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Increased demand on rail, due to climate initiatives and passenger numbers, places significant pressure on existing railway operations; specifically on capacity, operational flexibility, and network robustness. These pressures are exacerbated by constraints, which prevent the construction of new track and infrastructure. This results in the need to use existing infrastructure and operating processes. One proposed solution is digitalization, which results in autonomous rail, where automated and connected intelligent transport systems facilitate smart traffic management. However, this generates the challenge of integrating autonomous trains and their associated technologies with existing infrastructure and operations. To understand this issue from an enterprise level, this paper has applied Brian Wilson's Soft Systems Methodology (a variation of Checkland's methodology) to the problem situation. This methodology explores and investigates the existing rail system in Great Britain (UK less Northern Ireland) and its stakeholders. The paper aims to propose a solution into how to transform the legacy system into one which incorporates autonomous operations and ultimately becomes fully autonomous. It culminates in a series of models that are relevant to those with a legitimate interest in the system. The models identify the activities required to analyze whether autonomy is worthwhile and if it is, how to successfully integrate it with legacy operations. Additionally, the models provide the basis for which a formal stakeholder analysis can take place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides insights into the influence of housing quality on occupier mental wellbeing based on a critical review of interdisciplinary literature spanning housing, health and wellbeing, autonomy, and social value. We consider the significance of extant research findings for the mental wellbeing of housing occupants and indicate the relevance for planning. We find evidence of the relationship between housing occupier autonomy for the lived experience of wellness and discuss the need for mental wellbeing valuation to inform social housing provision in the United Kingdom. We introduce an original conceptual framework representing components of the housing environment shaping occupier mental wellbeing and conclude that planning in its coordinative capacity has the capability to connect housing provision with mental wellbeing determinants. To do so, however, will require a radical shift in the present UK politics of social housing provision and planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the decision-making processes involved in giving physiotherapy students responsibility on clinical placement and the impact on their developing professional autonomy. The qualitative study, using semi-structured interviews, involved physiotherapy students and clinical educators (CEs) from two higher education institutions, one in Australia, and the other in the United Kingdom (UK). Findings led to the development of a heuristic framework of 'graduated supervision,' a process of progressively less direct observation and monitoring of students as clinical proficiency improved. By focusing on the measured exposure of students to increasing complexity and inverse levels of supervision, the framework captures tacit practices, and consistent, yet varied facilitation strategies adopted across specialties, and evident in clinical education settings in both countries. The framework formalizes, for the first time, assumptions and expectations previously unacknowledged. Factors identified as affecting students' progress toward autonomy include the student/CE relationship, the development of mutual trust through ongoing dialogue, and the importance of formal discussions at the commencement of a clinical placement to establish learning goals, preferred supervision styles and learner responsibilities. Insights have significance for the CE community, and students who at times have to second-guess what is required of them and how they might excel on clinical placement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current paper seeks to solve theoretical and well-being ambiguities presented by the concept of valuing happiness by proposing that extant assessment represents a two-factor model situated within goal type theory. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of the valuing happiness scale among UK and US student and adult samples confirmed structural validity for valuing happiness representing valuing happiness in terms of attainment and maintenance goals. Among further UK student samples, both aspects of valuing happiness were related with lower levels of well-being, with a predicted distinction between the two factors of valuing happiness via attainment being associated with lower levels of self-acceptance and valuing happiness via maintenance being associated with lower levels of autonomy. The results suggest that the scale has a two-factor structure with sound psychometric properties that distinguish successfully between attainment valuing happiness and maintenance valuing happiness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital pathology – the digitalisation of clinical histopathology services through the scanning and storage of pathology slides – has opened up new possibilities for health care in recent years, particularly in the opportunities it brings for artificial intelligence (AI)‐driven research. Recognising, however, that there is little scholarly debate on the ethics of digital pathology when used for AI research, this paper summarises what it sees as four key ethical issues to consider when deploying AI infrastructures in pathology, namely, privacy, choice, equity, and trust. The themes are inspired from the authors' experience grappling with the challenge of deploying an ethical digital pathology infrastructure to support AI research as part of the National Pathology Imaging Cooperative (NPIC), a collaborative of universities, hospital trusts, and industry partners largely located across the North of England. Though focusing on the UK case, internationally, few pathology departments have gone fully digital, and so the themes developed here offer a heuristic for ethical reflection for other departments currently making a similar transition or planning to do so in the future. We conclude by promoting the need for robust public governance mechanisms in AI‐driven digital pathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Behavioural nudges are often criticised because they "work best in the dark". However, recent experimental evidence suggests that the effectiveness of nudges is not reduced when they are delivered transparently. Most people also endorse transparent nudges. Yet, transparent nudging may undermine human autonomy—a minority may oppose to being nudged and feel manipulated, even if they know what is happening. We propose an alternative way of maintaining autonomy that is not reducible to transparency: individuals can be asked if they consent in advance to being nudged. To assess whether consensual nudges are effective, we ask consent from 1518 UK citizens to be nudged. Subsequently, we default all participants into donating to a charity of their choice, irrespective of self-reported consent. We find that the default nudge is equally effective for both consenting and non-consenting individuals, with negligible difference in average donations. However, non-consenting individuals report higher levels of resentment and regret and lower levels of happiness and support compared to the consenting group. Based on these findings, we argue that ignoring consent can have serious ethical ramifications for policy-making with