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INTRODUCTION Tobacco advertisement, promotion, and sponsorship (TAPS) in all forms influences youth smoking behaviors. TAPS exposure enhances their smoking frequency and vulnerability. A 2018 Indonesia Ministry of Health (MoH) Survey showed increased smoking prevalence among youth aged 10--18 years. Thus, our objective was to analyze the relationship between TAPS and the increased Indonesian youth smoking behavior. METHODS We conducted a secondary analysis of the Indonesian 2019 Global Youth Tobacco Survey. The sample size differed in each variable: current smokers n=3386, ever smoker n=3666, and cigarette consumption per day n=1355. We adjusted for socioeconomic and demographic variables and used logistic regression with youth smoking prevalence as the outcome and TAPS variables as the primary exposures. RESULTS The current male youth smoker prevalence was 38.3%, ever smoker was 67%, and high consumption per day smoker (≥2 cigarettes per day) was 39.1%. Youth respondents exposed to the promotion or sponsorship of cigarette products showed an increase in three smoking behaviors. In particular, when youth respondents were exposed to more than one type of cigarette promotion (AOR=1.67, 95% CI: 1.33-2.09) or noticed one type of cigarette sponsorship (AOR=2.06, 95% CI: 1.44-2.93), their odds of all three smoking behaviors (current smoker, ever smoker, and high consumption smoker) increased. CONCLUSIONS TAPS increase smoking behaviors among Indonesian youth. Therefore, to protect Indonesian youth health in the future, strategic action is needed to reduce youth smoking by banning all forms of TAPS in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Psychotic symptoms are present in a wide range of both clinical and non-clinical populations. Psychotic symptoms in adolescents often take the form of psychotic-like experiences (PLEs), which are considered a risk factor for numerous serious mental illnesses. Socioeconomic disadvantages are across rural areas, and poverty is known as the third most important risk factor of PLEs. However, there have been limited studies on PLEs which focus on populations in rural areas. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of PLEs and investigate their predictors among early adolescents living in rural areas. Method: Data from 629 early adolescents from two rural areas in Indonesia were analysed using descriptive statistics to determine the prevalence of PLEs. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to assess the predictors of PLEs. This was a school-based cross-sectional study, and data were collected using a paper questionnaire. Results: The results showed that the prevalence of PLEs among early adolescents in rural areas is 24.5%. Four significant predictors of PLEs were identified after controlling for sex: emotional problems, age, the number of caregivers in daily life, and psychological well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: As one of the world's biodiversity hotspots, Indonesia contains over 25,000 plant species, including unconventional food plants (UFPs). These plants are integral to the dietary practices of rural communities, providing essential nutrients often overlooked in modern diets. However, the use of UFP is declining, with both their dietary and cultural values being undermined. In rural West Java, this decline in UFP biodiversity coincides with public health challenges related to malnutrition. This study aims to document the diversity of UFPs used by local communities in rural West Java, assess their nutritional value, and explore their consumption practices. Methods: Data were collected using mixed methods, including interviews with 20 key informants and food frequency questionnaire administered to 107 women in three villages in the area. The nutritional compositions of documented UFPs were obtained from literature and analysis. Bivariate correlation was used to analyze the relationships between UFP consumption frequency and potential correlates. Results: The study documented 52 species of UFPs from 29 families, many of which are rich in nutritional value. About half of respondents (56%) consumed UFPs moderately (2–3 times a week). UFP consumption frequency had a strong correlation (r = 0.70) with associated knowledge (r = 0.70, p < 0.01) and a weak correlation with age (r = 0.240, p = 0.015), livestock possession (r = 0.260, p = 0.008), and family size (r = − 0.220, p = 0.02). Motivations for UFP consumption included availability as free food (33%), medicinal value (26%), nostalgic value (23%), and preferred taste (18%). Most respondents (92%) agreed that consumption has declined compared to the past, with perceived reduced availability and lack of knowledge cited as the primary reasons for the declining trend. Conclusions: UFP use is common in the study area, where local communities value these plants for their critical roles in diet, medicine, and culture. Given their significant potential to meet dietary needs, educating and raising awareness about UFPs can enhance their consumption and contribute to food and nutrition security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Tree age is introduced for global and national oil palm suitability assessment. • Other regions have lower proportion of suitable area than Southeast Asia. • Differences