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Simple Summary: The aim of this systematic review was to summarize the current knowledge on the application of ultrasonography in the identification and removal of grass awns from various anatomic locations in dogs and cats. We selected and analyzed 46 papers on the application of ultrasonography in dogs and cats affected by migrating grass awns. The ultrasonographic appearance of grass awns is characteristic, although their size and location can influence visualization and removal attempt. In some cases, migrating grass awns are not directly visualized by ultrasonography, but lesions caused by their migration can be easily seen. Ultrasonography can be considered a useful diagnostic tool to localize and remove migrating grass awns; however, when the migration occurs in less accessible locations or discrete foreign bodies are present, this diagnostic tool should be considered as a part of a multidisciplinary approach with advanced diagnostic imaging modalities. Migrating grass awns are an important cause of disease in dogs and cats. Plant awns can migrate into several body tissues and cavities because of their fusiform shape and backward-pointing barbs. Their migration causes inflammatory tissue reaction and clinical signs depend upon their localization. Ultrasound has been described as a useful, noninvasive, and readily available tool to identify and guide vegetal foreign bodies removal in animals. The aim of this systematic review was to summarize current knowledge on the application of ultrasonography in the identification and removal of grass awns from various anatomic locations in dogs and cats. We selected and analyzed 46 papers on the application of ultrasonography in dogs and cats affected by migrating grass awns. The ultrasonographic appearance of grass awns is characteristic, although their size and location can influence the visualization and the attempt of removal. In some cases, migrating grass awns are not directly visualized by ultrasonography, but the lesions caused by their migration can be easily seen. Ultrasonography can be considered a useful diagnostic tool to localize and remove migrating grass awns; however, when the migration occurs in less accessible locations or discrete foreign bodies are present, this diagnostic tool should be considered as a part of a multidisciplinary approach with advanced diagnostic imaging modalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) has broad potential as an adjuvant therapy for various medical and surgical conditions with potential preoperative use in the preservation and/or preparation of the surgical bed. However, further studies on their effects on healthy individuals are required. This study explored the effects of HBOT on hemogram, serum biochemistry and hemostatic parameters in female dogs undergoing laparoscopic-assisted ovariohysterectomy. Thirty adult, mixed-breed, healthy female dogs were randomly separated into three groups: HBOT + SURG group (exposure to two ATAs for 45 min followed by video-assisted OVH), HBOT group (exposure to two ATAs for 45 min) and SURG group (video-assisted OVH). Blood samples were collected at T0 (at the admission), at T1, 24 h after T0 (immediately after HBOT in the HBOT + SURG and HBOT groups, and immediately before anesthetic premedication in the SURG group), and at T2, 48 h after T0 (24 h after HBOT and anesthetic premedication). Laboratory assessments included erythrocyte, leukocyte and platelet count, renal and hepatic serum biochemistry, prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), buccal mucosal bleeding time (BMBT) and bloodstain area in a hygroscopic paper (BA). In conclusion, a session of HBOT at two ATAs for 45 min did not cause changes in the BMBT and BA of healthy bitches. Some modifications in leukocyte, neutrophil and lymphocyte count, as well as in alkaline phosphatase, PT and APTT were observed in the different groups considered, mostly dependent on the use of HBOT. Background: This study explored the effects of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) on hemogram, serum biochemistry and hemostatic variables in female dogs undergoing laparoscopic-assisted ovariohysterectomy (OVH). Materials: Thirty adult, mixed-breed, healthy female dogs were randomly divided into the following three groups: HBOT + SURG (exposed to two absolute atmospheres (ATAs) for 45 min followed by laparoscopic-assisted OVH), HBOT (exposed to two ATAs for 45 min) and SURG (laparoscopic-assisted OVH). Blood samples were collected at T0 (at the admission), at T1, 24 h after T0 (immediately after HBOT in the HBOT + SURG and HBOT groups, and immediately before anesthetic premedication in the SURG group), and at T2, 48 h after T0 (24 h after HBOT and anesthetic premedication). Methods: Assessments included erythrogram, leukogram, thrombogram, renal and hepatic serum biochemistry, prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), buccal mucosal bleeding time (BMBT) and bloodstain area (BA) on hygroscopic paper collected at the BMBT. Results: Both the HBOT + SURG and SURG groups presented neutrophilia (p ≤ 0.0039) at T2 and an increase of ALP at T2 (p ≤ 0.0493), the SURG group presented an increase in leukocyte count at T2 (p = 0.0238) and the HBOT + SURG group presented a reduction in lymphocyte count at T2 (p = 0.0115). In the HBOT + SURG group, there was a reduction in PT and APTT in relation to the baseline value (p ≤ 0.0412). Conclusions: A session of HBOT at two ATAs for 45 min did not cause changes in the BMBT or BA in healthy female dogs. Some blood parameters investigated (neutrophil and lymphocyte count, ALP, PT and APTT) were affected by the use of HBOT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic neuropathic pain is underdiagnosed in companion animals. This paper will review the definition of pain and how classification and grading of neuropathic pain can be applied from human to veterinary medicine to increase the recognition of and the confidence in a neuropathic pain diagnosis. The mechanisms of nociception and the pathophysiology of the sensory systems that underlie the transition to chronic pain are described. Potential future methods for diagnosis and treatment of neuropathic pain in veterinary medicine are considered, utilizing the theoretical framework of pain behavior from humans and rodents. By discussing the current state of pain diagnosis in companion animals and increasing the recognition of chronic neuropathic pain, the goal is to increase understanding of chronic neuropathic pain in daily clinical practice and to aid the development of methods to diagnose and treat neuropathic pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Adult stem cell therapy has demonstrated anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects in many diseases in dogs. This quality gives them great potential for application in immune-mediated diseases such as perianal fistula, where conventional treatments do not guarantee cure. Although there are publications on the use of stem cells in the treatment of this disease, they are scarce and there is no consensus on the application protocol, nor has there been medium and long-term follow-ups, so it is useful to propose new protocols. In this paper, we report a protocol using low doses of adipose stem cells from healthy donors, applied directly to the lesions, which was effective after 1–3 months in all the patients treated (100%), in most cases with a single application and with a follow-up duration of effect of 12–48 months. This proposed protocol is clinically simple, effective, long-lasting, safe, and inexpensive, which is in line with the expectations of dog owners. Stem cell therapy in dogs has increased considerably in recent years; however, there are few publications on the treatment of perianal fistulas (PF) in this species. The aim of this open-label clinical trial was to demonstrate the efficacy and safety of a new protocol for the in situ administration of low-dose adipose-derived allogeneic stem cells (ASCs) for the treatment of refractory spontaneous perianal fistula. The methodology consisted of applying one to three doses of 5 × 106 cryopreserved allogeneic ASCs to each fistula. The study was performed in 14 dogs regardless of sex, breed, or age, with a clinical diagnosis of refractory PF. Cells diluted in phosphate-buffered saline were applied to five sites of the PF in an amount of 1 × 106 per application site. Efficacy was determined by the complete closure of the fistula, which was observed in 100% of the cases studied one month after therapy, with a subsequent follow-up of 12 to 48 months after therapy. Furthermore, safety was demonstrated by the absence of local or systemic adverse effects. In conclusion, the protocol used in this work demonstrates the efficacy without adverse effects of the in situ application of low doses of allogeneic ASCs, providing a simple, non-invasive, long-lasting and low-cost therapeutic option. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document provides a summary of several studies investigating the effects of rehabilitation on dogs recovering from intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) surgery. The studies examined the use of basic and intense rehabilitation techniques, including passive range of motion exercises, cold pack application, and various therapies. The findings suggest that basic rehabilitation alone did not significantly impact recovery time or rate. However, the combination of intense and basic rehabilitation was associated with a higher recovery rate. It is important to note that there is limited research specifically on basic rehabilitation techniques for postoperative IVDD patients, and further studies are needed to explore this area. The article discusses the effectiveness of different rehabilitation techniques for dogs recovering from intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) surgery. The study found that none of the papers reviewed reported increased rates of adverse effects. One study showed a lower complication rate in dogs that received a post-hospitalization rehabilitation program. However, there is contradictory evidence on the effectiveness of specific rehabilitation techniques. The article suggests that a multimodal approach to rehabilitation may be important for treating dogs with IVDD. The evidence is weak due to the lack of isolated studies on specific rehabilitation techniques. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV‐2) is the most common enteric virus that infects canids. CPV is the causative agent of a contagious disease defined mostly by clinical gastrointestinal signs in dogs. During the late 1970s, CPV‐2 emerged as a new virus capable of infecting domestic dogs and growing across the world. The VP2 gene stands out as a key determinant in the pathogenicity, antigenicity, and host interactions of CPV‐2. Aims: The molecular characterization of the VP2 gene is crucial for understanding CPV evolution and epidemiology. Materials & Methods: Genes encoding the VP2 protein were sequenced and compared to reference strains worldwide. The maximum likelihood method was used to build a phylogenetic tree using CPV VP2 gene nucleotide sequences. Results: Our phylogenetic analysis of the VP2 gene revealed that five strains were very similar and clustered together, and three strains were in the 2b clade, whereas the other two were in the 2a/2b clade. Discussion: This paper reports the molecular characterization of two novel CPV‐2a/2b subtypes in dogs with gastrointestinal symptoms. Genetic analysis was conducted on a CPV genomic region encompassing one of the open reading frames (ORFs) encoding the structural protein VP2. Sequence analysis indicates new and unreported sequence changes, mainly affecting the VP2 gene, which includes the mutations Ser297Ala and Leu87Met. This study represents the first evidence of a new CPV‐2a/2b subtype in Türkiye. Due to VP2's crucial role in encoding the capsid protein of CPV‐2 and its significant involvement in the host‐virus interaction, it is critical to closely monitor its evolutionary changes and be cautious while searching for novel or pre‐existing subtypes. Conclusion: This study highlights the significance of continuous molecular research for acquiring more insights on the circulation of novel CPV mutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Forensic Medicine / Fayixue Zazhi is the property of Journal of Forensic Medicine Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article provides an overview of treatment options for dogs with sinonasal aspergillosis (SNA). While no direct comparisons between treatment protocols with and without debridement were found, the authors reviewed four retrospective case series that partially addressed the question. These studies suggest that including debridement in the treatment protocol may improve clinical outcomes, but further research is needed to confirm this. The authors emphasize the importance of considering individual clinical expertise and patient circumstances when applying evidence into practice. The article also provides a search strategy and lists relevant papers on the topic, and encourages readers to contribute to the evidence base by sharing their information needs or writing a Knowledge Summary. [Extracted from the article]

Simple Summary: Mammary tumors are one of the most common neoplasms in bitches and represent an important concern in small animal practice. Clinical staging requires an extensive clinical evaluation and definitive diagnosis is obtained by means of histopathological evaluation. Ultrasonography is a well-established imaging technique in veterinary medicine that allows detailed evaluation of the genital system. Other advanced sonographic techniques, such as Doppler, elastography and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) have raised interest in the scientific community and researchers have been performing studies to evaluate whether these techniques can accurately differentiate tumoral lesions. This paper reviews current information regarding the sonographic findings of mammary tumors in each different ultrasound technique. Overall, based on the information present to this date, elastography is the most reliable ultrasound technique to distinguish benign lesions from malignant tumors. Nevertheless, each technique demonstrates important findings that could guide the therapeutic approach and can be applied in veterinary practice. Additionally, further studies are required to evaluate the potential of each technique to monitor therapeutic progression. The high incidence of mammary tumors in small animals is concerning. Patient history, clinical examination, physical evaluation, and imaging studies are important for clinical staging. Ultrasonography is commonly applied to investigate the presence of abdominal metastasis. However, it has been shown to provide important information regarding mammary tumors' architecture and advanced sonographic techniques can provide information regarding neovascularization, stiffness, and perfusion. Different techniques have been investigated to determine accuracy to predict the lesions' histological classification. This paper reviews the information regarding each sonographic technique in the evaluation of mammary tumors, describing the most common findings and their potential to accurately assess and predict malignancy. Even though the gold standard for the diagnosis of mammary lesions is the histopathological examination, some ultrasonographic features described can predict the potential of a lesion being malignant. Among the different sonographic techniques, elastography can be considered the most reliable modality to accurately differentiate benign from malignant tumors when malignant lesions present increased stiffness. However, the combination of all sonographic techniques can provide important information that can lead to a better therapeutic approach and clinical staging. Furthermore, the potential of the sonographic study, especially CEUS to monitor therapeutic progression, demonstrate the need of further studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MRI is widely used for the detection and characterization of brain lesions. There is a growing interest in the potential benefits of quantitative MRI (qMRI) in veterinary brain lesion diagnosis. Yet, the use of data processing tools in the veterinary field is not as democratized as for the diagnosis of human brain pathologies. Several reviews have addressed the characterization of brain lesions in cats and dogs. None of them is specifically focused on quantitative MRI data processing techniques for the diagnosis of brain lesions in the veterinary field. This paper aims to provide an overview of the evolution of qMRI on cats and dogs both in the clinical and preclinical fields. We analyze the achievements in the field as well as the remaining challenges in the diffusion of data processing tools for veterinary brain lesions characterization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Compendium of Veterinary Sciences / Compendio de Ciencias Veterinarias is the property of Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias de la Universidad Nacional de Asuncion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Simple Summary: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common supraventricular arrhythmia in dogs and can lead to a severe decline in the cardiac function. In the last decade, an increased burden of clinical articles has been published that evaluated different aspects of AF in dogs with cardiac disease, particularly in animals affected by myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). In this study, we aimed to determine the risk factors for AF in the dog. Therefore, we performed a comprehensive systematic review and critical evaluation of the veterinary literature that reports the risk factors for the development of AF in the dog following the Prisma 2020 guidelines. High bodyweight and left atrial enlargement emerged as predominant risk factors for AF development in dogs with cardiac diseases. Importantly, distinct risk factors for AF were identified between dogs with MMVD and those with DCM (e.g., presence of congestive heart failure in dogs with MMVD but not in those with DCM), highlighting the nuanced nature of AF etiology in different canine cardiac conditions. Furthermore, significant differences in risk factors were observed between dogs and humans. In particular, advanced age and male sex are not reliable indicators of an increased risk of AF in dogs. Different risk factors for atrial fibrillation (AF) development have been identified in numerous studies on humans, but this information is less clearly available on the dog. The aim of this systematic review is to determine the risk factors for AF in the dog. Following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, we conducted a comprehensive search using the Web of Science and Scopus databases for articles reporting on cases of spontaneously occurring AF in dogs. The level of evidence was assessed using the Evidence Quality Grading System of the National Institute of Health. One thousand forty-three studies were initially identified, and twenty of them were included in this systematic review involving 2,359,275 dogs, of which 4807 showed spontaneously occurring AF. Genetics, for the Irish Wolfhound, increased body weight, and left atrial enlargement were the main risk factors for the development of AF in dogs with different cardiac diseases, particularly myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). However, some differences were found between these two cardiac diseases regarding additional risk factors. In particular, the presence of congestive heart failure and echocardiographic evidence of increased left atrial pressure or the presence of right atrial enlargement emerged as risk factors in dogs with MMVD or DCM, respectively. Furthermore, significant differences in risk factors were observed between dogs and humans. In particular, advanced age and male sex are not reliable indicators of an increased risk of AF in dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Gangliogliomas are extremely rare tumors of the nervous system that contain a mixture of neoplastic glial and neuronal cells. The aim of the present paper is to describe the clinical presentation, magnetic resonance imaging findings and histopathological and immunophenotypical characteristics of a cerebral cortex ganglioglioma in a 7-year-old Border Collie. The dog presented an acute onset of tonic-clonic epileptic seizures. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a well-defined large intra-axial mass located on the left forebrain, mainly affecting the frontal cortex. The histopathological examination of the mass revealed a diffuse proliferation of neoplastic glial cells mixed with anomalous neuronal bodies. Immunohistochemical analyses confirmed the presence of two different populations of neoplastic cells. Most neoplastic glial cells were immunoreactive to glial fibrillary acidic protein and the other subset of neoplastic cells were positive to neuronal markers such as PGP 9.5, synaptophysin and neuron-specific enolase, suggestive of neuronal cells. These findings confirmed the diagnosis of a cerebrocortical ganglioglioma. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first description of a cerebral cortex ganglioglioma in a dog. Gangliogliomas are extremely rare tumors of the nervous system composed of neoplastic glial and neuronal cells. The aim of the present paper is to describe the clinical presentation, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings and histopathological and immunophenotypical characteristics of a cerebral cortex ganglioglioma in a 7-year-old Border Collie. The dog presented an acute onset of tonic-clonic epileptic seizures. MRI revealed a well-defined large intra-axial mass located on the left forebrain, mainly affecting the frontal cortex. Following humane euthanasia, the histopathological examination of the mass revealed a diffuse proliferation of neoplastic glial cells mixed with anomalous neuronal bodies. Immunohistochemical analyses confirmed the presence of two different populations of neoplastic cells. Most neoplastic glial cells were immunoreactive to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and the other subset of neoplastic cells were positive to neuronal markers such as PGP 9.5, synaptophysin (SYN) and neuron-specific enolase (NSE), suggestive of neuronal cells. These findings confirmed the diagnosis of a cerebrocortical ganglioglioma. To the authors knowledge, this is the first description of a ganglioglioma of the cerebral cortex in a dog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Oral malignant melanoma (OMM) is the most common malignant oral neoplasm in dogs. Tumor recurrence, progression, and regional and distant metastasis remain major obstacles despite advanced therapy. Tumor size has been a consistent, key independent prognostic factor; however, other clinical and histopathologic features impact prognosis and likely influence optimal treatment strategies. Adoption of a risk stratification scheme for canine OMM that stratifies groups of dogs on defined clinicopathologic features may improve reproducible and comparable studies by improving homogeneity within groups of dogs. Moreover, it would aid in the generation of multidisciplinary prospective studies that seek to define optimal treatment paradigms based on defined clinicopathologic features. Methods: To build a platform upon which to develop a risk stratification scheme, we performed a systematic review of clinicopathologic features of OMM, with particular attention to levels of evidence of published research and the quantitative prognostic effect of clinicopathologic features. Results: Tumor size and presence of bone lysis were repeatable features with the highest level of evidence for prognostic effects on survival. Overall, with strict inclusion criteria for paper review, the levels of evidence in support of other, previously proposed risk factors were low. Factors contributing to the challenge of defining clear prognostic features including inconsistencies in staging and reporting of prognostic variables, incomplete clinical outcome data, inhomogeneous treatment, and absence of randomized controlled studies. Discussion: To overcome this in the future, we propose a risk stratification scheme that expands the TNM system to incorporate specific designations that highlight possible prognostic variables. The ability to capture key data simply from an expanded TNM description will aid in future efforts to form strong conclusions regarding prognostic variables and their influence (or lack thereof) on therapeutic decision-making and outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrasonography can be used for canine pregnancy diagnosis, determination of gestational age, assessing foetal maturation and readiness for birth, monitoring high‐risk pregnancies, assessing foetal distress, evaluating bitches in dystocia and foetal gender determination. As the quality and resolution of ultrasound machines have improved, the clinician's abilities to utilize ultrasound as an integral part of reproductive evaluation of all aspects of pregnancy have exponentially increased. This paper reviews the use of ultrasonography throughout pregnancy and the advances made in the interpretation of captured images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The knowledge gap between practical research and its implementation in veterinary practice is becoming harder to bridge, as researchers now have a plethora of journals in which to publish. This paper summarizes recent research from the latest publications related to ear disease in dogs which have implications for veterinary practitioners. The topics reviewed include 16s rRNA new-generation sequencing, the use of oclacitinib in pinnal ulceration, the etiopathogenesis of aural hematoma, contamination of the middle ear during elective myringotomy and how to avoid it, and the use of carbon dioxide lasers in chronic obstructive otitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Sarcomas are tumors arising from soft tissue or bone that occur in both humans and dogs with varying frequency. Recently hereditary risk factors related to sarcoma development have been investigated in both species. This review highlights some of the recent findings relating to hereditary risk factors for sarcoma development in humans, and summarizes recent studies investigating hereditary risk factors for sarcoma development in dogs. Sarcomas are malignant tumors arising from the embryonic mesodermal cell lineage. This group of cancers covers a heterogenous set of solid tumors arising from soft tissues or bone. Many features such as histology, biological behavior and molecular characteristics are shared between sarcomas in humans and dogs, suggesting that human sarcoma research can be informative for canine disease, and that dogs with sarcomas can serve as relevant translational cancer models, to aid in the understanding of human disease and cancer biology. In the present paper, risk factors for the development of sarcoma in dogs are reviewed, with a particular focus on recent advances in clinical genetics, and on the identification of simple and complex genetic risk factors with a comparison with what has been found in human orthologous disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Veterinaria Brasilica is the property of Acta Veterinaria Brasilica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the process of murder investigation, it is of great significance to find the discarded and buried human remains accurately. The main methods of searching for human remains include human visual search, aerial detection, geophysical technology, remote imaging technology and canine olfactory search technique. Canine olfactory search for human remains is a recognized time-effective and non-invasive search method, making dogs the most valuable search tool in forensic investigation. By systematically reviewing and summarizing relevant literature, and based on the theory of volatile organic compound produced by the decomposition of human remains, this paper explores the basic principle of the canine olfactory search technique for human remains. This paper also reviews the application of training canine search technique for human remains in forensic investigation by using human blood, tissue, cadaver putrefying fluid and odor substitutes as sniffing sources. The application prospect of canine olfactory search for human remains was prospected from the perspectives of detection of volatile organic compound during cadaver decay, development of odor substitutes and adsorption devices, and technology tactics used in canine training and use, to provide references for the relevant research of canine olfactory search for human remains in China.

Hemangiosarcoma (HSA) is a highly malignant tumor of endothelial cells that comprises approximately 50% of all splenic neoplasms in dogs. It commonly afflicts older, large breed dogs, particularly Golden retrievers, Labrador retrievers and German shepherds. Affected dogs often present for evaluation of acute collapse due to tumor rupture and abdominal hemorrhage. Standard treatment of canine splenic HSA includes splenectomy and subsequent chemotherapy. There are several reported chemotherapy protocols, most of which involve the use of intravenous doxorubicin. Survival rates for dogs with splenic HSA are generally poor. Treatment with surgery (splenectomy) only provides a mean survival of 1-3 months with affected dogs generally succumbing to recurrent and/or metastatic disease. Surgery and chemotherapy improve survival times slightly to a median survival time of 4-6 months. Experiential experience by the authors have noted a better clinical outcome can be achieved using traditional Chinese veterinary medicine (TCVM) treatment. Dogs treated with splenectomy and TCVM have survival times of 3-4 years with a good quality of life. The TCVM treatment survival time for the HSA dogs without splenectomy averages 11-13 months. The primary TCVM Patterns of splenic HSA are Qi Deficiency, Blood Deficiency, and Blood Stasis. This paper will review TCVM Pattern diagnosis and treatment of HSA in dogs along with a case series of 4 dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the use of acupuncture and bee venom injections as treatments for dogs with spinal cord injuries. The studies reviewed suggest that acupuncture, when combined with medical management, can improve the recovery of dogs with less severe injuries. However, the evidence for bee venom injections is less robust. The studies have some limitations, such as small sample sizes and lack of blinding, but overall suggest that these alternative treatments may be beneficial for certain dogs. It is important to consider individual expertise, patient circumstances, and available resources when applying this evidence in practice. The article also provides information on how individuals can contribute to the evidence base in veterinary medicine through sharing information needs and writing Knowledge Summaries. [Extracted from the article]

Heart rate variability analyses using Poincaré plots can be useful for evaluating the autonomic nervous system function. However, the interpretation of the quantitative indicators of Poincaré plots remains controversial. Thus, few studies have verified the effectiveness of the quantitative indicators in veterinary medicine. This study aimed to verify the reliability of Poincaré plot indicators using pharmacological models in dogs. Four healthy beagles were used in this study. Each dog was treated with propranolol, atropine, and propranolol-atropine to block the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and sympathetic-parasympathetic functions, respectively. The quantitative indicators of the Poincaré plots were calculated based on data from 300 electrocardiogram beats collected before and after the administration of each drug and statistically analysed. The quantitative indicators of the Poincaré plots, such as the standard deviation perpendicular to the major axis (SD1), standard deviation along the major axis (SD2), and SD1 × SD2, significantly decreased after the drug administration in both the parasympathetic and sympathetic-parasympathetic blockade models. However, no significant differences were observed in SD1/SD2 between the groups. The Poincaré plots reflected the changes in the autonomic nervous system of dogs. In dogs, SD1, SD2, and SD1 × SD2 can detect a state in which parasympathetic nerve activity is suppressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a newly adapted therapeutic approach in dogs. Although FMT produced a promising effect with little adverse events when treating various canine gastrointestinal disorders, safety concerns and lack of understanding regarding its therapeutic mechanisms are the main reasons limiting its wider application. Therefore, in this paper, we describe the current application and efficacy of canine FMT, as well as possible mechanisms that may be involved in the treatment process. In addition, we also discuss the future prospective of canine FMT regarding selecting donor dogs more efficiently and safely, choosing and pretreating recipient dogs to increase FMT efficacy, choosing more efficient routes of administration and stool storage, as well as its potential applications beyond gastrointestinal issues, including behavior modification and obesity treatment. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is an emerging therapeutic option for a variety of diseases, and is characterized as the transfer of fecal microorganisms from a healthy donor into the intestinal tract of a diseased recipient. In human clinics, FMT has been used for treating diseases for decades, with promising results. In recent years, veterinary specialists adapted FMT in canine patients; however, compared to humans, canine FMT is more inclined towards research purposes than practical applications in most cases, due to safety concerns. Therefore, in order to facilitate the application of fecal transplant therapy in dogs, in this paper, we review recent applications of FMT in canine clinical treatments, as well as possible mechanisms that are involved in the process of the therapeutic effect of FMT. More research is needed to explore more effective and safer approaches for conducting FMT in dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Treatment of Vitis vinifera fruit (VVF) ingestion can be challenging due to no clear toxic dose, signalment factors and variable clinical signs. Current treatment guidance is generalised: decontamination, aggressive fluid therapy, monitoring and/or treatment of renal dysfunction. The objective of this study was to conduct a scoping review of scientific evidence regarding the ingestion of VVF in dogs. Three primary areas were reviewed: VVF types ingested, clinical signs reported and treatments given. The inclusion criterion was any paper presenting data on clinical signs or treatments of dogs that had ingested VVF (unprocessed VVF only). Methods: The following databases were searched: CAB Abstracts, Medline, Embase and Scopus. No limits were placed on language or date. The review followed the Joanna Briggs Institute scoping review methodology. Results: Twenty‐four papers were identified. A wide range of VVF types were ingested, but the toxic dose was difficult to ascertain. The most commonly reported signs were gastrointestinal, renal, neurological and haematological. Treatment commonly consisted of fluid therapy, diuretics and antiemetics. Limitations: This scoping review neither explored cases of processed VVF ingestion nor did it chart laboratory findings; therefore, potentially clinically significant findings in these areas may have been missed. Conclusions: VVF ingestion typically causes gastrointestinal/renal dysfunction, with no clear toxicity attributable to VVF type. Treatments varied according to the presence/absence of clinical signs, and the prognosis was varied. Further research on current treatment efficacy is warranted, permitting an evidence‐based, risk–benefit approach to be adopted by clinicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Ultrasonography is a popular imaging technique in veterinary medicine. It is also often used for imaging of the musculoskeletal system. In the current literature, there are descriptions of using ultrasonography to perform examination of the spine area in the dog, for example, to make perineural blocks or identification of the lesions in the intraoperative examination. Despite these applications, there is no protocol for imaging the spine of dogs, and there are few descriptions of its sonoanatomy. The aim of this paper is to present the protocol of examination of the lumbar spine in the dog and to describe sonoanatomy of this area. Ultrasound is an imaging technique commonly used in veterinary medicine. Ultrasound devices are widely available, their means of examination are relatively short and cheap, and they do not generate ionizing radiation. In addition, ultrasound generally does not need to be performed under general anesthesia. This study was performed on 23 canine cadavers with full clinical histories and with no confirmed pathological changes in the spine region. The imaging modalities were established in dogs in lateral recumbency, with the selected side being the uppermost angle, in a neutral position. All dogs were examined in the transverse and longitudinal planes. Sacral crest, intertransverse ligament, vertebral canal floor, vertebral body, and intervertebral discs were only visible in the longitudinal plane. Vertebral arch, supraspinal ligament, dorsal wall of the vertebral canal and muscles were visualized only in the transverse plane. This article provides a brief and relatively easy-to-perform protocol for ultrasound imaging of the lumbar spine of dogs. In addition, it presents a detailed description of the sonoanatomy of the area under investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This editorial provides a comprehensive review of canine soft tissue sarcomas, discussing their classification, clinical characteristics, and treatment options. It highlights recent research on new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, such as dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasound and microbrachytherapy. The article also presents findings on electroporation-based treatments for oral tumors, which have shown to be safe and effective but require further standardization. Additionally, the text explores canine extraskeletal osteosarcoma and suggests potential diagnostic markers for osteosarcoma. The editorial concludes by emphasizing the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration and the need for further research in veterinary oncology. [Extracted from the article]

This article examines the effectiveness of two medications, clomipramine and fluoxetine, in treating anxiety-related behaviors in dogs. The study concludes that both medications are effective in reducing symptoms of fear and anxiety, such as acral lick dermatitis and tail chasing. However, the article highlights the need to consider individual factors and clinical expertise when choosing a treatment for anxious behaviors in dogs. The text discusses three studies comparing the effectiveness of clomipramine and fluoxetine, which found that both medications were equally effective in reducing tail chasing and licking behavior. However, the studies had limitations, including small sample sizes and subjective owner reports, and did not address other potential causes of acral lick dermatitis. Further research is necessary to strengthen the evidence and address these limitations. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Fibroepithelial polyps are benign tumors of mesenchymal and ectodermal origin. Regarding the localization related to the cutaneous region, they may affect the eyelid and periocular area. In veterinary medicine, polyps located in the urethra of dogs and monkeys, vagina of bitches and on the skin have been described. Fibroepithelial polyps may present as single to multiple nodules, exophytic to pedunculated, usually arising on a smooth surface of a common base. The aim of this paper is to describe the ocular and histopathological changes of a corneal fibroepithelial polyp of recurrent character in a dog. Case: A 20-year-old Lhasa Apso dog, with a history of progressive corneal neoformation in the right eye for 4 months. Patient was submitted to routine ophthalmic evaluation. At biomicroscopy, a discrete mucopurulent discharge was observed in the nasal corner, a nodule in the lower eyelid (± 3 mm), moderate conjunctival hyperemia, vascularization and corneal edema between 12 and 5 h, presence of a pinkish proliferative mass in 3 h, affecting the anterior stroma and opacity of the lens, Schirmer’s Tear Test (STT) 20 mm/min and intraocular pressure (IOP) 10 mm/Hg. In the left eye, the STT and IOP were within normal range (17 mm/min and 11 mg/Hg, respectively) and at biomicroscopy only lens opacity was observed. Given the presence of the neoformation in the cornea, the patient underwent lamellar keratectomy to excise the mass and third eyelid flap. The tissue was then submitted to histopathology. The histopathological examination showed a proliferation of fibrous component with areas presenting reactive fibroblasts, with acidophilic cytoplasm and with little volume and slight neovascularization, presence of hyperplasia of the lining epithelium and cells with round to oval nuclei, with inconspicuous nucleoli, compatible with fibroepithelial polyp, without evidence of malignancy. After 18 months, the patient presented recurrence of the condition with a history of slow evolution (about ten months). The ophthalmic evaluation showed lesions very similar to the initial one, describing a recurrence of the lesion. Discussion: Corneal neoplasms are uncommon in dogs. The clinical findings in patients with ocular neoplasms include irregular to nodular masses, gray to reddish in color, and typically associated with a vascular supply. These features are related to the type of tumor and its degree of evolution. There are reports in the literature of ocular neoplasms such as squamous cell carcinoma, papilloma, melanocytoma, fibrosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, melanoma, lymphoma. Related to fibroepithelial polyp with ocular involvement, there are rare reports in human literature and none in veterinary medicine. There is a human description of the presence of a polyp affecting the cornea associated with a corneal dermoid and e other cases of polyps of conjunctival origin. As far as treatment is concerned, the polyp should be surgically removed because of the possibility of recurrence, tissue metaplasia, or even transformation into a malignant tumor, as seen in the case reported here, in which even with surgical removal there was recurrence and metaplasia of the cells. Based on the histopathological findings, it can be concluded that this is a fibroepithelial polyp with a recidivating characteristic, not well described in the veterinary literature, with an atypical presentation affecting the cornea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Urethral tumors are uncommon in canines, represented predominantly by transitional cell carcinoma, marked by aggressive behavior associated with short life expectancy. Definitive diagnosis is achieved by histopathological analysis. Surgery associated with chemotherapy is the main therapeutic alternative. The aim of this paper is to report a case of primary transitional cell carcinoma of the urethra in a bitch, submitted to surgical treatment associated with conventional adjuvant chemotherapy and metronomic chemotherapy, achieving survival of 21 months, to date. Case: A 12-year-old bitch mixed breed was admitted at the Veterinary Hospital of Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), manifesting hematuria and urinary incontinence for one month. Physical examination indicated that vital parameters were within normal limits. Laboratory tests of blood count and serum biochemistry, urinalysis, culture, urinary antibiogram, and abdominal ultrasound were performed. The ultrasound image suggested a neoplastic urethral process. Because of the suspicion of neoplasm, a thoracic X-ray was performed, showing no evidence of metastasis. Computed tomography (CT) of the abdominal region was performed, revealing an expansive lesion in the urethra with loss of definition of the walls and urethral lumen extending to the level of the pelvic floor, measuring about 2.9 x 1.4 x 1.2 cm. After preanesthetic exams, the animal underwent resection and surgical anastomosis of the affected urethral region. The sectioned tissue was sent for histopathological analysis, with diagnosis of transitional cell carcinoma. Adjuvant chemotherapy was performed using carboplatin at a dose