range (up to 300 kPa) of as-resulted all-paper pressure sensor with low detection limit and power consumption. Its versatility ranges from subtle wrist pulses, robust finger taps, to large-area spatial force detection, highlighting its intricate submillimeter-micrometer-nanometer hierarchical interface and nanometer porosity in the composite electrode. Ultimately, this all-paper resistive pressure sensor, with its superior sensing capabilities, large-scale fabrication potential, and cost-effectiveness, paves the way for next-generation wearable electronics, ushering in an era of advanced, sustainable technological solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale: Rapid on‐site detection of persistent organic pollutants (POP) is highly desirable for environmental protection. Methods: Herein, a rapid on‐site analytical workflow was developed for the investigation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and perfluorinated compounds using multiwalled carbon nanotube–modified paper spray ionization (PSI) coupled with a miniature ion trap mass spectrometer. Critical parameters regarding PSI and miniature mass spectrometry analysis were optimized. Results: The analytical performance of the developed method was evaluated under optimized conditions, obtaining a short analysis duration of less than 1 min, sufficient linearity with correlation coefficients greater than 0.99, acceptable recovery rates of 93.1%–105.8% with relative standard deviations of between 3.5% and 10.3%, and reasonable sensitivity with limits of detection and quantitation of 2–200 and 5–500 μg/L, respectively. Conclusions: Considering these aspects, it was concluded that the present approach demonstrated a promising solution for rapid on‐site detection of emerging POPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrochemical detection of BPA often requires modification of electrodes to overcome BPA′s slower kinetics and higher oxidation potential. This work reports a modification‐free, paper electrode based on vacuum‐filtered SWCNT thin film. The prepared electrode does not need to be polished or transferred into the conducting substrates. The linear sweep voltammetric detection showed a linear response from 0.5–10 μM and 25–100 μM with the experimental LOD of 1.0 μM (S/N=3). The interference study and good recovery percentage (93–105 %) in real water samples demonstrated the method's selectivity. The sensor can be promising for developing a simple, low‐cost, portable, and paper‐based BPA monitoring system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the impact of plasma gradient modification and gradient illumination on the optoelectronic properties of buckypaper (BP), a flexible and large-scale material composed of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The BP samples were subjected to argon ion plasma treatment at varying power levels and durations, thereby creating different carrier concentration gradients on the surface. The photovoltage and photocurrent responses of the samples were then measured under uniform full illumination and gradient illumination conditions. The findings revealed that both plasma gradient modification and gradient illumination significantly enhanced the optoelectronic performance of BP. Notably, the combined application of these two methods yielded superior results compared to the application of either method alone. Specifically, the optimal plasma power for improving BP was found to be 20 W. Under conditions of plasma gradient modification and gradient illumination, a photovoltage of 267.76 μV was generated, which represents a 21.44 times increase, and a photocurrent of 15.69 μA, reflecting a 32.69 times enhancement. The mechanism underlying this optoelectronic effect can be attributed to the presence of π-bonds in the carbon atoms. These π-bonds are excited by photons, resulting in the generation of small voltages and currents. This study underscores the potential of BP as an optoelectronic material and introduces a novel approach to enhance its optoelectronic properties through plasma gradient modification and gradient illumination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report for the first time MoS2/CNT hybrid nanostructures for memristor applications on flexible and bio-degradable cellulose paper. In our approach, we varied two different weight percentages (10% and 20%) of CNT's in MoS2 to improve the MoS2 conductivity and investigate the memristor device characteristics. The device with 10% CNT shows a low V SET voltage of 2.5 V, which is comparatively small for planar devices geometries. The device exhibits a long data retention time and cyclic current–voltage stability of ∼104 s and 102 cycles, making it a potential candidate in flexible painted electronics. Along with good electrical performance, it also demonstrates a high mechanical stability for 1000 bending cycles. The conduction mechanism in the MoS2-CNT hybrid structure is corroborated by percolation and defect-induced filament formation. Additionally, the device displays synaptic plasticity performance, simulating potentiation and depression processes. Furthermore, such flexible and biodegradable cellulose-based paper electronics may pave the way to address the environmental pollution caused by electronic waste in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries are expected to be one of the next generations of high-energy-density battery systems due to their high theoretical energy density of 2600 Wh kg−1. Embracing the trends toward flexibility, lightweight design, and cost-effectiveness, paper-based electrodes offer a promising alternative to traditional coated cathodes in Li–S batteries. Within paper-based electrodes, conductive fibers such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) play a crucial