nudges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic and the lockdown measures imposed as a result affected the lives of people in all parts of society across the world. In 2020, during the first UK national lockdown, older adults (aged 70 years and over) were told to 'shield' within their homes, as they were regarded as being at higher risk of serious COVID-19 infection compared to other age groups. This paper explores older adults' experiences of COVID-19 lockdown measures whilst living in housing with care schemes for older people. The purpose is to examine the impact of the lockdown measures on scheme life including social connections amongst residents and their general everyday wellbeing during this time. We present qualitative findings based on interviews with 72 residents who took part in longitudinal and cross-sectional interviews across 26 housing with care schemes. Data were analysed using a thematic framework approach to examine specifically their experiences of living in housing with care schemes during the 2020 UK lockdown. The paper highlights that COVID-19 restrictions had a detrimental impact on the social connections and interactions of older residents living in housing with care schemes, as well as on their feelings of autonomy and independence. Despite this, residents adapted and coped with self-isolation restrictions and sought out positive ways to maintain social contact with others inside and outside to the scheme. We further highlight the tensions that providers of housing for older adults faced in promoting residents' autonomy and connectedness whilst also trying to provide a safe living environment and protect residents from risk of COVID-19 infection. Our findings apply not only to a pandemic situation but to the broader understanding of how housing with care for older adults must navigate between autonomy and support. • COVID-19 lockdowns challenged the independence and autonomy of older residents of housing with care in the UK. • Older adults in housing with care exercised autonomy through employing practices to maintain social connections. • Housing staff bolstered residents' autonomy, facilitated social interactions, and supported residents' wellbeing. • Housing staff faced challenges in maintaining the independent ethos of housing schemes whilst also protecting residents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We integrate John Rawls' concept of primary goods with self-determination theory, to examine the links between people's perceptions of primary goods (i.e., views of society as providing access to the necessities of a meaningful life), basic psychological needs, and well-being. In Study 1 (N = 762, countries = Australia, the United States, South Africa, India, and the Philippines) and Study 2 (N = 1479, groups = ethnic minority, sexual minority, political group, religious group), we used partial least squares structural equation modelling to assess associations between primary goods' perceptions and wellness, and the intermediary role of basic psychological needs. Across groups, primary goods' perceptions linked positively to well-being (average effect size = 0.48), and negatively to ill-being (average effect size = −0.46), mediated strongly by basic psychological needs (average percentage mediated: 53% Study 1, 68% Study 2). Results signify the importance of primary goods' perceptions to individuals' wellness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite 60 years of bans, raids, arrests, confiscations, and fines, unlicensed ("pirate") radio has persisted in the United Kingdom. Why such persistence, even after the introduction of noncommercial licenses and the rise of Web radio? Many factors influence communities' choice of media technology: Legality and physical location especially shape a technology's racial, class, and cultural affordances. During the 1980s-2020s, U.K. pirate radio stations' physical locations--particularly those in public housing towers--facilitated access to and control of broadcasting by the working-class and Black communities, illustrating how social context shapes technological possibility. This article presents a sociohistorical analysis of pirate radio's capacity to function as an "exilic space" that fostered collective intimacy and relative autonomy. In doing so, the article identifies what is at stake in the changing legal and technological contexts for broadcast media to better understand its capacity to be liberatory or extractive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The law is leading a cultural shift away from medical paternalism towards shared decision-making with patients. A person's ability to make decisions about their care and treatment is regulated through mental capacity law in the UK. A verbal interview is used to judge a person's capacity. People with aphasia (PwA) may retain the cognitive ability to make decisions but have difficulty understanding information and expressing their wishes. PwA are at risk of having their capacity status misidentified without the support of skilled communication partners such as Speech and Language Therapists (SLTs). Currently, little is known about the SLTs' role in capacity assessment for PwA in the UK. This research aimed to explore UK SLTs' experience of mental capacity assessment in PwA, focusing on the principal challenges and facilitators and the role SLTs play in the assessment process and within the multidisciplinary team (MDT). A qualitative approach was taken using semi-structured interviews to explore SLTs' perspectives. 13 interviews were conducted with SLTs from England and Scotland. Data were analysed thematically. Participants reported that facilitators were routine decision types, patients without complex co-morbidities, availability of time, close collaborative teams where the role of the SLT was valued, and trust existed in the relationship with the PwA and their carers. Challenges to the process were infrequent decision types, patients with complex cognitive/communication impairments, lack of time, conflict with carers and the MDT, and lack of access to team support. SLTs inhabited a variety of roles in the process of mental capacity assessment. They were morally motivated to adopt supportive roles but were equivocal towards adopting assessor roles. Across the data set an ambiguous interpretation of terminology, processes and level of specialisation required emerged. SLTs' play a unique role in supporting PwA to exercise their right to autonomy. This study is the first to explore SLTs' experience of mental capacity assessment across different UK jurisdictions. SLTs' confidence in their role in capacity assessment is growing although the complexity of the process continues to present challenges. Broader training in legal and conceptual aspects of mental capacity would support a clearer understanding of assessment procedures and facilitate SLTs to promote their role more broadly with their colleagues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few contemporary studies of change in industrial relations use Carter Goodrich's classic concept of the 'frontier of control' (FoC), especially in cross-national comparative research. Our study maps FoC struggles in two public transport organizations in the UK and the Republic of Ireland. Qualitative methods generate significant insights into complex day-to-day workplace control patterns in these two cases. Despite changes in the frontier of control in both organizations over time, it is observed that employment relations in the Irish case are more cooperative than in the British. The frontier of control still matters, because workplace control regimes shape managerial ability to secure worker consent and are always potentially contestable terrains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]