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Throughout the nineteenth century, federal Indian policy oscillated between two extreme positions: assimilation versus isolation. While scholars have often been interested in the impact of past federal policy on current levels of economic development among American Indian tribes, none have explicitly examined the influence of federal assimilation policy on long-run economic development. In this paper, I take advantage of tribal-level variation in the application of federal policies to estimate the effect of assimilation on long-run economic performance. To quantify the impact of such policies, I introduce a novel measure of cultural assimilation: the prevalence of traditional indigenous names relative to common American first names. To calculate the distribution of name types, I have gathered the names and locations for all American Indians enumerated in the 1900 United States census. After classifying each name, I calculated the reservation-specific share of non-indigenous names. I estimate the relationship between cultural assimilation in 1900 and per capita income from 1970 through 2020. I find that historical levels of assimilation are consistently associated with higher levels of per capita income in all census years. The results are robust to the inclusion of a variety of cultural and institutional controls and regional fixed effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims at exploring the issues of third space, hybridity, and the identity crisis of Pakistani people gvivil in the West, especially in the United States of America, in light of the analysis of Mohsin Hamid's The Reluctant Fundamentalist. s'vHbaHB iK imoH vreiHsbHi eHi vcrHo i eH ioHKeeiHioerHioHi eHi esceiv igHbci'e scaHisHiiig oeHi eHiedi Ha According to the study of Mohsin Hamid's The Reluctant Fundamentalist, the greatest hindrance to natural and mutually beneficial connections across many nations and cultures is American society's hatred and lack of acceptance for individuals from other cultures. Moreover, the study underscores the stark truth that Pakistani citizens, notwithstanding their sincere efforts, ultimately find themselves trapped in a liminal space that exists between their native culture and the host culture, rendering those aliens in both. This heightened degree of alienation is manifested in the characters' hardships, which illustrate the enormous obstacles they face when attempting to assimilate into a culture that frequently sustains feelings of estrangement and exclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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An Optimality Theoretic approach to assimilation is proposed where all assimilation processes result from the interaction of a single syntagmatic markedness constraint that requires sequences of sounds to AGREE in all feature specifications with a variety of faithfulness constraints that seek to IDENT input feature specifications. Assimilation or the lack of it is the residue of AGREE after satisfaction of higher ranked IDENT constraints. AGREE is analyzed as a single gradient constraint rather than a set of categorical constraints each obligating agreement in a specific feature. The study concludes that a gradient interpretation of AGREE is theoretically appropriate since it meets the general principle of economy in the structure of our language faculty and also supports the general move towards convergence rather than divergence in linguistic analysis. The outcomes of the study also prove to be practically appropriate in handling various assimilation processes from different languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Special Treatment / Különleges Bánásmód is the property of University of Debrecen and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article responds to a proposal on de-assimilation and argues that the concept of assimilation is complex and that the label of de-assimilation is applied too broadly. It suggests that assimilation does not always mean a complete break with one's previous culture and questions whether the interest in Jewish culture in Poland is truly de-assimilation or simply a manifestation of what was always there. The article concludes that de-assimilation should not be assumed for all people of Jewish descent and that the changes seen in Poland involve creating new minority communities rather than breaking ties with the majority society. The text also emphasizes the need for comprehensive research on the topic, including the impact of identity changes on individuals and communities. [Extracted from the article]

After the 1968 emigration, very few Jews remained in Poland, and even more miniscule was the number of "Jewish Jews." Since then the number has grown somewhat, and much of it is due to the process of de-assimilation; i.e., some people with Jewish ancestors raised in completely Polonized families began to recover, reclaim, and readapt their Jewish background. An analysis of this phenomenon is offered with a series of putative reasons for its occurrence. The individuals constituting the "products" of de-assimilation are the majority of Polish Jews today and form much of the current leadership. While individuals everywhere can strengthen their ties to the Jewish people and can experience teshuvah or another kind of "Judaization," the process of de-assimilation does not seem to be reducible to those moves. It begins with no Jewish identity, and is highly dependent on the attitudes and cultural trends in the majority society. It does not remove the de-assimilationists from the majority culture. The phenomenon is general and deserves to be studied as a sociological mechanism working in other cases of assimilation to a majority culture. In the Jewish case, it is especially dramatic. Probably the first example can be found in the evolution of the Marrano communities