role. They help to form a three-dimensional network within the paper matrix to ensure structural integrity over extended cycling while mitigating the shuttle effect by confining sulfur within the cathode. Herein, we explore how variously functionalized CNTs, serving as conductive fibers, impact the physical and electrochemical characteristics of paper-based sulfur cathodes in Li–S batteries. Specifically, graphitized hydroxylated carbon nanotubes (G-CNTs) exhibit remarkable capacity at low currents owing to their excellent conductivity and interaction with lithium polysulfide (LiPS), achieving the highest initial specific capacity of 1033 mAh g−1 at 0.25 C (1.1 mA cm−2). Aminated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (NH2-CNTs) demonstrate an enhanced affinity for LiPS due to the -NH2 groups. However, the uneven distribution of these fibers may induce electrode surface passivation during charge–discharge cycles. Notably, hydroxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (OH-CNTs) can establish a uniform and stable 3D network with plant fibers, showcasing superior mechanical properties and helping to mitigate Li2S agglomeration while preserving the electrode porosity. The paper-based electrode integrated with OH-CNTs even retains a specific capacity of approximately 800 mAh g−1 at about 1.25 C (5 mA cm−2), demonstrating good sulfur utilization and rate capacity compared to other CNT variants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To transform tall goldenrods, which are invasive alien plant that destroy the ecosystem of South Korea, into useful materials, cellulose fibers isolated from tall goldenrods are applied as EMI shielding materials in this study. The obtained cellulose fibers were blended with CNTs, which were used as additives, to improve the electrical conductivity. TGCF/CNT papers prepared using a facile paper manufacturing process with various weight percent ratios and thickness were carbonized at high temperatures and investigated as EMI shielding materials. The increase in the carbonization temperature, thickness, and CNT content enhanced the electrical conductivity and EMI SE of TGCF/CNT carbon papers. TGCF/CNT-15 papers, with approximately 4.5 mm of thickness, carbonized at 1300 °C exhibited the highest electrical conductivity of 6.35 S cm−1, indicating an EMI SE of approximately 62 dB at 1.6 GHz of the low frequency band. Additionally, the obtained TGCF/CNT carbon papers were flexible and could be bent and wound without breaking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effective Hamiltonian describing indirect exchange interactions of type Ruderman- Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida [RKKY] between the magnetic impurities near the Dirac Points is based on the first-order energy. Besides, the points where the impurities are located are important in identifying the oscillatory behaviour of these interactions. Then in this paper, we first intend to obtain the effective Hamiltonian elements near the Dirac points for 2D graphene structures using the tight-binding approximation and then the phase factors between neighbor Dirac points are noticed. The obtained results are extended to obtain the effective Hamiltonian and then the first-order energy for carbon nanotubes. Using the quantized wave vector in the circumferential direction of nanotubes at Dirac Points, we examine the condition for nanotubes to be metallic or semiconductors. The obtained results based on the tight binding could be used to study the magnetic interactions at low energy for graphene structures as well as carbon nanotubes.

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are a high-quality interlamination reinforcement material, but the high viscosity of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) prevents good fusion between MWCNTs and PEEK. This study proposes a method to achieve the complete integration of MWCNTs and PEEK through the preparation of a composite film using the vacuum suction filtration (VSF) method and optimizes the process parameters. An orthogonal experiment with three factors (filter paper pore size, ultrasonic dispersion time, and PEEK content) at three levels is designed, and mechanical performance testing and microscopic morphology observation are conducted. The influence of the three factors of filter paper pore size, ultrasonic time, and PEEK content on the elastic modulus and tensile strength of the film is investigated. The results are a filter paper pore size of 0.45 μm, ultrasonic time of 8.3 h, and PEEK content of 336.524 mg. The mechanical performance obtained under the optimal process parameters are an elastic modulus of 2437.5723 MPa and a tensile strength of 46.5196 MPa. This optimal process increases the elastic modulus by 12.3152% while maintaining a high tensile strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A transpiration-type thermoelectric-power-generating paper based on previously developed carbon nanotube (CNT) composite paper, which is a composite material of CNTs and pulp that can generate thermoelectric power, was developed. The newly developed thermoelectric-power-generating material does not require an external high-temperature heat source due to the ability of paper to absorb liquid through capillary action and heat of vaporization generated when the liquid evaporates. The aim of this study is to investigate the feasibility of realizing the transpiration-type thermoelectric-power-generating paper. To begin with, the type of paper used as raw material for the composite paper was examined, and the fabrication process was modified in order to obtain more efficient liquid absorption based on capillary action. Then, the absorbing ability of the liquid was evaluated. Next, the feasibility of thermoelectric power generation