of 250 mg/m², intravenously, every 21 days for 6 sessions. After completing the protocol, abdominal ultrasonography was performed again, which showed a cicatricial process in the urethral region of the surgical excision, with no sign of tumor recurrence. A metronomic chemotherapy protocol was then started with cyclophosphamide at a dose of 15 mg/m², daily for 6 months, with periodic oncological follow-up. At the end of the period, the animal remained under periodic follow-up with ultrasound exams performed at 2-month intervals, and has been free from recurrence for 21 months until now. Discussion: Urethral neoplasms account for 0.5 - 2% of all canine tumors, and are represented mostly by transitional cell carcinomas. Clinical signs of urinary obstruction and hematuria are the most common, as reported in the patient in question. The definitive diagnosis is by histopathological examination. However, imaging tests such as computed tomography are important in the initial investigation and surgical planning. The indicated treatment is surgical resection of the mass with subsequent adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy. The chemotherapy protocol associating cisplatin and piroxicam can achieve remission rates of 70%, but this association has a high nephrotoxic effect. In the present case, cisplatin was replaced by carboplatin in order to reduce the nephrotoxic effects of chemotherapy. The metronomic protocol using cyclophosphamide was used as maintenance therapy, at the end of the conventional chemotherapy protocol. Survival achieved was longer than that described in the literature in cases of transitional cell carcinomas in the urethral region. Therefore, multimodal therapy using surgery associated with conventional and metronomic chemotherapy, is an option in canines with urethral carcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mycobacteriosis is caused by bacteria belonging to the genus Mycobacterium, with considerable zoonotic potential and risk to public health. Infection in dogs is rare and is usually associated with immunosuppression, resulting from eating meat or contact with contaminated soil or fomites. Dogs are also known as potential sources for the spread of atypical tuberculosis in humans and other animals. This paper aims to describe the clinical, cytological, histopathological, and molecular findings of a male canine seen at University Veterinary Hospital of Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, with generalized lymphadenomegaly associated Mycobacterium intracellulare infection. Case: A 2-year-old male Lhasa Apso dog was referred to the University Veterinary Hospital in Cuiabá city, located in the Midwest region of Brazil. The patient had a history of intermittent claudication of the left pelvic limb for approximately 6 months and lymphadenomegaly with progression for approximately 2 months. The dog had wheezing and generalized lymphadenopathy (submandibular, axillary, and popliteal lymph nodes); cryptorchidism was also observed. A complete blood count revealed nonspecific results, and in the serum biochemical profile, the values of urea, creatinine, albumin, and alanine aminotransferase were within the reference range. No changes were observed on the radiography of the femurotibiopatellar joints. Considering the generalised lymphadenopathy, fine needle aspiration cytology and histopathological examination through biopsy of the lymph nodes was performed. On the cytology and histopathology, numerous negative images of moderately refringent bacillary structures distending the cytoplasm from the macrophages was found. The samples were also subjected to special Ziehl-Neelsen staining, which confirmed an accentuated and diffuse granulomatous lymphadenitis associated with alcohol acid-resistant bacilli. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify the DNA of the lymph node fragment for the hsp65 gene, which was subjected to genetic sequencing and construction of a phylogenetic tree, with 99.77% genetic similarity for the species M. intracellulare. As treatment, doxycycline (10 mg/kg twice a day for 60 days) and enrofloxacin (5 mg/kg once a day for 10 days) were prescribed. However, the canine suffered car trauma leading to a fractured pelvis, which motivated the owner to opt for euthanasia at another veterinary establishment. Discussion: In the reported case, it was not possible to determine the source of infection, as the owners reported that the animal lived inside the house with only sporadic access to the street. The clinical signs manifested by this dog were nonspecific, and only the signs of generalised lymphadenopathy could be correlated with the signs expected in the infection with this mycobacterium. The hematological and biochemical laboratory findings were nonspecific, and it did not demonstrate the involvement of other organs. Considering the findings in cytology and histology, mycobacterial infection can be suspected. The diagnosis was confirmed through pathological and molecular findings. In this case, the PCR technique was used with partial amplification of the hsp65 gene and subsequent genetic sequencing, making it possible to identify a species like M. intracellulare (99.77% similarity). Due to euthanasia for another reason, it was impossible to monitor the dog’s treatment and investigate other changes in the post mortem examination, especially the pulmonary lesions frequently described in Mycobacterium intracellulare infection in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strongyloides stercoralis is an intestinal parasitic helminth that mainly affects humans and dogs throughout the world. Canine strongyloidosis is generally characterized by asymptomatic infection, with fatal disease in cases of immunodeficiency. This study was conducted in order to evaluate the global prevalence of S. stercoralis in dogs. Six electronic databases were searched for this purpose. The random effects model and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were applied to determine the overall and subgroup pooled prevalence. Heterogeneity was assessed by Cochran's Q test and I2 statistic. In total, 56 datasets from 50 studies from 1,202 peer-reviewed papers were included in the current meta-analysis. 20,627 dogs were assessed in 27 countries across six World Health Organization (WHO) regions. The global prevalence of S. stercoralis infection among dogs was 6% (95% CI 4–8%; 868/20,627). According to WHO regions, the estimated prevalence ranges 2% to 11% as follows: Western Pacific (11%, 0–31%); Africa (9%, 2–19%); America (6%, 3–11%); South-East Asia (5%, 1–13%)' Europe (3%, 2–5%); and Eastern Mediterranean (2%, 0–6%). The pooled prevalence of S. stercoralis infection in dog owners was 7% (1–18%). The prevalence of S. stercoralis infection in studies based on serological assays was significantly higher than other techniques (29%, 20–39%). Younger female dogs, less than one year old, from rural areas had higher prevalence rates than their male counterparts, with no statistically significant differences. From this review, it is concluded that the low global prevalence of S. stercoralis in dogs may be strongly associated with low sensitivity diagnostic methods applied in most studies leading to the underestimation of infection rates. Therefore, the improvement of diagnostic techniques is recommended for precise evaluation of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PICO Question In dogs with a displaced radial fracture, does the use of a free autologous greater omental graft, combined with other standard fracture repair methods, compared to not using a greater omental graft, reduce fracture healing time? Clinical bottom line Category of research Treatment. Number and type of study designs reviewed Three papers were critically reviewed: one retrospective clinical study and two experimental case control studies. All three papers answered the PICO question. Each of the three papers had a very small sample size, with two having a sample size of 16 (n = 4 in the relevant experimental group, and n = 4 for the control). The third had an initial sample of 25 that was later reduced to 19, as six dogs were excluded from the study. Strength of evidence Weak. Outcomes reported Two papers were experimental case control studies, which looked at radial fracture healing of dogs that had undergone an osteotomy, followed by bone plate and screw fixation, as well as either with a free autologous greater omental graft (OG) or without. Healing was measured in both studies via radiographical analysis using a modified Lane and Sandhu scoring system, and histopathological analysis post euthanasia with Heiple’s histopathological scoring system. Both studies found higher radiographic and higher histopathological scores in the OG group, though there was a large overlap between group scores. There was no mention of randomisation or power analysis in either of these studies, and blinding was only mentioned regarding histopathological analysis. The other was a retrospective study, looking at the outcomes of radial and ulna fractures in small breed dogs, after being surgically treated with a plate and screw, and either with or without OG. They found that dogs with omental grafts healed faster than those without, and had no major complications (whereas the non-OG group did). Note that this study was not (and could not) be randomised due to its nature, and it made no mention of blinding. Conclusion All three studies concluded that the use of OG assisted healing in canine radial fractures. However, care must be taken when applying these results to practice, as the studies lack robustness. While two of the studies had a good study design, both had very small sample sizes and neither mentioned randomisation. Blinding was only mentioned in the histopathological analysis, not radiographical analysis, and while both studies reported significant differences between their respective OG and control groups, they failed to account for multiple comparisons in statistical analysis, which likely skewed the results. The third study also represents a weak level of evidence, due to its retrospective nature and other limitations. Its small sample size, and the fact that 4/8 control (non-OG) dogs received a different type of graft, contributed to this. Due to the small number of animals in each study and the poor-quality design, it is concluded that there is weak evidence to support the PICO question. Further randomised blinded clinical trials with larger samples sizes are recommended, to increase the strength of the evidence before the routine clinical use of greater omentum grafts for aiding fracture repair can be recommended, considering that this means an additional abdominal surgical procedure. How to apply this evidence in practice The application of evidence into practice should take into account multiple factors, not limited to: individual clinical expertise, patient’s circumstances and owners’ values, country, location or clinic where you work, the individual case in front of you, the availability of therapies and resources. Knowledge Summaries are a resource to help reinforce or inform decision making. They do not override the responsibility or judgement of the practitioner to do what is best for the animal in their care.