in industrial and smallholder oil palm are less obvious than expected. • Market factors and local policies play important role in oil palm production. Oil palm is the dominant global oil crop due to its high productivity and diversified usage in many sectors. Since the late 20th century, oil palm cultivations proliferated in Southeast Asia, West Africa, and Latin America. However, global market factors, different national and regional policies, and smallholder versus commercial planting regimes in different areas lead to significant differences in economic benefits and environmental problems from deforestation and loss of biodiversity. We investigated changes in global and national distributions against suitability and indices of tree age distribution change for industrial oil palm (IOP) and smallholder oil palm (SOP). Spatial and temporal change analyses show that: i) For most tree ages, the proportion of global oil palm planting in suitable areas was less than 50%, but the impact of temporal regimes, from possible market factors and local policies, on planting structure should not be neglected; ii) Central America, South America, and West Africa were less suitable for oil palm cultivation compared to Southeast Asia. While, as two dominant oil palm planting countries, Indonesia and Malaysia had relatively low planting suitability, with 39.23% of Indonesia's IOP, 44.85% of Indonesia's SOP, 30.90% of Malaysia's IOP and 18.77% of Malaysia's SOP in highly and most suitable intervals; iii) There exist clear differences between IOP and SOP in terms of suitability, planting structure and spatial expansion patterns; iv) Hysteresis effect exists between latecomers (countries in West Africa and Latin America) and forerunner (Indonesia and Malaysia) in terms of spatial expansion; v) The spatial expansion patterns of oil palm planting centers have obvious scale effects for both IOP and SOP, with clear inter-country and intra-country differences. This paper reinterprets the global distribution of tree age and spatial expansion pattern and recommends scientific strategies to guide site selection and planting structure that enable oil palm cultivation for sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Adaptive self-efficacy develops in each family member influenced by certain factors. Improving family self-efficacy by recognizing the influence factors is health-related behavior that can build stronger families to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic. This study examined factors that influenced family self-efficacy during the new normal era of pandemic COVID-19 in the Eastern region of Java Island, Indonesia. Material and methods. A cross-sectional study was performed among 347 families. A self-administered questionnaire was used to measure sociodemographic data, the risk for COVID-19, personal risk for COVID-19, a family of APGAR, Spirituality, and self-efficacy. The logistic regression analysis determined the factors that influenced the family self-efficacy during the new normal era of pandemic COVID-19. Results. There was a significant correlation between risk for COVID-19, a personal risk factor for COVID-19, a family of APGAR, Spirituality, and family self-efficacy (p<0.05). Spirituality (OR = 1.602; 95% CI= 0.450 – 3.019) and family of APGAR (OR=2.534; 95% CI= 18.84 – 23.69) were influenced by family self-efficacy. Conclusions. Spirituality and family of APGAR are influenced by family self-efficacy during the new normal era of pandemic COVID-19. Therefore, home health care during the pandemic COVID-19 should be an intervention to support the self-efficacy of the family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pregnant women in urban poor societies are vulnerable groups. Due to low financial capacity, there are obstacles to accessing delivery in an institution for poor women in urban areas. The study analyses factors associated with the delivery place among pregnant women in urban poor society in Indonesia. Materials and Methods: The study analyzed secondary data from the 2017 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS). A total of 1,562 samples were childbearing-age women (15–49 years) who gave birth in an urban poor society in Indonesia in the last 5 years. The study examined some variables, such as delivery place, age, education, employment, marital status, parity, insurance, knowledge of pregnancy danger, antenatal care (ANC), the autonomy of health, and family finance autonomy. The study employed binary logistic regression in the final stage. Results: The results show that age is associated with the place of delivery. The higher the education, the higher the possibility for delivery in an institution. Being employed and having partners are protective factors for women in institution delivery. The likelihood of giving birth in a medical facility decreases as more children are born alive. In addition, having health insurance, thorough ANC visits, knowledge of pregnancy danger symptoms, and health autonomy are protective factors for pregnant women having deliveries in medical facilities. On the contrary, pregnant women who rely solely on family financing have a higher chance of delivering in a medical facility. Conclusion: The study concluded that 10 variables were associated with pregnant women's delivery in Indonesia's urban poor society: age, education, employment, marital, parity, insurance, pregnancy danger knowledge, ANC, health autonomy, and family finance autonomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Delays in early childhood cognitive development may have profound long-term implications on health and life expectancy. Optimal nutrition supports early life development, including a child's cognitive development. This study aimed to determine the association between the Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure and early childhood cognitive development among children aged 36-59 months in Indonesia. This cross-sectional study utilized data from the 2018 Indonesian Basic Health Research that involved 18,027 participants aged 36-59 months. This study outcome demonstrated that children who were stuntedunderweight were potentially susceptible to delayed cognitive development compared to those with normal nutritional status (aOR = 1.30; 95% CI = 1.12-1.51) after controlling for child's age, sex, vitamin A supplementation, antenatal care visits, gestational age, access to drinking water and sanitation (combined risk), maternal's education and mental health (combined risk), maternal's occupation and number of household members (combined risk). In summary, malnourished children are vulnerable to impaired physical growth and potential delays in early cognitive development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aims Antenatal care is important for screening, monitoring and management of pregnancy risks. This study analysed determinants of antenatal care in Indonesia among women aged 18-24 years and older than 30 years, who are at greater risk of pregnancy and birth complications. Methods This cross-sectional study used secondary data from 4338 women in the 2017 Indonesian demographic health survey. Chi-square tests and binary logistic regression were used to explore the effects of individual, partner and social factors on antenatal care. Results Antenatal care attendance was associated with a younger age at first birth (adjusted odds ratio: 1.49; P<0.001), health insurance (adjusted odds ratio: 1.54; P=0.004) and the middle wealth quintile (adjusted odds ratio: 1.78; P=0.002). Conclusions Collaboration is needed to increase awareness of complications and the importance of antenatal care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The 2019 coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) has affected the physical and mental health of individuals, families, and communities worldwide including Indonesia. This study aimed to examine anxiety and depression in the general population and factors related to anxiety and depression due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This study employed an online cross-sectional survey of 1149 respondents. We assessed self-reports regarding current health conditions and exposure to COVID-19, anxiety, and depression in the general population in Indonesia. Results: The results showed that 26.6% and 30.5% of the participants experienced mild to severe anxiety and depression, respectively. The ordinal regression test showed that anxiety in the community was significantly related to age, feeling infected with COVID-19, feeling that a friend/colleague is infected with COVID-19, sufficient information regarding COVID-19, and the types of symptoms that are felt (fever, cough, and cold/sore throat, difficulty breathing). Besides, education level, occupation, feeling that family is infected with COVID-19, symptoms experienced, and anxiety were significantly related to depression. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused anxiety and depression in the general population in Indonesia. This study’s results can be a catalyst in providing psychological interventions for the general public facing the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Discrimination of people living with HIV (PLHIV) and its' various forms is a concerning issue. The purpose of this study was to examine HIV stigma and discriminatory behaviors among Indonesian women and men aged 15 to 49 years. Material and methods: This was a cross-sectional study that analyzed data from the 2017 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey, focusing on the discriminatory attitude. A stratified two-stage cluster design was utilized. Data included demographics (age, education, wealth index, and place of residence), knowledge of HIV, and discriminatory attitude towards PLHIV. Logistic multiple regression modelling examined the determinant factors towards PLHIV. A total of 49,204 women aged 15 to 49 years, and males aged 15 to 54 years were included in this survey. Results: According to the findings, 85.1 percent of women and 85.7 percent of men presented discriminatory attitudes towards PLHIV. Older age (p = 0.00; 95% CI: 1.13-1.50%), richest group (p = 0.00; 95% CI: 0.69-0.93%), inhabiting rural area (p = 0.00; 95% CI: 1.11-1.33%), and comprehensive knowledge about HIV (p = 0.00; 95% CI: 0.45-0.53%) were the determinant factors of discriminatory attitudes towards PLHIV in women, while secondary education (p = 0.04; 95% CI: 1.00-5.09%) and richer group (p = 0.003; 95% CI: 0.483-0.859%) were the determinant factors in men. Conclusions: A large proportion of men and women in Indonesia continue to engage in discriminatory attitude towards PLHIV. Stigma and prejudice