using the heat of vaporization was confirmed. Moreover, for more efficient thermoelectric conversion, multisheet structures were also studied. Through several experiments, the material's feasibility was verified, and it was confirmed that more power can be easily obtained through the use of multiple sheets. Specifically, a single sample spontaneously generated a temperature difference of up to 1.7 °C due to the heat of vaporization, generating an electromotive force of 36 μ V. From the sample with a five-sheet structure, an electromotive force of 356 μ V was obtained at a temperature difference of 2 °C. This material can be used in watery environments, such as rivers, lakes, and hot springs, and is expected to become a new energy-harvesting device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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We report the results of studies relating to the development of a conductive ink-coated, paper-based electrochemical DNA hybridization assay for the detection of the porA pseudogene of Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonococcal DNA), the causative agent of gonorrhoea. Briefly, a conductive and highly homogenous ink was prepared by dispersing carboxylated MWCNTs (cMWCNTs) in a stable emulsion consisting of terpineol as solvent, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as binder and polysorbate 80 (PS80) as the stabilizing agent. This cMWCNT-based ink was coated onto paper substrates to obtain cMWCNT@paper electrodes with a mean (± standard deviation, SD) resistivity of 1.066 (± 0.33) Ω cm. Furthermore, a magnetic bead (MB)-mediated hybridization assay comprising a specific 5′-biotinylated capture DNA probe (C) and 3′-methylene blue (MetB)-tagged detector DNA probe (D) was designed. These probes hybridized specifically with a porA target DNA sequence (T) forming a sandwich hybridization complex (C-T-D) at the MB surface. Thus formed C-T-D/Av/MB samples with different T concentrations were drop cast and adsorbed onto the cMWCNT@paper for electrochemical detection. The linear detection range and sensitivity of the electrochemical biosensing assay were found to be 100 fM–100 nM and 5.09 μA (log[concentration])−1, respectively. The biosensing assay was further shown to detect the target genomic gonococcal DNA in a mixture consisting of different DNA and protein interferents indicating its clinical viability. The results of rheological studies reveal that this thixotropic cMWCNT ink can be utilized for screen printing. These studies demonstrate the utilization of a conductive ink formulation for the fabrication of paper-based electrochemical sensing electrodes having high potential for cost-effective batch production and application in point-of-care (PoC) clinical diagnostics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) have attracted much interest as an alternative energy conversion technology and as a system for recovering and treating wastewater. MFC is a powerful technique for generating energy from various sources, including natural organic matter and renewable biomass. It has several possible applications, including power generation for many small electronic devices, wastewater treatment, and biosensors. However, the restricted power output of MFCs is the most significant impediment to their widespread use and up-scaling in practical applications. The anode electrode is the most critical component of an MFC, where poor anode electrode performance leads to poor MFC efficiency. Therefore, efforts have been made to modify electrodes to improve their performance. While power density is an essential metric in determining MFC efficiency, other parameters such as Coulombic efficiency, current density, cell voltage, and the removal rate of chemical oxygen demand (COD) should also be considered to evaluate the performance of MFC. This study reviews the most recent electrode modification techniques through anode treatments with metal oxides, conductive polymers, carbon nanotubes, and other chemical compounds as well as through cathode modifications. Different modified MFCs are compared in terms of their power density and the type of bacteria and membrane used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The enormous demand for self-powered sensors in industry 4.0 has drawn a lot of research interest in these vital devices that do not need external power sources. This study presents the development of a self-powered paper-based humidity sensor that uses copper and aluminium as electrodes and a composite of MgCl 2 and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as sensing material. The results demonstrate a significant improvement in humidity sensing performance as a result of the addition of CNTs and MgCl 2. In particular, the self-powered paper-based humidity sensor with MgCl 2 /CNTs composites has impressive repeatability, broad detection ranging from 11 % to 97 % relative humidity, and quick response and recovery times of 10 and 46 s, respectively. Furthermore, the self-powered paper-based humidity sensor can generate a maximum voltage of 1.07 V and a maximum power of approximately 1.984 µW. Furthermore, connecting the paper-based humidity sensors in series increases their voltage output, making them useful for charging capacitors and lighting up to six LEDs. This endeavour offers a straightforward, cost-effective, and highly responsive self-powered paper-based humidity sensor that is ideal for high-performance applications in humidity sensing within power generation fields. [Display omitted] • This study proposed a paper-based humidity sensor with MgCl 2 /CNTs composites. • The developed sensor has quick response and recovery times of 10 and 46 s. • The sensor exhibited impressive repeatability and a broad detection ranging of 11–97 % RH. • The