The article explores the use of autologous greater omental grafts (OG) in the repair of canine radial fractures. The study found that the use of OG assisted in the healing process and reduced complications, but the studies had limitations such as small sample sizes and potential bias. Therefore, further research is needed to determine the effectiveness of OG in clinical practice. The use of OG should be considered on a case-by-case basis, weighing the potential benefits against the risks involved. Strengthening the evidence through more research will help in recommending OG use in practice. [Extracted from the article]

Introduction Materials and Methods Results Conclusions The aims of lens removal surgery are to re‐establish or preserve both a clear visual axis and emmetropic vision. Trans‐scleral intraocular lens (IOL) fixation has been described in cases where lens capsule instability precludes the insertion of a prosthetic intraocular lens into the lens capsule. Previous techniques have necessitated enlargement of the corneal incision to accommodate either a rigid polymethylmethacrylate IOL or an acrylic foldable IOL inserted using forceps. This paper reports the modification of an endocapsular IOL to be used as an injectable suture‐fixated IOL introduced through a 2.8 mm corneal incision.All cases underwent lens extraction by phacoemulsification followed by removal of the unstable lens capsule. A PFI X4 IOL (Medicontur) was modified to create four open‐loop haptics. The IOL was injected into the anterior chamber, each haptic was captured in a loop of suture introduced ab externo, and the lens was sutured with four‐point fixation.The results from 20 eyes in 17 dogs are reported. Over an average follow‐up time of 14.5 months, vision was retained in 16/20 eyes. Vision was lost in four eyes due to corneal ulceration and ocular hypertension (1/20), retinal detachment (2/20), and Progressive Retinal Atrophy (1/20).The modified PFI X4 proved suitable for injection and scleral fixation through a 2.8 mm corneal incision, with a success rate comparable to previously published techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantitative bacterial culture (QBC) is the gold standard for determining urinary tract infections. However, the majority of urine samples were sent to a lab for further bacterial culture. Therefore, the storage condition was vital to maintain the quality and accuracy of the urine samples. The main objective of our study was to examine the urine QBC outcomes of (1) immediate culture, (2) culture after urine sample storage at ambient temperature for 24 h, and (3) culture after urine sample storage at 4 °C for 24 hours. There were 49 feline samples and 30 canine samples included in this study. All QBC samples kept at ambient temperature and refrigerator were consistent with immediate QBC in cats. Eight positive results from immediate QBC were in accordance with refrigerated results in dogs. There were ten positive results in the room-temperature sample with two false-positive results. Our study showed that storing conditions at room temperature or refrigeration for 24 h does not impact the results of QBC in cat urine samples. For dog samples, chilled samples have a higher accuracy rate than room temperature samples, although the overall agreement was still satisfactory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this review is to clarify the terminology, possible cells of origin, and expected behavior of the most common synovial tumors in dogs. The synovial lining consists of 2 cell types, type A and type B. Type A synoviocytes are histiocytes of bone marrow origin that are immunoreactive with antibodies against typical markers of histiocyte origin, such as CD18, Iba-1, and CD204. Certain breeds and dogs with previous injury to a joint, especially cranial cruciate ligament rupture, are predisposed to synovial histiocytic sarcoma. Type B synoviocytes are mesenchymal cells that produce synovial fluid. There are no specific markers of type B synoviocytes, but based on their gross and microscopic appearance, synovial myxosarcomas (previously considered synovial myxomas) are presumed to be of type B synoviocyte origin. These can infiltrate into surrounding tissues, but are slow-growing and rarely metastasize, and then only to regional lymph nodes. Synovial histiocytic sarcomas and myxosarcomas can cause lysis in multiple bones surrounding the joint, but they have different prognoses and require histopathology and sometimes immunohistochemistry to diagnose them. Synovial sarcoma and synovial cell sarcoma are terms used in the human medical literature for a tumor that is not of synovial origin; these terms should not be used in veterinary medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Surgical options for mitral valve repair in dogs are unstandardized and influenced by various factors. This study describes a four-point surgical technique (MI-4) to reduce mitral regurgitation and provides data from a study of dogs with 12 months of follow up. Methods: Twenty-five dogs with stages C or D mitral insufficiency were treated by one of two surgeons using the MI-4 procedure at Ueno no Mori Animal Hospital between October 2021 and May 2023. The surgical technique comprised: (I) determination of the valve annulus dimensions by measuring between the trigones, (II) triad-anchored chordae tendinea reconstruction, (III) determination of the appropriate position and number of chordae tendineae on the leaflets, and (IV) appropriate height determination. The regurgitation percentage was measured using B-mode color Doppler flow in the atrium in the four-chamber left long-axis view. Results: There were no intraoperative complications, and 23, 23, and 18 dogs were successfully re-evaluated at 1, 6, and 12 months, respectively (5 dogs have not yet reached the 12-month follow-up point). The regurgitation percentage decreased from 73.0% (interquartile range, 58.1–81.5%) preoperatively to 2.1% (0.0–8.8%), 4.6% (0.1–10.8), and 1.3% (0.0–7.1) at 1, 6, and 12 months postoperatively, respectively. All surviving dogs improved clinically. Conclusion: The MI-4 surgical technique was performed in dogs with mitral valve insufficiency with no significant complications. The surgery reduced the regurgitation percentage postoperatively, with benefits seen at least 12 months after surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer in women. Likewise, canine mammary tumors (CMT) represent the most common cancer in intact female dogs and develop in the majority spontaneously. Similarities exist in clinical presentation, histopathology, biomarkers, and treatment. However, CMT subtype-specific genomic background is less investigated. Here, we assess the genetic etiology of two histomorphological (HM) subtypes with BC counterparts, the CMT invasive ductal simple solid carcinoma (SC) and comedocarcinoma (CC), and compare the results with BC data. Methods: Groups of 11–13 transformed ductal luminal epithelial cells were laser-capture microdissected from snap-frozen invasive mammary SC and CC subtypes of one intact female dog. HM unaffected lobular luminal epithelial cells were controls. Single-cell whole genome libraries were generated using PicoPLEX and sequenced to compare the subtypes' somatic coding variant landscapes with each other and with BC data available in COSMIC-CGC and KEGG. Furthermore, HM and immunohistochemical (IHC) subtype characteristics were compared with the genomic results. Results: The CC had six times more variants than the SC. The SC showed variants in adherens junction genes and genes of the MAPK, mTOR and NF-kappa-B signaling pathways. In the CC, the extracellular matrix (ECM) receptor interaction, cell adhesion, PI3K-Akt and cGMP-PKG pathways were enriched, reflecting the higher cellular malignancy. Affected pathways in both CMT subtypes overlapped with BC pathways in KEGG. Additionally, we identified ATP6V1C2, GLYATL3, CARMIL3, GATAD2B, OBSCN, SIX2, CPEB3 and ZNF521 as potential new subtype-distinct driver genes. Furthermore, our results revealed biomarker alterations in IHC in the basal/myoepithelial cell layer without respective genetic mutations, suggesting changes to their complex signaling pathways, disturbed regulative feedback loops or other silencing mechanisms. Conclusions: This study contributes to understanding the subtype-specific molecular mechanisms in the canine mammary invasive ductal simple SC and CC, and revealed subtype-specific molecular complexity for phenotypically similar characteristics. Several affected genes and signaling pathways overlapped with BC indicating the potential use of CMT as model for BC. Our findings emphasize the need for thorough characterization of cancer specimens with respect to translational cancer research, but also how insight into tumor heterogeneity will be crucial for the development of targeted prognostics and therapeutic interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To characterize the clinical, diagnostic imaging, and histologic features with description of treatment outcome of periapical cysts in dogs. Animals: Ten client-owned dogs diagnosed with periapical cysts biopsied between July 1, 2000 and June 30, 2020. Procedures: Medical records of the Matthew J. Ryan