settled in Holland. The presence of de-assimilation seems to differentiate some European, first of all East European, communities from the globally dominant American and Israeli ones. Probably this rather new concept is needed to describe a significant part of the world of the Jews of twenty-first century Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article critically examines Krajewski's (in this issue of Contemp Jewry) argument about the assimilation and subsequent de-assimilation of the Jewish population in Poland. While Krajewski asserts that Polish Jews underwent a process of assimilation followed by a revival of their cultural and religious practices, the authors argue that the term "de-assimilation" is not applicable in this context. They propose that post-war Polish Jews consciously chose to embrace a secular identity rather than a religious one, keeping their Jewish life private. This secular identity, characterized by interests in secular Jewish culture, learning, and social justice, as well as maintaining specific distinctive habits, remained dominant even after 1989. The authors also compare this process to the experiences of Spanish and Portuguese conversos, who returned to Judaism but retained syncretic identities. They emphasize the importance of understanding the complex nature of Jewish identity and involvement, highlighting the significance of secular and cultural practices among Polish Jews. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As most studies focus on the outcomes of multiculturalism, assimilation and colourblindness (MAC) for students, little is known about why schools vary in the diversity approaches that they adopt and the role of the teacher in this process. This study explores how teachers implement MAC diversity approaches and what drives them in doing so. Based on a cluster analysis of 38 schools, three extreme cases were selected that either valued (multiculturalism), rejected (assimilation) or ignored (colourblindness) ethnic diversity. In these schools observations and in-depth interviews were conducted with 39 teachers, 23 students and 3 headteachers. Our results indicate that teachers varied in their implementation of MAC diversity approaches according to four diversity domains: 1) multilingualism, 2) religious diversity, 3) ethnic discrimination and 4) diversity curriculum. Teachers' beliefs and attitudes (individual-level) and their preconditions for teaching (micro-level) appeared as the most important motivators for adopting a particular diversity approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the number of American students achieving bachelor's degrees soaring, the gap between the most and least successful ethnic groups is becoming more pronounced. Among the lowest achieving groups are Tongan-Americans. This study uses Kramer's (2011) multilevel model of volunteer assimilation as a theoretical framework to investigate how multiple and overlapping group memberships influence Tongan-American students as they progress from organizational entry to metamorphosis, or premature exit. The findings of this constant comparative analysis suggest that Tongan-American students' multiple memberships are both complementary, increasing the likelihood of degree achievement, and contradictory, decreasing the likelihood of degree achievement. These complementary and competing memberships affect students' achievement of full membership in institutions of higher education. Implications for universities seeking to assist Tongan-American students, parents of Tongan-American students, and for Tongan-American students are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that Aboriginal children's engagement with education in the central Australian region of the Northern Territory in the mid-twentieth century can be understood as strategic engagements with formal western education systems and assimilation policies. It addresses a methodological problem stemming from a project that focuses on the work of the Finke River Mission (FRM) and its head missionary Friedrich Wilhelm Albrecht who, during the 1950s and 1960s, initiated an education scheme that targeted 'half-caste' Indigenous girls living on pastoral stations in central Australia. The scheme demonstrates the key concern of this special issue in that it is an example of the entanglements of transnational forces with local expressions of Indigenous education in Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research explores the educational participation, cultural identification, and linguistic practices of Middle Eastern refugee youth in Vancouver, Canada. Twenty refugee youth aged 15 to 30 participated in this critical ethnography that provided new information about the impacts of pre- and post-migration experiences on their educational attainment, language, and identity construction. Evidence reported here indicates that refugee youth are subject to institutional challenges in both their home and host countries. The youth experienced educational assimilation, biased curriculum, and language discrimination with devastating impacts on their educational participation and overall well-being. In response, this study indicates that young people resist assimilation and racism in educational and wider social settings. This study further suggests that refugee youths' educational experiences, linguistic practices, self-identification, and well-being should be examined in relation to their pre- and post-migration experiences, and the dominant meta-narratives of their home and host countries (e.g., nationalism). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Of the BaM respondents in a relation, no less than a quarter is in a mixed union. We still know very little about the non-migrant partner in unions with a partner with a migration background, including their propensity to adopt the cultural practices of their partner, and their propensity to reach out and embrace ethnic diversity more generally. The growth of intimate relationships between people with and without a migration background in majority minority cities in Europe provides an opportunity to explore the attitudes and experiences of non-migrant individuals in interethnic unions, and what such unions may portend for the wider society. This article makes a critical contribution to the general debate on the assimilation paradigm, which predicts 'a whitening' of norms and practices in mixed unions. We will use the BaM data to investigate the potential bi-directional effect of being in a mixed union. Does a mixed union, as assimilation scholars argue, primarily have a whitening impact on the minority partner, or is there also a potential diversifying impact upon the other partner? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We address an apparent discrepancy in the literature on how context stimuli influence evaluations of target stimuli. While a rich literature suggests that target evaluations are often contrasted away from the valence of context stimuli, reported effects of evaluative conditioning (EC) are almost exclusively assimilative. Specifically, when a neutral conditioned stimulus (CS) repeatedly co-occurs with a positive unconditioned stimulus (US), the CS is later evaluated more positively. Contrast effects from mere co-occurrences are absent in the EC literature. We hypothesized that this can be explained by the stimulus composition in EC tasks, which usually depict different objects as target (CS) and context (US). In 10 experiments, we confirmed that when target and context stimuli depict different objects, assimilation clearly dominates. Yet, when target and context depict stimuli from the same object class, contrast effects become dominant. These contrast effects are invisible in standard EC tasks because CSs are contrasted with all positive and negative USs of a given stimulus set. The present work thereby identifies a central determinant of the direction that evaluative context and conditioning effects take. While different-object contexts evoke assimilation, same-object contexts increase the likelihood of contrastive evaluations. We discuss the various theoretical and practical implications of our findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dialogue: Canadian Philosophical Review is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The 'Asian Visits Fund' was the Australian Government's first Cold War people-to-people public diplomacy programme. Standing in the Fund's way was Australia's racially restrictive immigration programme. A central feature of the scheme, therefore, was to present a vision of a non-racial Australia through the new national ideology of Assimilation. The treatment of indigenous Australians was showcased as one way to highlight Assimilation and debunk broader claims of racism. Ultimately, however, the Asian Visits Fund was unable to alter the negative perception of Australia's immigration policy. It was the last major initiative aimed at selling the unsellable 'White Australia Policy'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout the 1880s and 1890s, two First Nations groups—the Chippewa of the Thames and the Six Nations of the Grand River—attempted to evict two other First Nations groups—the Munsee of the Thames and the Mississauga of the Credit—from the Thames and Grand River reserves in southern Ontario. These land disputes were successfully resolved by the turn of the twentieth century and no evictions did take place, but the 20 years of conflict are revealing of the complexities, contingencies, and evolutions of dispossession in Canada over the nineteenth century. This article presents a narrative of these attempted evictions and proposes the concept of "compound dispossession" as a means of grappling with these complexities. It is argued that compound dispossession not only captures the snowballing complications of historical dispossessions over time, but also captures the imbrication of multiple disparate trajectories of dispossession as the pressures of settler land hunger and encroachments on Indigenous sovereignty in the late nineteenth century bore down on four neighbouring First Nations groups simultaneously. Rather than interpreting these conflicts through a binary of assimilation/resistance, compound dispossession suggests the pervasiveness of dispossession as a discourse and the agency of dispossession as an adaptation to the unfolding settler-colonial paradigm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the Ukrainian society's historical context, with a specific focus on the profound influence exerted by the Russian Empire and the USSR on the development of Ukrainian language and culture -- an integral facet of the nation-building process. It seeks to shed light on the resurgence of Ukrainian national and cultural identity during the Russian Empire's dominion, as well as the concurrent emergence of the modern Ukrainian nation and the formation of a Ukrainian state during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The central objective of the article is to delve into the motivations driving the Russian Empire's vehement opposition to the Ukrainian language's existence and to elucidate the nature of its imperial policies vis-à-vis Ukrainian language and culture. In pursuit of these research objectives, the author draws upon the scholarly insights of notable figures in the field. Specifically, the analysis is informed by Benedict Anderson's seminal work on the significance of national languages in the construction of modern nations as «imagined communities». Additionally, the conceptual framework incorporates Anthony Smith's theory of «ethnocide», which provides a lens through which to examine the imperial policies discussed. Furthermore, the article makes use of Francis Fukuyama's concept of «resentment » and the