sensor can generate a maximum voltage of 1.07 V and a maximum power of 1.984 µW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient and sustainable energy storage remains a critical challenge in the advancement of energy technologies. This study presents the fabrication and electrochemical evaluation of a self-supporting electrode material composed of MnO2 nanorods grown directly on a carbon paper and carbon nanotube (CNT) substrate using a hydrothermal method. The resulting CNT/MnO2 electrodes exhibit a unique structural architecture with a high surface area and a three-dimensional hierarchical arrangement, contributing to a substantial electrochemical surface area. Electrochemical testing reveals remarkable performance characteristics, including a specific capacitance of up to 316.5 F/g, which is 11 times greater than that of conventional CP/MnO2 electrodes. Moreover, the CNT/MnO2 electrodes demonstrate outstanding retention capacity, exhibiting a remarkable 165% increase over 10,000 cycles. Symmetric supercapacitor devices utilizing CNT/MnO2 electrodes maintain a large voltage window of 3 V and a specific capacitance as high as 200 F/g. These results underscore the potential of free-standing CNT/MnO2 electrodes to advance the development of high-performance supercapacitors, which can be crucial for efficient and sustainable energy storage solutions in various industrial and manufacturing applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we report on conductive ultrathin films (nanosheets) with the characteristics of stretchability and water vapor permeability for skin-conformable bioelectrodes. The films are fabricated by combining conductive fibrous networks of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and poly(styrene-b-butadiene-b-styrene) (SBS) nanosheets (i.e., SWCNT-SBS nanosheets). An increase in the number of SWCNT coatings increases both the thicknesses and densities of the SWCNT bundles. The SBS nanosheets coated with three layers of SWCNTs (i.e., SWCNT 3rd-SBS nanosheets) show comparable sheet resistance to the SBS nanosheets coated with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxithiophene) doped with poly(4-styrenesulfonate acid) (PEDOT:PSS) containing 5 wt.% butylene glycol (i.e., PEDOT:PSS/BG5-SBS nanosheets). In addition, the SWCNT 3rd-SBS nanosheets exhibit significantly reduced elastic moduli and increased elongations at break compared to the PEDOT:PSS/BG5-SBS nanosheets. Furthermore, the calculated water vapor transmission ratio of the 210-nm-thick SBS nanosheets (268,172 g m−2 (2 h)−1) is greater than that of the filter paper (6345 g m−2 (2 h)−1). The SWCNT 3rd-SBS nanosheets attached to model skin show high tolerances to bending and artificial sweat at different pH values (i.e., the electrical resistance changes ~1.1 times). Finally, the SWCNT 3rd-SBS nanosheet is applied to detect the surface electromyogram from the forearm of a subject. This nanosheet displays a signal-to-noise ratio similar to that of the PEDOT:PSS/BG5-SBS nanosheet. We report on conductive ultrathin films (referred to as "nanosheets") with stretchability and water vapor permeability for skin-conformable bioelectrodes. By combining conductive fibrous networks of single-wall carbon nanotubes and poly(styrene-b-butadiene-b-styrene) continuous nanosheets (i.e., SWCNT-SBS nanosheets), the conductive nanosheet shows a high tolerance to bending on a model skin sheet and a high permeability to humidity. Finally, we demonstrate that the conductive nanosheet can detect the surface electromyogram signals from a subject's forearm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrically conducting composite paper is prepared by incorporating the cellulosic pulp extracted mechano‐chemically from a bamboo species, Arundinaria falcata, locally called Nigalo, with different amounts of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The raw and processed fibers as well as the composite papers with MWCNTs are examined with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), polarizing optical microscopy (POM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The four‐probe method is utilized to quantify the conductivity of the nanocomposite paper. The FTIR study reveals the removal of non‐cellulosic components of plant fibers such as hemicelluloses, lignin, pectin, etc. during the chemical treatment. XRD analysis shows that the crystallinity of raw fiber increases from 56% to 63% after bleaching. The POM imaging of different samples also indicates an increase in the smoothness of the particle morphology, a decrease in particle size, and removal of lignin during the chemical treatment as suggested by the FTIR study. The composite paper comprising 5 and 10 wt% of MWCNT shows exceptionally high bulk conductivity of 1.56 and 6.27 S cm−1, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypocalcemia is caused by a sharp decline in blood calcium concentration after dairy cow calving, which can lead to various diseases or even death. It is necessary to develop an inexpensive, easy-to-operate, reliable sensor to diagnose hypocalcemia. The cellulose-paper-based microfluidic field-effect biosensor is promising for point-of-care, but it has poor mechanical strength and a short service life after exposure to an aqueous solution. Octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS), as a popular organosilane derivative, can improve the hydrophobicity of cellulose paper to overcome the shortage of cellulose paper. In this work, OTS was used to produce the superhydrophobic cellulose paper that enhances the mechanical strength and short service life of MFB, and a microfluidic field-effect biosensor (MFB) with semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and DNAzyme was then developed for the Ca2+ determination. Pyrene