must be tackled in order to battle the HIV/AIDS pandemic in Indonesia. People should be informed about behavior modification strategies to prevent the disease from spreading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Work of breathing (WOB) and non-comorbidities factors in the respiratory system are the two probable findings in pediatric COVID-19 patients. However, the association of those factors with level of care was not well reported. Purpose: This study aimed to identify the relation between potential predictors including comorbidity, low nutritional fulfillment, infectious disease, shock, cough, O2 saturation reduction, abnormal blood gas analysis and sore throat with the level of care among pediatric COVID-19 patients. We also analyzed the synergistic correlation of non-comorbidities factors in the respiratory system and work of breathing to predict level of care in pediatric COVID-19 patients. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the six referral hospitals from July to September 2020 in four provinces in Indonesia. An observation checklist was used to collect data from the medical records of pediatric patients with COVID-19, including medical diagnosis, demographic, and clinical manifestation. This study included 423 participants aged from 0 to 18. The multivariate logistic regression was performed to test the adjusted odds ratios (AORs) with the 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the association between WOB, non-comorbid respiratory, and level of care. Moreover, dummy variables (2x2) were made to analyze synergistic correlation of non-comorbid respiratory disease and WOB. The AOR with the 95% CIs was applied in the association between the complication of non-comorbid respiratory diseases and high work of breathing with level of care among pediatric patients with COVID-19. Results: Results showed that age, presence of comorbidity, nutritional fulfillment, infectious disease, shock, work of breathing, O2 saturation reduction, abnormal blood gas analysis, sore throat, and convulsive meningeal consciousness were significantly associated with the level of care (p<0.05). Pediatric patients with non-comorbid respiratory and increased work of breathing had a 15.59 times higher risk of requiring PICU care level (p<0.01). Meanwhile, pediatric patients who experienced both non-comorbid respiratory and increased work of breathing had a 5.76 times risk of requiring an intermediate level of care (p<0.05), and 9.32 times higher risk of requiring a PICU level of care (p<.05). Conclusion: It was found that both non-comorbid respiratory and increased WOB had a significant relationship with the level of care for pediatric patients with COVID-19. Nurse should take into account those clinical findings to increase the awareness in monitoring clinical deterioration in pediatric COVID-19 patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Expanding the reach of health insurance in Maluku aims to increase public access with the archipelago topography to healthcare facilities. Objective: The study aimed to analyze factors related to health insurance ownership among Moluccans. Materials and Methods: The study employed 788 respondents. The variables analyzed included health insurance, age, gender, education, and employment. The study used multinomial logistic regression in the final stage. Results: The age group ≤19 years was 0.182 times more likely than the ≥50 years of age group to have government-run type health insurance. The 20–29 years of age group was 0.219 times more likely than the ≥50 years of age group to have government-run health insurance. On the other hand, Moluccans with primary education were 0.196 times more likely than Moluccans with higher education to have a government-run type of health insurance. Moluccans with secondary education were 0.415 times more likely than Moluccans with higher education to have government-run health insurance. Unemployed have a probability of 0.358 times than employed to have the government-run health insurance type. Finally, unemployed is 0.056 times more likely than employed to have private-run health insurance. Conclusions: Three variables prove associated with health insurance ownership among Moluccans in Indonesia, namely age, education, and employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Epidemiological and demographic transitions lead to the emergence of non-communicable diseases (NCD) among the elderly. This study aimed to examine the risk factors of hypertension and diabetes mellitus (DM) among the elderly by using secondary data (Basic Health Research 2018). Methods: Secondary data from Basic Health Research (N = 88,911) were used. Cut-off values for measurement were WHO standard of 126 mg/dl for fasting and 200 mg/dl for non-fasting for DM and 140 mmHg for systole and 90 mmHg for diastole for hypertension. Univariate, bivariate, and multivariate (binary logistic regression) analyses were conducted using STATA version 15. Results: The prevalence of hypertension and DM among the elderly was about 22.30% and 5.39%, respectively. Age, sex, educational level, marital status, place of residence, and employment status were substantially associated with hypertension and were risk factors for DM. Conclusions: There is significant correlation between hypertension and DM are risk factors of one another and therefore show a relationship. Various sectors must develop appropriate programs, including community and family support, to address this situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and objectives: The purpose of this study was to explore the self‐management of patients with early‐stage chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its influencing factors. Methods: A convenient sample of 226 patients with early‐stage CKD was recruited from 63 Public Health Centers in Indonesia, from June to September 2020. Demographic characteristics, health literacy, illness perception, self‐efficacy and self‐management were assessed using self‐reported questionnaires. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was performed to identify the factors influencing self‐management. This study adhered to the EQUATOR checklist, STROBE. Results: The mean estimated glomerular filtration rate was 63.45 ml/min/1.73 m2 (standard deviation [SD] = 15.34). The average scores for health literacy, illness perception, self‐efficacy and self‐management were 32.11 (SD = 4.46), 4.57 (SD = 1.46), 183.64 (SD = 38.23) and 76.92 (SD = 9.45), respectively. The influencing factors were education level, monthly income, family history of comorbidity, health literacy and self‐efficacy, which accounted for 45% of total self‐management score. Conclusions: Indonesian patients with early‐stage CKD showed low level of health literacy, but positive illness perception and self‐efficacy; these factors significantly affected CKD self‐management. Health literacy was found to influence all dimensions of self‐management: self‐integration, problem‐solving, seeking social support and adherence to the recommended regimen. Relevance to clinical practice: Adherence to the recommended regimen is the most challenging dimension of CKD self‐management. Health literacy was found to be a major determinant of self‐management. Improving health literacy and motivation of patients with early‐stage CKD may help sustain positive illness perception and self‐efficacy, and improve self‐management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Midwives play an important role in maternal and child health in developing countries, but they are rarely involved in providing family planning services, except in Indonesia. This article underscores midwives' crucial role in supplying modern contraceptive methods in Indonesia. Data for this analysis came from eight waves of the Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS). The main analysis was confined to 17 216 current users of modern methods from the 2017 IDHS. Midwives delivered contraceptives to 53% of the modern-method users in Indonesia. Multinomial logistic regression showed that the odds of users obtaining their contraceptive supplies from midwives was significantly associated with age, parity, urban-rural location, region, education, wealth, exposure to family planning, and method type. Midwives help to reduce doctors' workload for them to focus on specialized services. Developing countries can learn from the Indonesian experience to ensure equitable access to family planning services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious disease with a fast rate of spread. A present issue concerns a new variant of the virus with a more robust transmission ability and infection power than the original variant. Objectives. The aim of this study was to analyse factors affecting the disease severity of COVID-19 patients in an emergency setting. Material and methods. This study was conducted in UKRIDA Hospital. A total of 262 patients were included based on inclusion and exclusion criteria using non-probability consecutive sampling. The dependent variable was the severity of COVID-19 based on the New Early Warning Score 2 (NEWS2). The independent variables were age, gender, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, onset to admission interval, haemoglobin concentration, renal function and liver function. The data was collected from medical record and was analysed using the Chi-square or Mann-Whitney test and multinomial logistic regression. Results. The results showed mild severity of COVID-19 (84.4%) followed by moderate (9.9%) and severe COVID-19 (5.7%). We also found that age (p = 0.003), hypertension (p = 0.095), diabetes mellitus (p = 0.191), atherosclerosis (p = 0.004), onset to admission interval (p = 0.016), renal function (p = 0.048) and liver function (p = 0.007) were eligible for multivariate analysis. Further analysis showed that age (p = 0.038) and diabetes mellitus (p = 0.034) are the most significant factors related to the severity of the disease. Conclusions. Age and diabetes mellitus are significant factors contributing to the severity of COVID-19 in an emergency setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia's HIV epidemic is concentrated among key populations. While prevalence among men who have sex with men (MSM) is high, transmission among young MSM (15–24-years-old) remains poorly understood. We conducted a respondent driven sampling survey of 211 young MSM in urban Bandung, Indonesia in 2018–2019 to estimate HIV prevalence and associated risk factors. Thirty percent of young MSM were HIV antibody positive. This is nearly 100-fold greater than Indonesia's population prevalence and sevenfold higher than average estimates for