dynamics of identity politics within marginalized groups, offering a contemporary perspective that enriches the examination of historical events and their consequences. The article's scholarly innovation lies in its introduction of the term «ethnocide » to augment the analysis of the Russian Empire's national policies towards Ukrainians. The incorporation of this term enables a focused examination of the distinctive characteristics of imperial policies, which were oriented toward the deliberate destruction of Ukrainians as an ethnocultural community. Furthermore, the research breaks new ground by elucidating the adverse repercussions of the ethnocide policies on the Russian Empire itself. The primary catalyst for the Russian Empire's rejection of the Ukrainian language and nation was rooted in the overarching ideology of the «Great Empire». This concept, propagated by Russian imperial scholars for political expediency, posited Russia as the legitimate heir to Kyivan Rus. However, the Ukrainian language and culture posed a direct challenge to Russia's unfounded claims to Kyiv's historical and cultural heritage. Consequently, Russia embarked on a campaign to undermine Ukrainian cultural and linguistic identity, aligning with the ethnocide concept. Despite the empire's efforts to modernize ethnic communities and assimilate them into a broader Russian identity, it failed to eradicate Ukrainians as an ethnocultural group. The escalating suppression of the Ukrainian language only served to galvanize Ukrainians in asserting their dignity. National humiliation, coupled with social and economic exploitation, gave rise to a burgeoning national liberation movement among Ukrainians. The Russian Empire's stringent measures against the Ukrainian language, including restrictions on education and a dearth of Ukrainian-language schools, hindered its modernization efforts, causing it to lag behind European nations. As World War I loomed on the horizon, intensifying national conflicts within the empire posed an internal threat and favored hostile foreign powers. The empire's inability to adapt, compromise, and its escalating constraints on language policies transformed the Ukrainian language challenge into a severe predicament for the empire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There seems to be confusion in the data presented by some authors (see Onuora, 2012; Emenanjo, 1991; Ngoesi, 2000; Omozuwa, 2021) in explaining elision and assimilation in Igbo; as similar items are presented as assimilation on one hand, and as elision on the other hand. While Onuora (2012); Emenanjo (1991); and Ngoesi (2000) claim that the vowels are first completely assimilated before they are elided, Omozuwa (2021) does not see any assimilation in them; for him, they are all cases of elision. This aroused the researchers' curiosity, leading to the investigation of vowel elision and assimilation in Igbo through oral data and data from these authors. The study uses perceptual, acoustic and theoretical analysis to study the duration of the vowels in order to clarify the contentious issue. The findings reveal that apart from a few instances of diachronic elision, all the vowels analysed as elided in the studies are only assimilated; not elided. They are instances of complete vowel assimilation where the phonetic features of one vowel are completely assimilated by another vowel, making the vowels to be identical. Such identical vowels align with theoretical analysis as instances of assimilation, they are perceptually longer in length than their single counterparts, and they clearly show that their duration, whether they bear same or different tones, is approximately double the duration of a single vowel of same acoustic features. Also, the study does not confirm earlier claims that elision and assimilation in Igbo occur only in fast, casual speech; instead, it shows them to also occur in normal free flow speech. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although Christian migrant groups make up a sizeable part of the immigrant population in Europe, little is known about their religiosity. This paper studies patterns of intergenerational change and proposes and tests hypotheses that specify when and why changes across generations are stronger. Using data from the European Social Survey (2002–2018) on 33 European countries, it is found that there is a strong pattern of intergenerational decline in the level of religiosity among Christian migrant groups in Europe. This process of religious decline is by no means universal. Results show that children from two foreign-born parents are much more religious than children from intermarried (foreign-born and native) couples. We also observe that intergenerational decline is much less pronounced in European countries that are more religious. Finally, when Christian migrant groups belong to a religious minority group, this is associated with higher levels of religiosity in both the first and second generation. It is argued that these insights can explain the 'puzzling' strong intergenerational religious transmission among Muslim migrant groups in Western European societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the unique Survey of Foreigner Residents in China from 2018 to 2019, this study examines the assimilation of international migrants in China by considering how migrants' intention to assimilate and perceptions of local control affect their behavior, which in turn affects their assimilation outcomes. The main behavior upon which we focus on is the formation of a host social network. Regression analyses and formal mediation analyses are performed to explore how intention and perceived control serve as motivators or barriers that facilitate or restrict international migrants' acculturation and structural assimilation via host social network formation or other behaviors. Our results show that migrants' intention