carboxylic acid (PCA) attached to SWNTs through a non-covalent π-π stacking interaction provided a carboxyl group that can bond with an amino group of DNAzyme. Two DNAzymes with different sensitivities were designed by changing the sequence length and cleavage site, which were functionalized with SPFET/SWNTs-PCA to form Dual-MFB, decreasing the interference of impurities in cow blood. After optimizing the detecting parameters, Dual-MFB could determine the Ca2+ concentration in the range of 25 μM to 5 mM, with a detection limit of 10.7 μM. The proposed Dual-MFB was applied to measure Ca2+ concentration in cow blood, which provided a new method to diagnose hypocalcemia after dairy cow calving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A novel combination of aptasensing platform and speckle pattern analysis was introduced. • PDA@CNTs mussel chemistry was used to immobilize aptamer on cellulose paper matrix. • A label free aptasensor was designed for detection of breast cancer biomarker mucin 1. • Aptasensor was characterized with very good analytical figure of merits. Herein, we have developed a cellulose paper-based aptasensing protocol by employing dynamic laser speckle (DLS) analysis for direct and label-free probing of the binding interface. Cellulose filter paper surface was modified by using the mussel adhesion chemistry of polydopamine modified carbon nanotubes (PDA@CNTS). The mussel chemistry resulted in strong adhesion and binding of PDA@CNTs on cellulose paper surface. The modified surface was subsequently employed in the construction of label free aptasensor for detection of cancer biomarker mucin 1 (MUC1). Taking advantage of DLS technique, it provided us with sensitive and accurate analysis of target biomarker MUC1 by the intrinsic randomness of patterns generated from cellulose based paper surface. The developed aptasensor was evaluated using DLS at various fabrication steps, where the scattered laser beams from these samples were collected and analyzed based on the obtained speckle patterns. Under the optimal experimental conditions, paper-based aptasensor achieved sensitive and selective detection of MUC1, exhibiting excellent linear range (15–100) µM with a limit of detection of 1 µM. This work presents a novel study of promising laser speckle paper-based aptasensor, providing new insights for the development of low-cost, sensitive, and portable paper-based analytical tools for biological applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil microbial fuel cells (SMFCs) are attractive for low-cost bioelectricity generation. In this study, a multiwalled carbon nanotube paper (MCNTP) was fabricated by a simple method for use as the anode and cathode electrodes in a stab-type membrane-less SMFC (SSMFC). Activated carbon powder, carbon fibers, and cellulose fibers were bound by multiwalled carbon nanotube paint to form the MCNTP. As a result, the MCNTP exhibited high conductivity, flexibility, and durability. In addition, the SSMFC was designed as a module mounted with three anodes in series and a floating air cathode. The SSMFC could be activated on demand by simply stabbing in the wet soil. Experimental results showed that the floating cathode outperformed the non-floating one. The SSMFC generated the output shortly after being plugged into the wet soil. The maximum power density was at the level of 60–70 mW/m2 for three separate experiment cycles. Additionally, a single SSMFC was used to power a clock as an example to demonstrate its practical use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexible humidity sensors have been widely used in wearable electronics, owing to their flexibility and compatibility with electronic device substrates. This study fabricated a flexible paper-based humidity sensor with a grid-like sensing film using the near-field electrohydrodynamic direct writing (NFEDW) method. A grid-like sensing layer with a dense network of carbon nanotubes/cellulose nanofiber (CNTs/CNF) was prepared, and induced by a voltage field applied during printing. The effects of the substrates and pattern width on the performance of the sensor were systematically investigated. The prepared sensor exhibited high sensitivity of 101 % at 95 % relative humidity (RH). An interlocking structure formed between the CNTs/CNF composite and the paper substrate, endowing the sensor with outstanding bending (minimum diameter of 5 mm) and folding (up to 100 times) durability. Furthermore, the prepared sensor exhibited rapid response performance (17 % within 10 s). This addresses the issue of long response time, which is typically associated with CNTs-based sensors, making these sensors more suitable to practical applications. The above-mentioned advantages enable the sensor to be used for respiration monitoring and even for vocal recognition. Finally, a real-time respiration monitoring platform was developed to demonstrate the sensor's potential in wearable devices. • The high precision printing method is used for preparing the sensing film. • Various pattern widths are achieved by altering printing height. • Printing paper as the substrate to improve the performance of the sensor. • Substantially improved response time for the CNT-based sensors. • Wireless monitoring platform is developed for real-time respiration monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanocomposite enzymes are attracting intensive attention worldwide. In the present study, a novel colorimetric H2O2 paper sensor was developed based on a new type of nanocomposites composed of Pd−Pt nanoparticles, hemin functionalized reduced graphene oxide (hemin‐rGO) and carboxylated carbon nanotubes (CNTs‐COOH). The proposed nanocomposites show a high peroxidase‐like activity. It provides a sensitive platform showing a linear response toward