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The depressor anguli oris (DAO) muscle is a thin, superficial muscle located below the corner of the mouth. It is the target for botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) injection therapy, aimed at treating drooping mouth corners. Hyperactivity of the DAO muscle can lead to a sad, tired, or angry appearance in some patients. However, it is difficult to inject BoNT into the DAO muscle because its medial border overlaps with the depressor labii inferioris and its lateral border is adjacent to the risorius, zygomaticus major, and platysma muscles. Moreover, a lack of knowledge of the anatomy of the DAO muscle and the properties of BoNT can lead to side effects, such as asymmetrical smiles. Anatomical-based injection sites were provided for the DAO muscle, and the proper injection technique was reviewed. We proposed optimal injection sites based on the external anatomical landmarks of the face. The aim of these guidelines is to standardize the procedure and maximize the effects of BoNT injections while minimizing adverse events, all by reducing the dose unit and injection points. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detailed extraparenhymal renal hilar dissection was performed on 110 fixed cadaveric kidneys (60 from male cadavers and 50 from female cadavers). We analyzed the number of renal arteries, angles between renal arteries and abdominal aorta, length and diameter of the renal arteries. Multiple renal arteries were present in 20.9% of cases, with a slightly higher incidence on the right side (21.8%: 20.0%). The angle between the aorta and the RRA varied from 30° to 100° with a mean of 64.1°, while the angle between the abdominal aorta and the LRA was 40° to 115°, with a mean of 67.3°. The external caliber of the RRA at the point of origin from the abdominal aorta was 5 mm to 9.1 mm, with a mean of 6.8 mm. The same caliber of the LRA was 3.7 to 9.6 mm with a mean of 7.0 mm. The average length of the renal artery from the point of origin from the abdominal aorta to the branching point was 36.2 mm for the right renal artery and 30.7 mm for the left renal artery. The average length of the renal artery from the point of origin from the abdominal aorta to the renal hilum was 65.1 mm for the right one and 54.7 mm for the left one. Knowledge of the number of renal arteries, their mode of entry into the kidney, the angles they build with the abdominal aorta, their diameter and length has practical applications in interventional radiology and surgery of the kidney and its environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the precise localization and course of parotid duct based on morphometric data obtained by measurements regarding several superficial landmarks and lines. Totally, 46 parotid ducts of 24 formalin-fixed adult amputated heads (12 female and 12 male) aged between 45 and 92 years, present in the collection of Anatomy Department, School of Medicine, Mersin University, were evaluated. First, three reference lines were defined: L1: between intertragic notch and labial commissure, L2: between intertragic notch and nasal wing, and L3: between intertragic notch and lateral palpebral commissure. The location of the parotid duct with respect to these lines were recorded. In all sides, parotid duct was detected in the middle 1/3 of L1. In 71.7% of all hemifaces, the parotid duct was making an upward curve around L1. Its proximal end exiting from the anterior border of the parotid gland was 12.34 ± 28.83 mm below the proximal 1/3 point of L1. Then, it was crossing L1 at a point with a mean distance of 53.90 ± 9.69 mm from the labial commissure where it is almost at L1 midpoint. Its distal end was located 9.61 ± 2.88 mm above the distal 1/3 point of L1. In 21.7% of all hemifaces, PD was observed totally above L1, while the shortest distances of its proximal and distal ends to L1 were 4.35 ± 2.45 mm and 13.17 ± 4.52 mm, respectively. In 6.5% of all hemifaces, its proximal end was located just on L1, coursing upwards and terminating 11.76 ± 2.53 mm above L1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]