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Study Question: Do publicly funded fertility treatment and single embryo transfer (SET) result in lower hospitalization rates of children of parents with infertility?Summary Answer: Following the 2010 Quebec law introducing free fertility treatment and SET, neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admissions decreased among all children born to parents with infertility, but not among singletons, whose risk remained slightly higher than that of children of parents without infertility, even accounting for treatment and maternal age.What Is Known Already: Previous studies reported lower NICU admission rates among children conceived with ART after the 2010 law; however, children conceived without ART by parents with infertility were not considered.Study Design, Size, Duration: Cohort study of children born in 1997-2017 to patients evaluated for infertility ('exposed') at an academic fertility center in Montreal (Canada) in 1996-2015. A random sample of births to Montreal residents served as comparison. Outcomes were identified from Quebec administrative databases.Participants/materials, Setting, Methods: We compared children's healthcare utilization before and after the 2010 law in 6273 exposed and 12 583 randomly sampled births (6846 and 12 775 children, respectively). We repeated the analysis among children conceived in the 63 months before and after the law ('restricted period'), and examined whether differences in twinning, fertility treatment, and maternal age explained the higher risk of NICU admission among children of parents with infertility.Main Results and the Role Of Chance: In the exposed cohort, the proportion of twin births and of several adverse outcomes declined after the law. NICU admission and duration of NICU stay decreased overall, but not in singletons. Both measures remained higher in exposed children. Except for NICU admission, hospitalization rates were similar in exposed and random sample children. After accounting for fertility treatment and maternal age, exposed singletons were 17% more likely to be admitted to the NICU than children of parents with no medical history of infertility.Limitations, Reasons For Caution: Sample size was relatively small; infertile patients were from a single center and the random sample from one city. Despite some limitations, administrative databases are likely to accurately reflect healthcare utilization.Wider Implications Of the Findings: Universal access to treatment and, particularly, SET results in an overall reduction of adverse outcomes among children conceived with treatment; however, children of parents with infertility are at a slightly higher risk, regardless of treatment.Study Funding/competing Interest(s): This study was funded by the Canadian Institutes for Health Research (CIHR, grant no. 123362). No competing interests.Trial Registration Number: N/A. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]