H2O2 in the range of 0.05–500 μM with a determination limit of 0.01 μM. Based on this, the composites were applied to construct a paper sensor for H2O2 detection in real samples. The cost‐effectiveness, simplicity and efficiency of this paper sensor could be developed for "point‐of‐care" analysis and other related areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose paper has been studied for its application as an antibacterial filter, due to its robust porous structure, minimal ecological footprint, biocompatibility, and inherent antibacterial properties. Moreover, its properties can be further enhanced via surface functionalization with metallic nanoparticles (NPs) such as silver, zinc, etc. However, the synthesis of metallic NPs is challenging, costly, and environmentally harmful. On the other hand, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are highly suitable as an additive to cellulose paper due to their high electrical conductivity, excellent mechanical strength, ease of fabrication, and antibacterial properties. In this study, we coated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on Hanji, a traditional Korean paper, using a simple dipping method and investigated its antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (E. coli). The MWCNT-coated Hanji exhibited an inhibition efficiency of ~ 93% against E. coli cells. Moreover, the MWCNT coating resulted in improved mechanical strength, enhanced electrical conductivity, and increased hydrophobicity of the Hanji. Furthermore, it was observed that MWCNTs exhibited exceptionally stable adhesion to the Hanji surface. Our finding shows that MWCNT-coated Hanji could be utilized as an antibacterial material that is used as masks, air pollution filters, and wallpapers in hospitals and residential complexes, and an efficient platform for antiviral studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Printing technology for electronic devices has garnered considerable attention owing to its rapid and massive productivity under ambient conditions. In this study, a facile approach is proposed for manufacturing cellulose paper-based strain sensors with Ni/multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) composites using roll stamping technology. This process enables the fabrication of stable sensing structures owing to the formation of stable Ni core-enveloping structures in the MWCNT interlacing network. In particular, the rheological properties of the composites revealed shear thinning and thixotropic behavior, which resulted in fine printing of the sensing electrodes. Furthermore, the shape of the printed patterns, imparted by the pattern morphology, significantly influenced the strain-sensing performance. In particular, the Ni/MWCNT composite-based strain sensor exhibited a higher gauge factor of 13.9, with a high sensing recovery of 90.4% and stability over 23,500 bending cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high demand for flexible electroconductive elements, such as organic coatings, is associated with the development of IoT devices, wearable health monitoring devices, and similar devices. To meet cost and environmental standards, the ideal coating should use the richness of nature, be biodegradable, and be water soluble to avoid the use of harmful organic solvents. All of these criteria are met by the composite coating consisting of sodium lignosulfonate (SLS) and multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Furthermore, the SLS/CNT coating on paper substrates is highly electroconductive, hydrophobic, and resistant to annealing, high humidity, bending, and scratching. The electrical conductivity of the SLS/CNT coating varies depending on the substrate used, but it is highly conductive and resistant on all substrates tested. Most importantly, due to the use of abundant and mass produced and cheap materials, the price of a coating containing 77 wt% SLS and 23 wt% CNT, with a sheet resistance of 113 Ω/sq is estimated to be around 2.05 EUR/m2. This coating can be especially beneficial for large-scale applications, such as heating films. [Display omitted] • SLS is an affordable and readily available stabilizer for CNT dispersion in water. • SLS/CNT creates a highly conductive coating on cellulose substrates. • The SLS/CNT coating on paper has potential applications as cost-effective sensors or heaters. • The conductivity of the coating is influenced by the properties of the substrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• GNP and MWCNT collectively affect mechanical stability and electrical property of the PFHD. • Optimized PFHD contains 67 wt% MWCNT and 33 wt% GNT. • Paper-based low cost and rapid heating device shows a T max of 116.3 ℃ at 2.5 V. • Flexible and lightweight heating device ideal for PEMFC driven aerial vehicle can serve as a disposable container for hydrogen fuel. A paper-based flexible heating device (PFHD - paper-based flexible heating device) composed of a cellulose paper substrate and a carbonaceous functional electrode is reported. The functional composite electrodes containing graphene nanoplatelets (GNP - graphene nanoplatelets) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) in various compositional ratios were prepared by dip-coating the oxygen plasma-treated paper substrate into the composite ink, and subsequently dried at 110 ℃ for 30 min to prepare PFHDs. The electrochemical characteristics and heat generation properties of PFHDs indicated that the GNP component in the functional electrode enhanced the electrical conductivity of the electrode, and the physical stability was enhanced mainly by the MWCNT component. Accordingly, PFHD 0.33 which contains 33 % GNP and 67 % MWCNT in the functional electrode shows excellent heating performance with high stability and areal rated power of 0.68 W cm−2 (specific rated power = 45 W g−1). The measured sensitivity of PFHD 0.33 is 31.50 ℃ V−1 at the applied DC voltage of 0.1–2.0 V. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The photon energy of terahertz waves is of the order of a few milli-electronvolts and is much lower than the thermal energy of ~ 26 meV at room temperature. However, the fast and sensitive detection of terahertz waves is notoriously difficult at ambient conditions. Moreover, the material flexibility is also very important within existing terahertz technologies for development of wearable and portable terahertz devices. We experimentally demonstrate that multiwall carbon nanotube flexible paper (MWCNT-FP) is one of the potential candidates to be used for terahertz detectors at room temperature. For the first time, MWCNT-FP sample is measured over a wide frequency band ranging from 0.02 to 4.5 THz at room temperature as compared to previously reported materials that demonstrate prominent frequency response between 0.2 and 2.5 THz. The MWCNT-FP sample delivered wide band absorption between 0.02 and 4.0 THz. Over the transmission, a high absorption peak is detected at 1.0 THz. The optical density spectrum is observed around 1.25 and 3.37 THz in the low-frequency regime and high-frequency regime, respectively. The present results suggest the potential application of MWCNT-FP as a wearable THz detector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs) are gaining attention as a potential energy storage option due to their impressive theoretical specific capacity. However, the main challenges hindering its implementation include the expansion in volume of sulfur and lithium sulfide during the conversion process of charge-discharge, the limited conductivity of the active material, and specifically, the phenomenon known as shuttle effect caused by lithium polysulfides (LiPSs). The development of high-performance LSBs have led to the need for self-supporting cathode materials that can efficiently accommodate volume expansion, build up efficient conductive pathways, and suppress shuttle effects. The poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) was synthesized in situ on cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), resulting in the formation of CNF@PEDOT. Subsequently, CNF@PEDOT was combined with plant fibers (PFs) and multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) to fabricate a self-supporting cathode featuring a multi-scale network structure denoted as CNF@PEDOT/MWCNT/PF/S. The PFs serve as the primary backbone network, CNF@PEDOT to form the secondary conductive network, and MWCNTs act as tertiary conducting networks. In fact, the design of multi-level conductive network effectively improves the conductivity of the material, and PEDOT can further adsorb and catalyze LiPSs. The incorporation of PFs significantly enhanced the mechanical robustness of the cathode and augmented its electrolyte permeability. The self-supporting CNF@PEDOT/MWCNT/PF/S cathode exhibits an initial capacity of 1204.6 mA h g−1 when loaded with 2.4 mg cm−2 of sulfur at a rate of 0.2 C. Notably, it maintains an initial discharge specific capacity of 712.9 mA h g−1 even when the sulfur load is increased to 4.3 mg cm−2. This study presents a comprehensive framework for the development of self-supporting cathodes in LSBs. [Display omitted] • The self-supporting cathode with multi-scale network structure has been fabricated by the papermaking process. • The copious hydrogen bonds furnished by plant fibers enhance the mechanical characteristics of the material. • The efficient conductive network was formed in a self-supporting cathode by in situ polymerization of PEDOT on CNFs. • The CNF@PEDOT network with a high aspect ratio exposure of -S- functional groups for efficient anchoring of polysulfides. • The incorporation of rich multi-scale conductive network significantly improves the conductivity of cathode materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Three-dimensional WO 2 /MoO 2 @P, N-CNTs were prepared by the Self-template method. • Highly conductive and hollow structure of WO 2 /MoO 2 @P, N-CNTs avoided aggregation of NiCo-LDH. • IMSC devices were prepared by fully screen-printed technology. • IMSCs demonstrated excellent energy density (0.0590 mWh cm−2), cycling stability (100% capacity retention after 10,000 cycles) and mechanical stability (lighting the bulb under extremely distorted conditions). In-plane micro-supercapacitors (IMSCs) have greater promise for use in flexible wearable electronics than traditional stacked configurations due to their ease of integration and conformability. Nickel-cobalt layered double hydroxide (NiCo-LDH) has garnered significant interest as a stellar material for supercapacitors because of its affordable price, regular morphology, and high theoretical capacity. Unfortunately, the intrinsic poor conductivity of LDH materials prevents supercapacitors from achieving long-term stable cycling and the desired energy density. This research successfully applies the self-templated approach to prepare carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with heterogeneous architectures and numerous phase interfaces, thereby mitigating this disadvantage. Carbon nanosheets adorned with WO 2 and MoO 2 nanoparticles assemble the CNT with a typical three-dimensional structure. When combined with LDH in a suitable ratio, the composite electrode's conductivity significantly improves, providing increased capacity and cycling stability. Compared to commercial CNTs, the larger size of the prepared WO 2 /MoO 2 @P, N-CNTs serves a superior supporting and connecting role, thereby preventing the NiCo-LDH from aggregating. Under the best conditions, the composite electrode demonstrates a capacity of 1237 C/g