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Recently, we reviewed the important role of carbohydrates and lipids metabolism in different clinical aspects of multiple sclerosis (MS) disease. In the current paper, we aimed to review the contribution of amino acids and their major derivatives to different clinical outcomes of the disease, including etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. In this line, Thr (threonine), Phe (phenylalanine), Glu (glutamate), Trp (tryptophan), and Sero (serotonin) are the main examples of biomolecules that have been suggested for MS therapy. It has been concluded that different amino acids and their derivatives might be considered prominent tools for the clinical management of MS disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice seeds of different varieties exhibited distinct metabolic profiles in our study. We analyzed the metabolites in seeds of six rice varieties (CH, HM, NX, YX, HY, and MX) using non-targeted GC–MS. Our findings revealed that amino acids, sugars, and organic acids were predominant in all varieties, with significant differences observed in CH compared to the others. Specifically phenylalanine and glycine content differed notably in NX and YX, respectively. Additionally, 1,5-anhydroglucitol content in NX, and glutamate, aspartate, and lactulose in NX, YX, HM, HY, and MX were up-regulated. Due to the biological functions of these amino acids and sugars, these indicated that compared to CH, rice of NX were more conducive to metabolism of carbohydrate and fat, and healthy growth maintenance in the human body, but mightThese variations suggest that NX rice may be more beneficial for carbohydrate and fat metabolism and overall health maintenance compared to CH. However, it may not be suitable for diabetic patients. YX rice may not be an ideal glycine supplement, rice ofwhile HM, HY, and MX rice could serve as potential lactulose sources. Furthermore, NX and YX rice exhibited higher levels of main storage proteins compared to CH. This study offers valuable insights into the metabolic differences among various rice varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inoculants combining Lentilactobacillus buchneri and Lentilactobacillus hilgardii have been shown to improve the aerobic stability of high-moisture corn (HMC) and whole-plant corn silage, but the mode of action of this co-inoculation remains to be elucidated. This study used metatranscriptomics to evaluate the effects of inoculation with L. buchneri alone or combined with L. hilgardii on the bacterial community, gene expression, fermentation profile, and starch digestibility in HMC. High-moisture corn not inoculated (Control) or inoculated with L. buchneri NCIMB 40788 (LB) or L. buchneri NCIMB 40788 combined with L. hilgardii CNCM-I-4785 (Combo) was ensiled in mini silo bags for 30, 60, 120, and 180 days. The fermentation profile was evaluated at all time points. Metatranscriptomics was performed on samples collected on day 120. Combo had a greater alpha diversity richness index of contigs than LB and Control, and inoculation with Combo and LB modified the beta-diversity of contigs compared to Control. Out of 69 genes of interest, 20 were differentially expressed in LB compared to Control and 25 in Combo compared to Control. Of those differently expressed genes, 16 (10 of which were associated with carbohydrate metabolism and six with amino acid metabolism) were differently expressed in both LB and Combo compared to Control, and all those genes were upregulated in the inoculated silages. When we compared Combo and LB, we found seven genes expressed differently, four associated with carbohydrate metabolism and downregulated in Combo, and three associated with amino acid metabolism and upregulated in Combo. At day 120, the inoculated silages had more culturable lactic acid bacteria, higher Lactobacillus relative abundance, and lower Leuconostoc relative abundance than Control. The concentration of acetic acid remained low throughout ensiling in Control, but in LB and Combo, it increased up to day 60 and remained stable from day 60 to 180. The 1,2-propanediol was only detected in LB and Combo. Inoculation did not affect the concentration of starch, but starch digestibility was greater in Combo than in Control. Inoculation of HMC with Combo modified the gene expression and fermentation profile compared to Control and LB, improving starch digestibility compared to uninoculated HMC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effects of ascorbate (ASA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on metabolite profile was compared in wheat. Interestingly, the redox environment became more oxidized after ASA treatment and more reduced after H2O2 addition based on the ratios of oxidised and reduced ascorbate and glutathione. The excess of ASA could inhibit, while H2O2 could induce the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway producing reducing power as shown by the unchanged and decreased glucose-6-phosphate content, respectively. This different effect on glucose-6-phosphate content can also explain the reduced formation of several amino acids from the intermediate products of glycolysis after ASA treatment and their constant or greater levels after H2O2 addition. In contrast to most amino acids, the accumulation of Pro was greatly induced by ASA, and this change was fivefold greater than after H2O2 addition. This difference could also contribute to the distinct redox shifts after the two treatments, since NADPH is oxidised during Pro synthesis. The more oxidising environment after ASA treatment activated several transcripts related to the ascorbate–glutathione cycle and the pentose phosphate pathway. Our results indicate the overcompensating effect of ASA and H2O2 on the redox environment in leaf tissues and the subsequent different adjustment of metabolite profile and the related transcript levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Cancer cells usually have a short timeframe for proliferation, which favors tumor growth. Therefore, they require more energy and intermediates to sustain biosynthetic pathways that will supply all the requirements for cell division. This event