to assimilate has significant effects on their acculturation and structural assimilation outcomes via the establishment of a host social network and via other behaviors. As a result, it has a strong total impact on migrants' assimilation outcomes, as tested with a formal Sobel test. Migrants' perceptions of local control, in contrast, have negative direct effects on both acculturation and structural assimilation, but no significant indirect effects are identified, which suggests that perceived local control may not affect migrants' formation of a host social network but may influence other behaviors. From the Sobel test, we find no evidence of total effects from the perceptions of local control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay looks at four little-known texts that represent a number of disagreements among Native American people educated in the American schools in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. A close reading of these texts by Henry Roe Cloud, Dennison Wheelock, Elizabeth Bender Cloud, and Louisa La Chapelle Wheelock provides an opportunity to enrich and complicate our understanding of the thought of the Native intellectuals generally called "Red Progressives." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As public attitudes toward gender roles in Western societies become increasingly liberal, Muslim immigrants and their children in Europe are regarded as conservative and unassimilated. This study treats acculturation as a process by which immigrants and their children shift from the attitude distribution in their origin country to that of their settlement country, and distinguishes the influence of Islam and origin-country gender norms on Muslim immigrants' and their children's gender role attitudes. Using data on gender role attitudes from 32 European settlement countries and 98 origin countries, the study models the relative influence of origin and settlement contexts on 25,220 first- and second-generation immigrants in Europe. Similar to previous studies, this study finds that Muslim immigrants have more traditional gender role attitudes than non-Muslim immigrants when controlling for the effect of origin-country gender norms. However, there is no evidence that Muslims are more attached to their origin country's gender norms than non-Muslims. Instead, Muslim immigrants' attitudes about gender norms are more similar to those in the settlement society than those of non-Muslim immigrants: Unlike their foreign-born parents, second-generation Muslims are as liberal as non-Muslim populations. Taken together, these results suggest that second-generation Muslims are adopting mainstream European gender norms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the cultural implications of the assimilation of Hong Kong movie production in the process of China–Hong Kong coproductions. Local Hong Kong cultural products tend to be stripped of their local characteristics to cater to the Chinese market when prosperous businesses become based in China. Moreover, distinctive cultural resources in the Hong Kong movie industry, such as techniques, professionals, and intellectual property (IP), are assimilated and coopted by China's cultural industry to ensure the success of its future development. This assimilation may result in cultural conflict, which was indicated by the reaction of Hong Kong audiences to China's embezzlement of their cultural products. This study analyzes three animated movies in the McDull series through focus group interviews with movie investors and audiences in Hong Kong and China. The findings show that assimilation driven by economic factors induces negative sentiment in Hong Kong audiences as they witness the assimilation of their nostalgic icons. Based on these findings, the ramifications of such assimilation for cultural dynamics are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay encourages critics to take a new look at what "home" is and means in James Welch's novel The Heartsong of Charging Elk (2000). It argues that home should be critiqued less for its geographic place in the historical transatlantic world of the novel, and more for the domestic processes that give it meaning and structure. Indeed, home in Heartsong is more the stuff of "who" and "how" than it is of "where." The ways in which Charging Elk fails and succeeds in making a home for himself on two continents during the assimilation era depend not so much on where he is, but in large part on the company he keeps and how he keeps it. Scott Richard Lyons's metaphor of the x-mark and Amy Kaplan's concept of manifest domesticity inform a reading that explores home in Heartsong as a domestic and domesticated space constructed for and by Charging Elk. Subject and object to domestication, Charging Elk manages the oppressive political realities and social currents over which he has little charge but some command as he attempts to build a life and home for himself in France. Never exclusively one thing or another or easily and neatly bifurcated, home in Heartsong is a primary site in the struggle against US imperialism for control of Indigenous lives in the United States and abroad during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Events such as Brexit have drawn attention to the precarity of contemporary migrants' settlement rights and reopened the debate on the nature of integration and assimilation processes. Drawing on participant observation and interviews with Italian and Bulgarian migrants in Brexit Britain, this article develops a novel approach for understanding migrants' changing relationships with their countries of settlement and their current and future practices. This approach builds on the sociology of emotions, which it extends to migration and diversity with a transnational sensibility. The approach is then applied to explain the different displays of emotion undertaken by our participants