at 1 A g−1 and an optimal capacity retention of more than 92%. For the IMSC devices, the composite materials as the positive electrode achieve an energy density of 0.0590 mWh cm−2, and no capacity degradation is observed after 10,000 cycles. In addition, bending tests have demonstrated the mechanical stability of the IMSCs. Therefore, this strategy of mixing highly conductive WO 2 /MoO 2 @P, N-CNTs can effectively improve the conductivity of the composite material and the mechanical properties of the overall device. Furthermore, this concept can be further extended to the preparation and application of other wearable devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) incorporated polymeric composites have been extensively investigated for microwave absorption at target frequencies to meet the requirement of radar cross-section reduction. In this work, a strategy of efficient utilization of CNT in producing CNT incorporated aramid papers is demonstrated. The layer-by-layer self-assembly technique is used to coat the surfaces of meta-aramid fibers and fibrils with CNT, providing novel raw materials available for the large-scale papermaking. The hierarchical construction of CNT networks resolves the dilemma of increasing CNT content and avoiding the agglomeration of CNT, which is a frequent challenge for CNT incorporated polymeric composites. The composite paper, which contains abundant heterogeneous interfaces and long-range conductive networks, is capable of reaching a high permittivity and dielectric loss tangent at a low CNT loading, and its complex permittivity is, so far, adjustable in the range of (1.20–j0.05) to (25.17–j18.89) at 10 GHz. Some papers with optimal matching thicknesses achieve a high-efficiency microwave absorption with a reflection loss lower than −10 dB in the entire X-band. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schematic diagram of μPAD/SWNT/Cuzyme exposure to Cu2+. [Display omitted] • Cellulose paper decorated with polymeric OTS shows excellent mechanical properties and service life in the water environment. • A simple method, which increase negative DNA chain length, was proposed to enhance the sensitivity of microfluidic biosensor. • The biosensor could measure the Cu2+ concentration ranging from 1 nM to 100 μMwith a detection limit of 0.65 nM. Microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) offers a simple and efficient platform for point-of-care monitoring, which can be beneficial for copper determination in livestock feed and manure. However, common cellulose paper has excellent hydrophilicity, causing μPAD is accompanied by poor mechanical properties, short service life, and low sensitivity. Here, a self-cleaning paper-based microfluidic biosensor for Cu2+ determination was proposed to overcome the mentioned shortages in the application. Polymeric octadecyl trichlorosilane was synthesized and decorated on cellulose paper to form hydrophobic paper, which can improve the hydrophobicity, self-cleaning, and pollution ability. In addition, hydrophobic paper, semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotube, and DNAzyme through the chemical bond were employed to fabricate a self-cleaning paper-based microfluidic biosensor. The properties were investigated using scanning electron microscopy, Raman, and electrochemical methods. The detecting parameters were also optimized. It could measure the Cu2+ concentration from 1 nM to 100 μM, and the detection limit was 0.65 nM. The self-cleaning paper-based microfluidic biosensor was applied to detect Cu2+ concentration in livestock feed and manure that can meet the requirements for fast screening and detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, N,N′‐di(decyl)‐3,4,9,10‐perylenebis(dicarboximide) (PDIC10) is first functionalized by hydrothermal synthesis method and processed onto single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWCN) electrodes and paper substrate. The PDC10/SWCN/paper device can be applied as a noncontact breathalyzer to detect and quantify ethanol alcohol and determine equivalent blood alcohol concentration (BAC). The sensing mechanism increases the electrical resistance upon ethanol alcohol (EtOH) exposition. This device allows the quantification of BAC values from 0.01% to 0.2%, with ΔR (%) of 2–25% in this range, with adequate stability operating in cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molybdenum sulphide (2D-MoS 2) promises great potential as a hydrogen evolution (HER) catalyst, especially, when combined with conductive carbon supports like graphene oxide (GO) and carbon nanotubes (CNT). However, the hydrophobic nature of these carbon supports limits the catalytic potential of MoS 2. To overcome this, we introduced hydrophilic Nickel Boride (Ni 2 B) into GO/CNT electrodes (Ni 2 B-GO/CNT), enhancing wettability (Contact angle-25.3°) and HER activity. By hydrothermally depositing MoS 2 onto the hydrophilic Ni 2 B-GO/CNT electrode, we fabricated a self-supporting MoS 2 @Ni 2 B-GO/CNT electrode. The MoS 2 deposition led to the formation of MoS 2 @Ni 2 B-GO/CNT heterostructure with multiple interfaces, favoring interfacial electronic redistribution (XPS) to significantly improve the HER activity. Thus, the proposed MoS 2 @Ni 2 B-GO/CNT electrode exhibited an excellent durability of 100 h (97%) and an overpotential of 224 mV at 10 mA cm−2 in acidic medium. [Display omitted] • Hydrothermal growth of MoS 2 on Ni 2 B-GO/CNT to form a self-supporting electrode. • Hydrophilic Ni 2 B was incorporated into the GO/CNT matrix to enhance electrode wettability. • Enhanced HER catalytic activity from a heterostructure of MoS 2 with Ni 2 B, GO and CNT. • Excellent durability of MoS 2 @ Ni 2 B-GO/CNT was achieved for 100 h in acidic medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]