is known as metabolic reprogramming and is described in all cancer types, it also being a vulnerability for therapy. However, metabolic alterations in canine mammary tumors are poorly explored. In this review, we compile the metabolic rewiring described in canine mammary tumors, which could be used as a therapeutic opportunity for treatment in veterinary oncology. Canine mammary tumors (CMTs) are among the most common diseases in female dogs and share similarities with human breast cancer, which makes these animals a model for comparative oncology studies. In these tumors, metabolic reprogramming is known as a hallmark of carcinogenesis whereby cells undergo adjustments to meet the high bioenergetic and biosynthetic demands of rapidly proliferating cells. However, such alterations are also vulnerabilities that may serve as a therapeutic strategy, which has mostly been tested in human clinical trials but is poorly explored in CMTs. In this dedicated review, we compiled the metabolic changes described for CMTs, emphasizing the metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, lipids, and mitochondrial functions. We observed key factors associated with the presence and aggressiveness of CMTs, such as an increase in glucose uptake followed by enhanced anaerobic glycolysis via the upregulation of glycolytic enzymes, changes in glutamine catabolism due to the overexpression of glutaminases, increased fatty acid oxidation, and distinct effects depending on lipid saturation, in addition to mitochondrial DNA, which is a hotspot for mutations. Therefore, more attention should be paid to this topic given that targeting metabolic fragilities could improve the outcome of CMTs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Hypsizygus marmoreus is an industrial mushroom that is widely cultivated in East Asia. Its long postripening stage before fruiting severely limits its industrialized production. Methods: Five different mycelial ripening times (30, 50, 70, 90, and 100 d) were chosen and primordia (30P, 50P, 70P, 90P, and 110P) were collected for comparative transcriptomic analyses. The corresponding substrates (30F, 50F, 70F, 90F, and 110F) were used for nutrient content and enzyme activity determination. Results: In pairwise comparisons between 110P and other primordia, a total of 1,194, 977, 773, and 697 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in 30P_110P, 50P_110P, 70P_110P, and 90P_110P, respectively. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes Genomes (KEGG) functional enrichment analyses revealed that the DEGs were mainly associated with amino acid metabolism, and lipid and carbohydrate metabolism pathways. Tyrosine, tryptophan, phenylalanine and histidine metabolism were enriched in all groups. Among the main carbon nutrients, the contents of cellulose and hemicellulose were high, and the lignin content decreased with the extension of the ripening time. Laccase had the highest activity, and acid protease activity decreased with the extension of the ripening time. Discussion: The highly enrichment for amino acid metabolic pathways in primordia reveals that these pathways are essential for fruiting body formation in H. marmoreus, and these results will provide a basis for the optimization of its cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pseudothermotoga elfii strain DSM9442 and P. elfii subsp. lettingae strain DSM14385 are hyperthermophilic bacteria. P. elfii DSM9442 is a piezophile and was isolated from a depth of over 1600 m in an oil-producing well in Africa. P. elfii subsp. lettingae is piezotolerant and was isolated from a thermophilic bioreactor fed with methanol as the sole carbon and energy source. In this study, we analyzed both strains at the genomic and transcriptomic levels, paying particular attention to changes in response to pressure increases. Transcriptomic analyses revealed common traits of adaptation to increasing hydrostatic pressure in both strains, namely, variations in transport membrane or carbohydrate metabolism, as well as species-specific adaptations such as variations in amino acid metabolism and transport for the deep P. elfii DSM9442 strain. Notably, this work highlights the central role played by the amino acid aspartate as a key intermediate of the pressure adaptation mechanisms in the deep strain P. elfii DSM9442. Our comparative genomic and transcriptomic analysis revealed a gene cluster involved in lipid metabolism that is specific to the deep strain and that was differentially expressed at high hydrostatic pressures and might, thus, be a good candidate for a piezophilic gene marker in Pseudothermotogales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orphan nuclear receptor Nur77 has been reported to be implicated in a diverse range of metabolic processes, including carbohydrate metabolism and lipid metabolism. However, the detailed mechanism of Nur77 in the regulation of metabolic pathway still needs to be further investigated. In this study, we created a global nur77 knockout zebrafish model by CRISPR/Cas9 technique, and then performed whole-organism RNA sequencing analysis in wildtype and nur77 -deficient zebrafish to dissect the genetic changes in metabolic-related pathways. We found that many genes involved in amino acid, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism changed by more than twofold. Furthermore, we revealed that nur77−/− mutant displayed increased total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG), alteration in total amino acids, as well as elevated glucose. We also demonstrated that the elevated glucose was not due to the change of glucose uptake but was likely caused by the disorder of glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and the impaired β-cell function, including downregulated insb expression, reduced β-cell mass, and suppressed insulin secretion. Importantly, we also verified that targeted expression of Nur77 in the β cells is sufficient to rescue the β-cell defects in global nur77−/− larvae zebrafish. These results provide new information about the global metabolic network that Nur77 signaling regulates, as well as the role of Nur77 in β-cell function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]