and their consequences. Overall, the article develops a new way to examine the subjective experiences of integration at times of change that is capable of offering important insights into the emotional costs of the neo-assimilationist climate characterising several western societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the fields of gender studies and anthropology, this interdisciplinary study analyzes the racist experiences lived by immigrant Latin American women in Spain, which influence the adherence of the subjects to cultural assimilation techniques. Assimilation is an acculturation strategy where individuals reject the culture of origin in an attempt to fully incorporate themselves into the culture of the host society. Rejecting the Latin American culture through practices and discourses is a way of protecting oneself against the systematic racism experienced in the European territory, as well as a way of getting closer to the white privilege of natives. The methodology used has been qualitative through an intersectional analysis with a gender perspective of semi-structured individual interviews carried out with ten Latin American women immigrants in Spain. In conclusion, on one hand, it is verified that the integration discourses produced by the European institutions have been incorporated by the immigrant subjects, often being interpreted as a duty of assimilation or adaptation that would imply the rejection of the culture of origin. On the other hand, it is also recognized that, simultaneously, women put into action multiple processes of agency and empowerment during their migration journeys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Τhis paper studies online narrative texts, which, despite their declared antiracist stance, reproduce racist positionings against migrants. Based on the broader framework of Critical Discourse Analysis, our main research question concerns the ways racist and antiracist positionings coexist. To this end, we employ an enriched version of Bamberg's tripartite model which distinguishes the micro-levels of narrative world and narrative interaction, from which the positionings towards the discourses of the macro-level, in the present case the national discourse, emerge. A common feature of the media narratives under study is the ambiguity between an antiracist reading and a motile racist one. In these readings the denοuncement of majority instances of illiberal/frozen racism coexist with the representation of migrants as people largely assimilated to the majority context. Due to this coexistence, such texts become vehicles of liquid racism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asian Americans' incorporation into American society is structured by interactions with a racial hierarchy that presents greater barriers for some ethnic groups more than others. The racialized assimilation framework predicts that experiences of discrimination shape incorporation into US society. This study investigates the impact of discrimination on the importance placed on three identities—racial, ethnic, American identity—relative to indicators of structural assimilation. Using the post-election wave of the 2016 National Asian American Survey (N = 3923), we estimate multivariable models to explore the centrality of racial, ethnic, and American identity among an ethnically diverse sample of Asian Americans. Regardless of ethnic group, a large majority deem American as a central identity, with greater variation in race and ethnicity centrality. Discriminatory encounters increased centrality of racial and American identity; meanwhile, educational attainment drives down the centrality of racial identity, though exerting no impact on American identity centrality. Ethnicity moderates these relationships as discrimination enhances racial identity centrality for Koreans, Indians, and Japanese but drives down racial centrality for Chinese adults. Findings reveal that racialized encounters are a distinctive component of the assimilation process resulting in variable expressions of identity among Asian Americans, revealing identity variation across Asian American ethnic groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines identity formations and negotiations among Indo-Europeans, and senses of 'race' in the postcolonial Netherlands. We do so by analysing daily practices of 'being', 'feeling' and 'doing' identities by second- and third-generation Indo-Europeans in the North-Eastern Netherlands. The paper contributes to 'mixed-race' literature by highlighting new, underexplored contexts in which 'mixed-race' identities are negotiated. We focus on practices, relations and transmissions across two generations and changing contexts within the Netherlands. Drawing on life story interviews, the narratives reveal how participants' identities are politically and historically contingent, shaped by larger structures of racialized violence Indo-Europeans experienced in both the Dutch East Indies and the Netherlands. Identities are navigated in various ways with divergences and negotiations between self-identification, social imposition and familial and biological narrative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Historia is the property of Historical Association of South Africa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We use the predatory theory of the state to explain China's violent assimilationist campaign targeting the Uyghurs, a predominantly Muslim minority group in China that constitutes a population majority in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. Our analysis suggests that growing political centralization under the leadership of President Xi Jinping, combined with technological changes that reduced the costs of implementing predatory policing in Xinjiang and elevated the perceived economic benefits from integration, contributed to the choice of destructive