Veterinary Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania were retrospectively searched to identify dogs that had surgical biopsy specimens of cavitary lesions diagnosed as odontogenic cysts and that met additional inclusion criteria. Complete medical records were reviewed. Results: Range age and body weight of affected dogs were 2.5–12.1 years and 4.3–38.4 kg (9.5–84.7 lb), respectively. All periapical cysts were affecting the incisive bone and/or the maxilla. Nine dogs presented with a fluctuant swelling of the oral mucosa and gingiva; one dog without clinical swelling presented with a history of difficulty breathing. All cysts originated from a non-vital tooth with a structural defect (wear or fracture without pulp exposure) and/or intrinsic staining. Extraction of the associated non-vital teeth, enucleation of the cysts, and curettage of the surgical sites resulted in resolution of the clinical signs. Conclusions and clinical relevance: The findings indicate that periapical cysts are associated with a non-vital tooth without pulp exposure. Complete evaluation of the clinical, diagnostic imaging, and histologic features of the lesion in affected dogs is necessary to differentiate periapical cysts from other odontogenic cysts and tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A single 1.7 cm × 1.2 cm × 1 cm focal, raised, smooth, round, pink to flesh-colored mass protruding from the chorioallantois of the zonary placenta was found during Cesarean section in a primiparous pug bitch. Microscopically, the non-encapsulated, non-infiltrative, exophytic mass originated from the chorioallantoic stroma overlying the labyrinth and was composed of many arborizing fronds generally lined by 1 to 2 layers of cuboidal, columnar and occasionally polygonal, large trophoblastic cells, but frequently by a larger number of cells that occasionally piled up to form small nests or nodules. The gross and microscopic characteristics of this mass were compatible with a benign neoplastic process arising in the chorioallantois and involving placental trophoblasts, hence the diagnosis of a placental chorioadenoma. Five of the six newborn puppies were viable and of normal birthweight, while one puppy, which had lower birthweight than the others, could not be resuscitated and was humanely euthanized. Although placental tumors in dogs are very rare, this case is compelling evidence in the argument for routine inspection of canine placentas to identify potentially deleterious macro- or microscopic conditions that may be linked to negative fetal outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Thyroid carcinoma is a rare malignancy in middle-aged to older, medium to large breed dogs. Most are carcinomas or adenocarcinomas and are often detected incidentally via palpation or advanced imaging, such as computed tomography. Up to 48% of dogs present with metastatic disease, primarily in lymph nodes and lungs. Preferred treatment is thyroidectomy, but many dogs are poor candidates due to tumour immobility and metastasis. Stereotactic body radiation therapy and radioactive iodine (I131) are emerging treatments with promising outcomes in these cases. This report describes a dog with metastatic ectopic thyroid carcinoma treated with both SBRT and I131. Case presentation: This case describes a 10-year-old Jack Russell Terrier mix presenting with an ectopic thyroid carcinoma at the heart base and pericardial effusion. Initial treatment involved stereotactic body radiation therapy in three fractions totalling 21 Gy. Seven weeks later, with persistent tumour-related signs, a subcutaneous injection of 1600 MBq of I131 was administered. The dog clinically improved, while showing initial tumour reduction on cardiac ultrasound and thoracic radiographs. 37 months later, the dog presented again with recurrent pericardial effusion. Thoracic radiographs and ultrasound revealed metastatic nodules and increased size of the primary heart-based mass, indicating disease progression. A second dose of I131 (1600 MBq) was administered, but restrictive pericarditis and effusion necessitated a subtotal pericardectomy. Nine months after the second I131 treatment, the dog presented with similar signs and further disease progression evident on imaging including pleural effusion. Though treatment options, including a third I131 dose and a second SBRT course, were discussed, the owners chose to humanely euthanise the dog. Conclusions: This case highlights an unusually prolonged survival in a dog with metastatic ectopic thyroid carcinoma, suggesting the potential for extended disease control with multimodal external beam radiation and I131 therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Computed tomography (CT) is the preferred imaging modality for evaluating parenchymal lesions and vascular disease in dogs. In recent years, numerous studies have investigated the factors influencing contrast enhancement in canine abdominal CT studies. In this study, we aimed to identify the key factors affecting enhancement during abdominal CT in dogs, conducting a comprehensive analysis and critical evaluation of the veterinary literature according to the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Among the patient-related factors, the amount of abdominal adipose tissue emerged as the most significant, suggesting that the contrast medium (CM) dose could potentially be adjusted based on the patient's lean body weight. The injection rate of the CM was identified as the most influential CM-related factor, particularly at the arterial and hepatic levels, with potential clinical implications. Furthermore, the administration of a saline flush following CM injection was shown to improve arterial enhancement while reducing the overall CM dose. Multidetector-row computed tomographic angiography (angio-CT) aims to achieve optimal opacification of the vascular compartment of interest. The distribution and quality of vascular opacification are influenced by patient-related factors, contrast medium (CM)-related factors, and scanner-related factors. This systematic review evaluates these factors and their effects on contrast enhancement. A comprehensive literature search was made in February 2024 across four online bibliographic databases (Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and CAB Abstract) in adherence with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. After screening the 5990 unique published articles initially identified, 20 full-text original studies met the inclusion criteria for the final review. The amount of abdominal adipose tissue was found to significantly affect enhancement, which suggests the possibility of reducing the CM dose to minimize adverse effects or toxicity. The injection rate of the CM, rather than the injection duration, was identified as the most critical factor, with important clinical implications. For scanners with slower acquisition speeds or longer scan durations, maintaining a fixed CM injection duration may optimize vascular phase acquisition. In contrast, faster scanners benefit from bolus tracking, which allows for improved differentiation between vascular phases. Additionally, administering a saline flush post-CM injection enhances arterial opacification while reducing the necessary CM dose. This systematic review highlights essential factors influencing contrast enhancement in angio-CT for dogs and provides a foundation for future research aimed at optimizing imaging protocols in veterinary medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This case report follows the recovery of a seven-month-old Pomeranian who had a serious fracture in its forelimb. The patient needed two surgeries to fix the fracture and help the bone heal using advanced methods. First, an external frame was used to keep the bone in place, along with a special material to help the bone grow. Although the bone initially healed well, problems with the frame caused the need for a second surgery. In the second surgery, a plate was added to support the bone, and a new healing material was used. After almost five years, the patient had less movement in the injured leg but did not seem to be in pain. X-rays showed only small changes in the joints, and although CT scans showed differences in leg length and bone density, the patient's ability to bear weight on the treated leg improved significantly. This case shows that combining these advanced techniques can be a good approach for treating complex fractures in veterinary practice. A seven-month-old male Pomeranian presented with left forelimb lameness after a fall. Radiographic assessment confirmed proximal radial head and ulnar comminuted fracture. The initial surgical intervention involved the use of hybrid external skeletal fixation (ESF) to stabilize the radial head, concomitant with the application of a composite of bone morphogenetic protein type 2 (BMP-2)-loaded hydroxyapatite and gelatin microparticles at the fracture site. Although successful radial head healing was achieved, the ESF pinholes caused a defect in the proximal ulnar diaphysis. Subsequently, the ESF was removed, and a locking plate was applied in conjunction with the BMP-2-loaded collagen membrane to correct the radius defect. Clinical follow-up at 4.8 years postoperatively revealed a mildly decreased range of motion of the affected elbow joint, but no clinical symptoms such as lameness. Radiography revealed minimal degenerative changes and a radioulnar synostosis. Computed tomography revealed differences in the leg length and bone density. Gait analysis revealed that the left forelimb had a significant improvement in weight-bearing capacity based on weight distribution–peak vertical force metrics, compared with the right forelimb. Based on clinical outcomes, the combined application of hybrid ESF and bone tissue engineering techniques can be considered a feasible alternative treatment for radial head fractures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 13-year-old, spayed, female mixed breed dog that had previously undergone mastectomy and ovariohysterectomy at our institution was referred to the nuclear medicine department for metastasis evaluation following surgery. 