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An in-depth understanding of Se uptake and metabolism in plants is necessary for developing Se biofortification strategies. Thus, hydroponic experiments were conducted to investigate the associated processes and mechanisms of organic Se (selenomethionine (SeMet) and selenomethionine-oxide (SeOMet)) uptake, translocation, transformation and their interaction in wheat, in comparison to inorganic Se. The results showed that Se uptake by the roots and the root-to-shoot translocation factor under the SeMet treatment were higher than those under the selenite, selenate and SeOMet treatments. The uptake and translocation of SeMet were higher than those of SeOMet within 72 h, although the differences gradually narrowed with time. The uptake of SeMet and SeOMet was also sensitive to the aquaporin inhibitor: AgNO3 addition resulted in 99.5% and 99.9% inhibitions of Se in the root in the SeMet and SeOMet treatments, respectively. Once absorbed by the root, they rapidly assimilated to other Se forms, and SeMet and Se-methyl-selenocysteine (MeSeCys) were the dominant species in SeMet- and SeOMet-treated plants, while notably, an unidentified Se form was also found in the root and xylem sap under the SeMet treatment. In addition, within 16 h, SeOMet inhibited the uptake and translocation of SeMet, while the inhibition was weakened with longer treatment time. Taken together, the present study provides new insights for the uptake and transformation processes of organic Se within plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a secondary fungal metabolite that is associated with many adverse toxicological effects in agriculture as well as human/animal nutrition. Bioremediation efforts in recent years have led to the discovery of numerous bacterial isolates that can transform DON to less toxic derivatives. Both 3-keto-DON and 3-epi-DON were recently shown to exhibit reduced toxicity, compared to DON, when tested using different cell lines and mammalian models. In the current study, the toxicological assessment of 3-keto-DON and 3-epi-DON using in planta models surprisingly revealed that 3-keto-DON, but not 3-epi-DON, retained its toxicity to a large extent in both duckweeds (Lemna minor L.) and common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) model systems. RNA-Seq analysis revealed that the exposure of L. minor to 3-keto-DON and DON resulted in substantial transcriptomic changes and similar gene expression profiles, whereas 3-epi-DON did not. These novel findings are pivotal for understanding the environmental burden of the above metabolites as well as informing the development of future transgenic plant applications. Collectively, they emphasize the fundamental need to assess both plant and animal models when evaluating metabolites/host interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental factors significantly affected the succession of microbial communities during the fermentation of Huangjiu Raw wheat Qu (RWQ). Influence of environmental factors on microbial community during fermentation of Chinese Huangjiu RWQ. The interaction of environmental factors and microorganisms affects the changes of microbial communities and key enzyme transcript levels in different stages during the production of Huangjiu RWQ. This study combined environmental factor analysis and high-throughput sequencing technology to comprehensively analyze the specific changes of microbial communities and environmental factors at each stage of Huangjiu production. In addition, the influence of the interaction of environmental factors and microorganisms on microbial succession was investigated by correlation analysis, and the enzymes related to saccharification and ethanol fermentation during the production of RWQ were explored. The results showed that Bacillus , Weisseria , Thermophilic actinomycetes and Lactobacillus were the dominant bacteria in RWQ, while Aspergillus , Thermomyces , Fusarium and Alternaria were the dominant fungi. Fungi were active in the early stage of RWQ fermentation, while bacteria were active in the middle and late stage of fermentation. Microbial community succession was closely related to environmental humidity and CO 2. These environmental factors were positively correlated with most fungi, but negatively correlated with Thermophilic actinomycetes, Glycopolyspora and Acinetobacter. In fungi, the enzymes related to saccharification and fermentation mainly came from Thermophilic ascomycetes and thermophilic fungi , while in Bacteria , these two enzymes mainly came from weisseria. This study revealed the relationship between RWQ microbe and environmental factors, which was helpful to clarify the succession law of RWQ microbe. [Display omitted] • Revealed the relationship between microbe in wheat Qu and environmental factors. • Influence of interaction between environment and microorganisms on microbial succession. • Clarified the succession rule of microbe in wheat Qu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Enantioselective fate of pydiflumetofen (PYD) was observed in wheat. • R -PYD was more easily accumulating in wheat roots and translocating to shoots. • A total of 9 metabolites of PYD were detected in wheat roots and shoots. • PYD was uptake via symplastic pathway, dominated by aquaporin and anion channels. • Ta LTP 1.1 and CYP71C6v1 revealed the enantioselective fate of PYD in wheat. Pydiflumetofen (PYD), a highly effective and broad-spectrum fungicide, is commonly employed for the control of fungal diseases. In this study, the uptake, translocation, and biotransformation of PYD by wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were firstly investigated at a chiral level. The findings revealed that the residue concentration of R -PYD in wheat was higher than that of S -PYD, because of its higher uptake rate (k 1 = 0.0421 h−1) and lower elimination rate (k2 = 0.0459 h−1). Additionally, R -PYD exhibited higher root bioconcentration factors and translocation factors compared with S- enantiomer, indicating R -PYD was more easily accumulating in roots and translocating to shoots. Furthermore, a total of 9 metabolites, including hydroxylated, demethylated, demethoxylated, dechlorinated, hydrolyzed, and glycosylated-conjugated products, were detected qualitatively in wheat roots or shoots. Symplastic pathway-mediated uptake, which predominantly relied on aquaporins and anion channels, was confirmed by root adsorption and inhibition experiments, without displaying any enantioselective effect. Molecular simulations demonstrated that R -PYD exhibited stronger binding affinity with Ta LTP 1.1 with a lower grid score (−6.79 kcal/mol), whereas weaker interaction with the metabolic enzyme (CYP71C6v1) compared to the S- enantiomer. These findings highlight the significance of plant biomacromolecules in the enantioselective bioaccumulation and biotransformation processes. Importantly, a combination of experimental and theoretical evidence provide a comprehensive understanding of the fate of chiral pesticides in plants from an enantioselective perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a new alternative to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamide alkylbetaine (6:2 FTAB) has been currently used in industrial and consumer applications, which has been frequently detected in environment media. However, the behaviors of 6:2 FTAB in plants are still unclear. This study investigated the bioaccumulation, biotransformation and ecotoxicity of 6:2 FTAB in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by hydroponic exposure. 6:2 FTAB was easily taken up by roots with the root concentration factor (RCF) as high as 94.8, but difficult to be acropetally translocated in the shoots with the translocation factor (TF) as low as 0.058. Two intermediates and six terminal perfluorocarboxylic acid (PFCA) metabolites were detected in roots and shoots. The detected metabolites included 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (6:2 FTSA), 6:2 fluorotelomer carboxylic acid (6:2 FTCA), perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA), perfluorobutyric acid (PFBA), pentafluoropropionic acid (PFPrA) and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), and 6:2 FTSA was the main metabolite. 6:2 FTAB significantly reduced the biomass of plant and prevented chlorophyll (Chl) accumulation, while caused no significant change in malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Significant reduction in glutathione (GSH) contents, excess production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and obvious inhibition of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and glutathione-s-transferase (GST) activities were observed, suggesting damage of antioxidant defense systems and failure to detoxication of 6:2 FTAB in wheat. These findings provide important knowledge for the fate of 6:2 FTAB in plants. [Display omitted] • 6:2 FTAB was taken up by root efficiently but translocated to shoot difficultly. • 6:2 FTSA, 6:2 FTCA, PFHpA, PFHxA, PFPeA, PFBA, PFPrA, TFA were detected in plant. • 6:2 FTSA was the main metabolite in wheat root and shoot. • 6:2 FTAB caused growth inhibition and antioxidative defense system damage in plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]