cultural assimilation rather than respect for the rights and autonomy of Uyghurs in Xinjiang. While the economics literature sometimes describes the political economy of China's growth miracle as the byproduct of a constrained Leviathan, the present paper shows that a predatory theory of the state is more useful for understanding how a cultural genocide can occur alongside economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although assimilation theories acknowledge that the host society adopts aspects of migrant culture, empirical work continues to focus on the assimilation trajectories of immigrants. This study represents the first effort to investigate, on a national level, whether Asians and Hispanics exert a cultural influence on local populations. We assess this possibility by using ethnic restaurants – both national chain and local establishments – as a test case. County-level data is pooled from the decennial U.S. Census, the American Community Survey, the Economic Research Service, the Voting and Elections Collection from CQ Press, and Reference U.S.A. to investigate the association of interest; Nielsen Marketing data is used to further supplement analyses. Results indicate that Asians and Hispanics may indeed influence local community expressions of culture – both in terms of restaurant availability and the extent to which those outside of the co-ethnic community engage in restaurant ownership. Moreover, we find compelling evidence that assimilation may be stronger in locations with advantaged majority populations. In combination, this manuscript offers innovative theoretical perspectives as well as preliminary evidence to suggest assimilation is indeed a multidirectional process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building on perspectives on triadic group relations and status hierarchies, we predicted that Americans would be more likely to expect immigrants from a perceived low-status rather than high-status country of origin to assimilate to the U.S. mainstream culture and that ethnocentrism would mediate this effect (N = 2,246). Using 60 countries/areas as targets, Study 1 showed that perceived country status negatively predicted assimilation expectations for immigrants from that country. In Studies 2 through 3, participants were exposed to a news article which emphasized China's shortcomings, achievements, or status-irrelevant attributes. In Studies 4 through 7, including one preregistered study, participants were presented with a portrayal of a fictitious country with high (or intermediate) or low status. Compared with high-status (or intermediate status) conditions, American participants were more likely to expect immigrants from a low-status country to assimilate to the United States, and ethnocentrism (causally) mediated these effects even when alternative mediators were controlled. Moreover, assimilation expectations mediated the effect of country status on a tendency to Anglicize a new immigrant's name. A meta-analysis supported a significant effect of country status on assimilation expectations, and a mega-analysis verified the mediating role of ethnocentrism. This research reveals a status bias toward immigrants, broadening our views on how international relations affect domestic relations, highlighting the importance and malleability of ethnocentrism. The generalizability of current American findings to other countries is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article summarizes the problem of mutual relationships between Ukrainian and Jewish elites in Ukraine during the 19th and early 20th centuries on the conceptual level. It explains why Ukrainian and Jewish national movements did not find a beneficial compromise in Ukraine. The article presents the views of leading Ukrainian political thinkers such as Panteleimon Kulish, Mykhailo Hrushevskyi, Mykola Mikhnovskyi and others toward the Jewish question and prospects for Ukrainian-Jewish Cooperation in Ukraine. Authors trace the assimilation problem that Jewish intellectuals faced after their introduction into the Russian and Ukrainian cultures and accession into political organizations. They also draw parallels between Zionism and the Ukrainian national movement. In conclusion, the article emphasizes the importance of a mutually beneficial and transparent Ukrainian-Jewish dialogue, considering the prior positive experience of cooperation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explore identity formation among adolescents, using the first wave of the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study in Norway (CILS-NOR). The results show that immigrant origin youth gradually adopt a stronger self-identity as Norwegians, regardless of regional origins and religious affiliation. However, while adolescents of European immigrant origin report that others see them as being even more "Norwegian" than they identify themselves, children of immigrants from Africa and Asia report that others see them as being far less "Norwegian" than how they identify themselves. Non-recognized national identity – the product of an asymmetrical relationship between self-identity and ascription – is most common among well-established minority groups, and we show that both ethno-racial origins and religious affiliation are major hurdles for acceptance. Ethnic identities associated with the parental homeland, which are closely related to religion, are more stable, and only very weakly related to the formation of a national identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The popularity of the piano in China grew steadily through the 1980s. Many popular piano tutor books in today’s China stem from the Western world, and they are often several decades old, but re-published in Chinese versions. However, their use exposes significant cultural differences between the West and China. In this article, I will first introduce some historical