1. A SPHERE survey of self-shadowed planet-forming disks
- Author
-
A. Garufi, C. Dominik, C. Ginski, M. Benisty, R. G. van Holstein, Th. Henning, N. Pawellek, C. Pinte, H. Avenhaus, S. Facchini, R. Galicher, R. Gratton, F. Ménard, G. Muro-Arena, J. Milli, T. Stolker, A. Vigan, M. Villenave, T. Moulin, A. Origne, F. Rigal, J.-F. Sauvage, L. Weber, INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri (OAA), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Astronomical Institute Anton Pannekoek (AI PANNEKOEK), University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), Laboratoire Franco-Chilien d'Astronomie (LFCA), Universidad de Chile = University of Chile [Santiago] (UCHILE)-Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (UC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Universidad de Concepción - University of Concepcion [Chile], Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France, Leiden Observatory [Leiden], Universiteit Leiden, Lakeside Labs [Klagenfurt], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Università degli Studi di Milano = University of Milan (UNIMI), European Southern Observatory (ESO), Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova (OAPD), Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics [ETH Zürich] (IPA), Department of Physics [ETH Zürich] (D-PHYS), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), DOTA, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay [Palaiseau], ONERA-Université Paris-Saclay, Geneva Observatory, Université de Genève = University of Geneva (UNIGE), SPHERE was funded by ESO, with additional contributions from CNRS (France), MPIA (Germany), INAF (Italy), FINES (Switzerland) and NOVA (Netherlands). SPHERE also received funding from the European Commission Sixth and Seventh Framework Programmes as part of the Optical Infrared Coordination Network for Astronomy (OPTICON) under grant number RII3-Ct-2004-001566 for FP6 (2004–2008), grant number 226604 for FP7 (2009–2012) and grant number 312430 for FP7 (2013–2016). We also acknowledge financial support from the Programme National de Planètologie (PNP) and the Programme National de Physique Stellaire (PNPS) of CNRS-INSU in France. This paper also makes use of the following ALMA data: ADS/JAO.ALMA#2015.1.01600.S and 2015.1.00847.S. ALMAis a partnership of ESO (representing its member states), NSF (USA) and NINS (Japan), together with NRC (Canada), MOST and ASIAA (Taiwan), and KASI (Republic of Korea), in cooperation with the Republic of Chile. The Joint ALMA Observatory is operated by ESO, AUI/NRAO and NAOJ.This work was supported by the PRIN-INAF 2016 'The Cradle of Life – GENESIS-SKA (General Conditions in Early Planetary Systems for the rise of life with SKA)', the project PRIN-INAF-MAIN-STREAM 2017 'Protoplanetary disks seen through the eyes of new-generation instruments', the PRIN-INAF 2019 'Planetary systems at young ages (PLATEA)', the program PRIN-MIUR 2015 STARS in the CAOS – Simulation Tools for Astrochemical Reactivity and Spectroscopy in the Cyberinfrastructure for Astrochemical Organic Species (2015F59J3R, MIUR Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università, della Ricerca e della Scuola Normale Superiore), the European Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program through the Project 'AstroChemistry Origins' (ACO), Grant No 811312, INAF/Frontiera (Fostering high ResolutiON Technology and Innovation for Exoplanets and Research in Astrophysics) through the 'Progetti Premiali' funding scheme of the Italian Ministry of Education, University, and Research, as well as NSF grants AST- 1514670 and NASA NNX16AB48G, the Italian Ministero dell’Istruzione, Università e Ricerca through the grant Progetti Premiali 2012 – iALMA (CUP C52I13000140001).C.D. and C.G. acknowledge support from the NWO TOP grant 'Herbig Ae/Be stars, Rosetta stones for understanding the formation of planetary systems', project number 614.001.552. T.H. acknowledges support from the European Research Council under the Horizon 2020 Framework Program via the ERC Advanced Grant Origins 83 24 28., European Project: 811312, European Project: 832428, and Low Energy Astrophysics (API, FNWI)
- Subjects
Physics ,Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP) ,Protoplanetary disks ,[PHYS]Physics [physics] ,Polarimetric ,Astronomy ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Astronomy and Astrophysics ,Astrophysics ,Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics ,Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies ,[SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics] ,Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics ,Space and Planetary Science ,Planet ,Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA) ,Techniques: Polarimetric ,Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics ,Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR) ,Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics ,Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics - Abstract
To date, nearly two hundred planet-forming disks have been imaged with high resolution. Our propensity to study bright and extended objects is however biasing our view of the disk demography. In this work, we contribute to alleviate this bias by analyzing fifteen disks targeted with VLT/SPHERE that look faint in scattered light. Sources were selected based on a low far-IR excess from the spectral energy distribution. The comparison with the ALMA images available for a few sources shows that the scattered light surveyed by these datasets is only detected from a small portion of the disk extent. The mild anti-correlation between the disk brightness and the near-IR excess demonstrates that these disks are self-shadowed: the inner disk rim intercepts much starlight and leaves the outer disk in penumbra. Based on the uniform distribution of the disk brightness in scattered light across all spectral types, self-shadowing would act similarly for inner rims at a different distance from the star. We discuss how the illumination pattern of the outer disk may evolve with time. Some objects in the sample are proposed to be at an intermediate stage toward bright disks from the literature with either no shadow or with sign of azimuthally confined shadows., Accepted for publication in A\&A
- Published
- 2021