young MSM across Asia and the Pacific Region. Individual risk factors associated with HIV infection were being 20–24 years old, having a steady partner and preferring the receptive position during sex. Issues of stigma, discrimination and social exclusion were common. Few young MSM who were open with friends and family members about their sexual identity. Among those that were, close to half reported experiencing feelings of aversion from these groups. Wider structural factors that reduce social tolerance, restrict the rights of young MSM and compel concealment of sexual identity are likely to fuel high-risk behaviors and limit access to essential testing care and support services including pre-exposure prophylaxis which is not yet widely available. Urgent health, social, legal and political actions are required to respond to these factors and reduce the disproportionate contribution of young MSM to Indonesia's HIV epidemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilization of health facilities for HIV testing is an important indicator to record and track the spread and infection of HIV in Indonesia. This study aimed to determine the description of the utilization of places for HIV test in Indonesia nationwide. An analytical descriptive study was undertaken. Data from Indonesia Demographic Health Survey was used with total of 22,193 respondents aged 15–54 years. We used Descriptive and logistic regression to analyze the data with p <.05. The most respondents were taken for HIV testing in government hospital (72.87%) and other places were very low. We found that respondents aged 50–54 years were more likely to be with a doctor as a place for HIV testing (AOR: 1.76, 95%CI:1.06–2.93). Planning for comprehensive and reaching remote areas with culture-based strategy in Indonesia needs attention and health education about the HIV testing for screening, prevention, and management needs to be optimized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Benign paroxysmal vertigo (BPPV) is a mechanical problem of the peripheral vestibular system resulting from otoconia being displaced into the semicircular canals. Objective: To examine the clinical characteristics of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) between the elderly and the younger patients. Material and Method: This was a descriptive-retrospective study using secondary data from medical records of BPPV patients with positive testing result on the Dix-Hallpike test between January 2013 and December 2019 at Dr. Hasan Sadikin General hospital, Indonesia were retrospectively reviewed. Results: From 311 BPPV patients, 235 patients were in the younger group (age ≤60-year-old) and 76 in the elderly group (age >60-year-old). The mean age of patients in the younger group was 58 years, and 64 years in the elderly group. BPPV has been found to be more prevalent in females. The most common involved semicircular canal was the posterior canal. Idiopathic causes are the most common etiology in younger patients in contrast to elderly; secondary causes are the most common etiology. The duration of the symptom was longer in the elderly at most >4 week and the younger group at most is 1 week or less. The proportions of patients that described the specific trigger event were less in the elderly group than the young group (65.8 % versus 82.9% At the last follow-up visit, 85,1 % and 78,9 % of patients in the younger and elderly group had a complete recovery from BPPV. The recurrences after the treatment during the last follow-up visit were comparable. Conclusion: BPPV is commonly found under the age of 60 years, female, posterior canal located, with the most common symptom being vertigo. Follow-up and patient management are very important to prevent recurrence and improve quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The delay in the development of palliative care in Indonesia is also related to the dearth of studies related to palliative care in Indonesia, including the study of nurses' knowledge and attitudes towards palliative care. Efforts are needed to explore the knowledge and attitudes of nurses about palliative care. This research was aimed to identify the determinants of related factors to knowledge and attitudes of nurses towards palliative care. Methods: A quantitative research with cross sectional study design was used for research. Data was collected by using several well-reported questionnaires, namely the the Palliative Care Quiz for Nurses (PCQN) questionnaire to assess level of knowledge, and the Frommelt Attitudes Toward Care of the Dying Scale (FATCOD) Form-B questionnaire to analyze nurses' attitudes. With the Systematic Random Sampling, 256 nurses participated in this online survey. The respondent's response rate which was 94.9%. Conclusions: This research showed that there was no significant relationship between knowledge and nurses' attitudes about palliative care. However, there was a significant relationship between age, and training of palliative with nurses' knowledge of palliative care. Level of education, and nurses 'employment status with nurses' attitudes about palliative care also showed a significant relationship. Further analysis revealed that level of education was the only predictor which related to nurses' attitudes about palliative care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]