commentary on the piano and piano pedagogy in China to provide a general background. Then, I will discuss several obstacles to the transmission of piano techniques and interpretation, including issues concerning cultural literacy, the conceptual space between Western metaphoricalkinaesthetic teaching methods and Chinese direct verbal instruction, and the difficulties posed by translation. Finally, some discussion of orientalism, prejudice and assimilation will be presented to explore the power relations and ideology that may lie behind these difficulties in transmission. Western piano tutor books used in China, particularly those originating in the midtwentieth century, often feature stylised oriental elements in an attempt to introduce diverse musics from different parts of the world. Yet the accompanying descriptions indicate that this introduces explicit and implicit prejudice, and in ways that (ironically) infect even some piano tutor books written by Chinese musicians, thus unwittingly extending and naturalising a system of global cultural hegemony. When we consider that these are beginner tutor books used by children of primary school age, the longterm effects of this musical orientalism come into focus: although superficially China has striven toward cultural autonomy, thanks to these teaching materials, Western hegemonic views of Chinese music may remain current and are indeed internalised by Chinese musicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, scholars have been increasingly interested in analysing immigrants' religiosity in Europe. In this article, we provide evidence about how the patterns of religious transmission are shaped by religious characteristics of both the origin and receiving contexts. We do so by focusing on Italy, which is both an almost homogeneously Catholic country and a fairly recent immigration destination, and by analysing three different dimensions of religiosity: service attendance, prayer and importance of religion. By relying on the "Social conditions and integration of foreign citizens" survey (ISTAT, 2011-2012), we fill an important theoretical and geographical gap by analysing differences in religiosity between parents and children. We claim that immigrant groups who share many characteristics with the natives tend to assimilate by adopting the same patterns of transmission (for example, Romanians in Italy). In contrast, immigrants who come from very different religious contexts, such as the Muslim Moroccan group, strongly react to this diversity by emphasising the transmission of their own religiosity. If, instead, immigrants come from a very secular country, such as Albania, they also tend to replicate this feature in the receiving countries, thus progressively weakening their religiosity and also their denominational differences. Overall, it is the interplay between origin and destination context which matters the most in shaping the patterns of religious transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The assimilation theories that have been the dominant approach in U.S. sociology for studying the experience of migrants and their children in the United States are based on a paradigm centering on ethnic relations and assimilation as a process of incorporating into the "majority society." In this article, the author discusses the central arguments of the contemporary versions of these theories in light of the main critiques of them, particularly those formulated from a paradigm centering on "race" relations, reproaching them for not taking seriously into account the determinant role of racialization and structural racism in the lives of migrants and their descendants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses particular essays and short stories written by Josip Novakovich, dealing with identity construction in the context of migration of individuals causedby the war. Since the concept of migration is closely tied to issues such as assimilation perspective and cultural bereavement, identity formation is considered as fluid, dynamic, vibrant and hybrid. Novakovich’s characters show great variety in adapting to new places and cultures and the feelings of loneliness, nostalgia and suppressed memories play an important role in their embracing the new way of life in diaspora. The analysis of main characters in short stories “Spleen” and “Hats and Veils” show that richness of diversities in multicultural and globalized societies can help an individual integrate into the society, but at the same time, they can also emphasize vulnerability of an individual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This paper estimates the effect of immigrant networks on education of school-age Salvadoran immigrants in the United States. • Salvadoran immigrants exposed to a larger network complete fewer years of schooling after arriving to the United States. • Immigrants may face a distorted trade-off between studying and working when exposed to large immigrant networks. • Young immigrants may decide to not go to school if they are exposed to a network that offers them low-skill jobs. This paper estimates the effect of immigrant networks on the education of school-age Salvadoran immigrants in the United States. I construct an instrument for the network size in the U.S. using previous settlement patterns and municipality-level push factors in El Salvador such as crime, agricultural land use, and economic development. I find that Salvadoran immigrants lose half a year of education when their network size exogenously increases by 1 standard deviation (4.7% decrease). Causal links between the education decisions of immigrants and their network may partly explain the low level of education attained by new young immigrants. Immigrants with more education may assimilate better into their host countries and contribute to their economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]