18F-deoxy-2-D-glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET-CT) was performed and a soft-tissue mass was observed in the abdominal cavity. The characteristics of the abdominal mass were assessed and screening for metastasis was done with follow-up 18F-FDG PET scans. Uptake of 18F-deoxy-2-D-glucose was higher in the peripheral region and lower in the center of the abdominal mass. Exploratory laparotomy was performed, and the removed abdominal mass was consistent with a gossypiboma, which is a retained surgical sponge composed of non-absorbable material with cotton matrix. This case report describes the characteristics of 18F-FDG PET-CT imaging in a dog with an abdominal gossypiboma, which has not been reported in the veterinary literature before. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dog overpopulation and stray dogs are global issues that are detrimental to public health and animal welfare. Thus, the goal of the current study was to provide alternatives for surgical castration. Therefore, calcium chloride was employed in this study, which might be an option for castration. Ten dogs were divided into two groups of five: a calcium chloride-treated group and a control group. The treated group received a single bilateral intratesticular injection of 1 ml of sterile saline containing calcium chloride dihydrate (CaCl2•2 H2O) at a dose of 20 mg/kg per testicle. While the control group was treated with 1 ml of sterile saline solution, Semen and blood collection, as well as Doppler ultrasonography, were routinely carried out every week on days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 in order to evaluate the impact of the injection on semen parameters and testicular blood flow. The testicular volume and echogenicity in the CaCl2-treated group were significantly (P < 0.001) lower in weeks 2 through 4 than in the control group. Furthermore, in canine semen, CaCl2 dramatically decreased the amount, motility, and viability of sperm. When compared to vehicle-control animals, azoospermia was seen 2 weeks after the injection and persisted for the end of the study. The testes of all dogs were surgically removed at 30 days post-injection, and testes were put in 10% neutral buffered formalin for tissue processing. When compared to the control group, the average weight of testes in the chemical groups was dramatically reduced. Significant decreases in spermatogenic processes, necrosis, and degeneration of seminiferous tubules packed with necrotic debris, and fibrosed interstitial tissue, necrosed and calcified Sertoli, and Leydig cells were seen 30 days after CaCl2 injection. There was a significant decrease in testosterone levels compared to day 0 before CaCl2 injection and the control group. From weeks 1 through 4, there was a substantial decrease in both peak systolic velocity (PSV) and end-diastolic velocity (EDV) values (P < 0.001) following a single intratesticular injection of CaCl2. The resistance index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) showed the opposite tendency. Based on the histopathological and semen evaluations in this investigation, the study concludes that a single intratesticular injection of CaCl2 appears to be a practical and generally applicable approach for chemical sterilization of dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PURPOSE When performing thoracic aortic endovascular repair (TEVAR) on lesions of the aortic arch, physician- modified fenestration or in situ fenestration is often used to maintain patent branches. We designed a new adjustable prefenestration aortic stent graft that can both isolate pathologies in the aortic arch and obtain patent branches simultaneously. In this study, we use this new type of stent to perform fenestrated TEVAR in a canine's aorta. This study aims to evaluate the safety and feasibility of the new device, which may provide preliminary data for potential human application. METHODS Eight Labrador Retriever canines underwent fenestrated TEVAR using the new stent device. Digital subtract angiography (DSA) was performed before and after fenestrated TEVAR to evaluate the safety and feasibility of the procedure. For the device deployment, at the "large curvature" side in the endograft, there is a rectangular prefenestration area (2 x 5 cm) without the polytetrafluoroethylene membrane, and at both longer side edges of the fenestration, there are two slide rails. A moveable membrane that covers the same area as the prefenestration area is initially set at the prefenestration position. A stay line is connected from the distal site of the moveable membrane that controls it to the distal position along the slide rail, which releases the fenestration. After the positioning of the prefenestration is determined, the outer sheath of the delivery system is released, and the stay line at the end of the delivery system is pulled outside the body. The animals were divided into a 1-month group (n = 4) and a 3-month group (n = 4) after the fenestrated TEVAR. Computed tomography (CT) was performed before euthanasia, and video of the DSA during the procedures and CT angiography (CTA) images were then studied. RESULTS The procedure success rate was 100%, but the total survival rate was only 87.5%. There were no aortic-related deaths during follow-up, and during the operation, there were no stent-graft-related accidents. In addition, no stent-graft migrations were observed in the CTA, and all branch arteries were kept patent by the adjustable fenestration. Finally, histological examination and electron microscope results showed no obvious vascular injury or inflammation. CONCLUSION Based on the results of this study, we judge the safety and feasibility of the use of the newly designed adjustable prefenestration aortic stent graft in a fenestrated-TEVAR canine model to be acceptable. Our preliminary data may serve as an initial reference for evaluating the potential application of the new stent in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Canine immune-mediated polyarthritis is a common disease that affects young dogs. This study aims at assessing whether leflunomide as add-on treatment to steroids would reduce the rate of relapse and improve survival in dogs with the disease. However, the results of this study suggest that there was no difference in outcomes between dogs that received or did not receive the drug as an add-on therapy. This could provide another step in understanding the nature of immune-mediated diseases and assist practicing veterinarians in making informed decisions about the most appropriate treatment for these conditions. Immune-mediated polyarthritis (IMPA) has a relatively high relapse rate compared to other immune-mediated diseases. Leflunomide is frequently used to treat dogs with IMPA in conjunction with prednisolone. This retrospective cohort study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of leflunomide as an adjunctive therapy to prednisolone in reducing relapse and mortality rates in dogs diagnosed with IMPA in Australia. The medical records of client-owned dogs diagnosed with IMPA at a specialist referral hospital in Southeast Queensland from 2017 to 2024 were reviewed. A total of 93 dogs were included in this study, divided into two groups based on the treatment received: Group PRED, consisting of 53 dogs treated with prednisolone as the sole immunosuppressive agent, and Group L+PRED, consisting of 40 dogs that received leflunomide as adjunctive therapy alongside prednisolone. Data collected included breed, age, weight, sex, serum C-reactive protein concentration, results of synovial fluid analysis and microbial culture, treatment protocol, relapse rates and time to relapse, and mortality rates. There was no difference in relapse or mortality rates, time to relapse, nor time to discontinue prednisolone between the PRED and L+PRED groups. The L+PRED group had higher body weights and lower prednisolone dose rate at discharge compared to those in the PRED group. This study demonstrated that the use of leflunomide as an adjunctive therapy to prednisolone for the treatment of dogs with IMPA had no improved outcomes, reduced relapse rates, or shortening in the duration of prednisolone therapy when compared to dogs receiving prednisolone monotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]